Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Gless

Studio glass bi Tyler Hopkins, demonstratin mony o the essential properties o glass
**Gless** is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid material that exhibits a glass transeetion, that is the reversible transeetion in amorphous materials (or in amorphous regions athin semicrystalline materials) frae a haird an fair brickle state intae a molten or rubber-lik state. Gless is teepically brickle an can be optically transparent. The maist fameiliar kin o gless is soda-lime gless, that is componed o aboot 75% Silicon dioxide (SiO2), sodium oxide (Na2O) frae soda ess, lime (CaO), an several minor additives. The term *gless* is aften uised tae refer anerly tae this specific uise.

Making a glass retort.
# Cheenese Ceevil War

| Cheenese Ceevil War |
| --- |
|  Clockwise frae the tap: Communist troops at the Battle o Siping, Muslim soldiers o the NRA, Mao Zedong in the 1930s, Chiang Kai-shek inspectin soldiers, CCP general Su Yu investigatin the front field shortly afore the Menglianggu Campaign |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 12 Aprile 1927 – September 1937
31 Mairch 1946 – 1 Mey 1950 |
| Location | Cheenae |
| Result | * Communist takeower o mainland Cheenae
* Fowkrepublic o Cheenae established in mainland Cheenae
* Govrenment o the Republic o Cheenae relocatit tae Taiwan
* Combat endit, but na airmistice or peace treaty signed
 |

 |
| Belligerents |
| **1927–1949** Republic o Cheenae
* Nationalist Pairty
	+ Naitional Revolutionary Airmy
* Allied warlords

(For fichtin atween factions o the KMT in 1930, see Central Plains War) | **1927–1949**  Communist Pairty
* Fowk's Liberation Airmy
 |
| **1949–1950**  Republic o Cheenae on Taiwan | **1949–1950**  Fowkrepublic o Cheenae |
| Commanders an leaders |
|
Chiang Kai-shek
Bai Chongxi
Chen Cheng
Li Zongren
Yan Xishan
He Yingqin
Wang Yaowu
Wei Lihuang
Fu Zuoyi
Liu Chih
Sun Li-jen
Du Yuming
Xue Yue
Zhang Xueliang
Feng Yuxiang (until 1930) |  Mao Zedong
 Zhu De
 Peng Dehuai
 Lin Biao
 Liu Bocheng
 Zhou Enlai
 Chen Yi
 Deng Xiaoping
 Nie Rongzhen
 Su Yu
 Chen Geng
 Xu Xiangqian
 Ye Fei
 He Long
 Ye Ting |
| Strenth |
|
4,300,000 (July 1945)
3,650,000 (Juin 1948) 1,490,000 (Juin 1949) |
1,200,000 (Julie 1945)
2,800,000 (Juin 1948) 4,000,000 (Juin 1949) |
| Casualties an losses |
|
~1.5 million (1945–1949) |
~250,000 (1945–1949) |
|
1928–1936: ~2 million Militar Casualties
1945–1949: ~6 million |

The **Cheenese Ceevil War** wis a ceevil war focht atween the Kuomintang (KMT or Cheenese Naitionalist Pairty), the governin pairty o the Republic o Cheenae an the Communist Pairty o Cheenae (CPC). The war began in Aprile 1927, amidst the Northren Expedition. The war representit an ideological split atween the Wastren-supportit Naitionalist KMT, an the Soviet-supportit Communist CPC. In mainland Cheenae the day, the war is mair commonly kent as the **War o Liberation**.

The civil war continued intermittently till the Seicont Sino-Japanese War interruptit it, resultin in the twa pairties formin a Seicont Unitit Front. Japan's campaign wis defeatit in 1945, markin the end o Warld War II, an Cheenae's full-scale ceevil war resumed in 1946. Efter a further fower years, 1950 saw a cessation o major military hostilities—wi the newly foondit Fowkrepublic o Cheenae controllin mainland Cheenae (includin Hainan Island), an the Republic o Cheenae's jurisdiction bein restrictit tae Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu an several ootlyin Fujianese islands. Tae this day, syne nae armistice or peace treaty haes iver been signed, thare is controversy as tae whether the Ceevil War haes legally endit. The day, the twa sides o the Taiwan strait hae close economic ties.

## See anaw

* Cheenese unification
# Monarch

A croun, the symbol o the pouer o a kingKing Louis XIV o Fraunce
A **monarch** is a heid o state, that micht or micht no, dependin on the style o govrenment o a nation, exerce kingly pouers ower a kintra for ordinar cried a kinrick. A king is the seicont heichmaist noble teetle, dingit anerly by emperor. A king aften weirs a kynd o symbol heidgear kent as a croun. A male monarch is cried ae king, an a female monarch is cried ae queen.
# Zhou dynasty (690–705)

| Wu Zhou 周 |
| --- |
| 690–705 |
| Wu Zhou, c. 700 |
| Caipital | Shendu (Luoyang) |
| Common leids | Cheenese |
| Releegion  | Buddhism (state releegion), Taoism, Confucianism, Cheenese fowk releegion |
| Govrenment | Absolute Monarchy |
| Empress |   |
|  |
| • 690–705  | Wu Zetian |
|  |
| History |   |
|  |
| • Established bi Wu Zetian  | 16 October 690 |
| • Disestablished  | 22 Februar 705 |
| • Empress Wu Zetian deponed in a coup  | 705 |
|  |
| Currency | Cheenese coin, Cheenese cash |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Precedit bi** | **Succeedit bi** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Tang dynasty |

 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Tang dynasty |  |
| Seicont Turkic Khaganate |  |
| Balhae |  |

 |

 |
| The day pairt o | Cheenae Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Laos North Korea Tajikistan Vietnam |

The **Wu Zhou** (Cheenese: 武周), kent offeecially as **Zhou** (Cheenese: 周), an aw cried the **Soothren Zhou dynasty** (Cheenese: 南周), **Seicont Zhou dynasty** or **Restored Zhou dynasty**, wis a Cheenese dynasty that exeestit atween 690 an 705 AD, whan Wu Zhao ruled as Empress Regnant.
# Qin Shi Huang

| Qin Shi Huang 秦始皇 |
| --- |
|  |
| Keeng o Qin |
| Ring | 7 Mey 247 BC – 220 BC |
| Predecessor | Keeng Zhuangxiang |
| Emperor o Cheenae |
| Ring | 220 BC – 10 September 210 BC |
| Successor | Qin Er Shi |
|  |
| Born | 18 Februar 259 BC |
| Dee'd | 10 September 210 BC (aged 49) |
| Issue | Croun Prince Fusu Qin Er Shi Prince Gao Prince Jianglü |
|

| Full name |
| --- |
| 姓 Auncestral name: Ying (嬴) 氏 Clan name: Zhao (趙) 名 Gien name: Zheng (政) |

 |
| Hoose | Qin |
| Faither | King Zhuangxiang |
| Mither | Queen Dowager Zhao |

**Qin Shi Huang** (Cheenese: 秦始皇; leeterally: "First Emperor of Qin" pronunciation ; 18 Februar 259 BC – 10 September 210 BC) wis the foonder o the Qin dynasty (秦朝) an wis the first emperor o a unifee'd Cheenae. He wis born **Ying Zheng** (嬴政) or **Zhao Zheng** (趙政), a prince o the state o Qin. He becam the **King Zheng o Qin** (秦王政) whan he wis thirteen, then Cheenae's first emperor whan he wis 38 efter the Qin haed conquered aw o the ither Warrin States an unified aw o Cheenae in 221 BC. Raither nor maintain the teetle o "keeng" borne bi the previous Shang an Zhou rulers, he ruled as the First Emperor (始皇帝) o the Qin dynasty frae 220 tae 210 BC. His sel-inventit teetle "emperor" (皇帝, *huángdì*), as indicatit bi his uise o the wird "First", wad conteena tae be borne bi Cheenese rulers for the next twa millennia.

In his reign, his generals greatly expandit the size o the Cheenese state: campaigns sooth o Chu permanently addit the Yue lands o Hunan an Guangdong tae the Cheenese cultural orbit; campaigns in Central Asie conquered the Ordos Loop frae the nomad Xiongnu, awtho eventually it wad an aa lead tae thair confederation unner Modu Chanyu. Qin Shi Huang an aa wirked wi his meenister Li Si tae enact major economic an poleetical reforms aimed at the staundardisation o the diverse practices o the earlier Cheenese states. He is tradeetionally said tae hae banned an birned mony beuks an executit scholarts, tho a closer examination renders the accoont doutfu. His public warks projects includit the unification o diverse state waws intae a single Great Waw o Cheenae an a massive new naitional road seestem, as well as the ceety-sized mausoleum gairdit bi the life-sized Terracotta Airmy. He ruled till his daith in 210 BC efter a futile sairch for an elixir o immortality.
# Bernicie

| Kinrick o Bernicie Beornice |
| --- |
| c. 420 AD–634 |
| Caipital | Bamburgh |
| Common leids | Auld Inglis, Cumbric |
| Govrenment | Monarchy |
| Historical era | Aerlie Medieval |
|  |
| • Established  | c. 420 AD |
| • Shared croun wi Deira  | 604 |
| • merged wi Deira  | 634 |
|  |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Precedit bi** | **Succeedit bi** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Sub-Roman Breetain |

 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Northumbria |  |

 |

 |
| The day pairt o |  Unitit Kinrick
 Ingland  Scotland |

**Bernicia** (Auld Inglish: *Bernice*, *Beornice*; Latin: *Bernicia*) wis an Anglo-Saxon kinrick estaiblisht bi Anglian settlers o the 6t yearhunner in whit is nou sootheastren Scotland an North East Ingland. In the aerlie 7t yearhunner, it jyned wi Deira, tae mak the Kinrick o Northumbrie.

## Soorces
# Almoravid dynasty

| Almoravid dynasty Imṛabḍen, ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹⴻⵏ المرابطون, *Al-Murābiṭūn* |
| --- |
| 1040–1147 |
| The Almoravid empire at its greatest extent, c. 1120. |
| Status | Rulin dynasty o Morocco an Al-Andalus |
| Caipital | * Aghmat (1040–1062)
* Marrakesh (1062–1147)
 |
| Common leids | Berber, Arabic, Mozarabic |
| Releegion  | Islam (Sunni); minority Christianity (Catholic), Judaism |
| Govrenment | Hereditary monarchy |
| Emir |   |
|  |
| • 1040–1059  | Abdallah ibn Yasin |
| • 1146–1147  | Ishaq ibn Ali |
|  |
| History |   |
|  |
| • Established  | 1040 |
| • Disestablished  | 1147 |
|  |
| Aurie |
| 1147 est. | 1,000,000 km2 (390,000 sq mi) |
| Currency | Dinar |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Precedit bi** | **Succeedit bi** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | First Taifas period |
|  | Barghawata Confederacy |
|  | Zenata kinricks |

 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Almohad Caliphate |  |
| Second Taifas period |  |

 |

 |
| The day pairt o | * Morocco
* Algerie
* Gibraltar
* Mauritanie
* Portugal
* Spain
 |

The **Almoravid dynasty** (Berber leids: **Imṛabḍen**, ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹⴻⵏ; Arabic: المرابطون‎, *Al-Murābiṭūn*) wis a Berber imperial dynasty o Morocco.
# Zhangye

Location o Zhangye Prefectur athin Gansu
**Zhangye** (simplifeed Cheenese: 张掖; traditeeonal Cheenese: 張掖; pinyin: *Zhāngyè*) is a prefectur-level ceety in Cheenae's Gansu province.

## History

Zhangye is in the centre o the Hexi Corridor. The aurie wis the frontier for hintle o Cheenae's history, formin a naitural passage tae the Central Asian portion o the empire. In fact, the name Zhangye (lit. "tae extend the airm") is an abbreviation o **张**国臂**掖**，以通西域 (lit. Tae extend the airm o the kintra, throu tae the Wastren Realm. Durin the Wastren Han dynasty, Cheenese armies war eften engaged against the Xiongnu in this aurie. It wis an aa an important section o the Silk Road.

The ceety wis ance kent as **Ganzhou** (甘州), a name retained baith in the municipal region seat Ganzhou Destrict an the *Gan* o the province o Gansu. In *The Travels of Marco Polo*, Marco Polo describes spendin a year in a ceety cried *Campichu*, which haes been identifee'd wi Ganzhou (Zhangye).

## Geography an climate

Zhangye is locatit in far wastren Gansu province. In the north it borders Inner Mongolie an in the sooth Qinghai. It haes a lairge aurie o 42,000 km² an is blessed wi numerous streams, abundant sunlicht an fertile soil, makin it an important agricultural centre for Gansu an aw o Cheenae.

## Admeenistration

Zhangye haes 1 urban destrict, 4 coonties, 1 autonomous coonty, 97 touns, an 977 veelages.

| Cairt |
| --- |
|  |
| # | Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2004 est.) | Aurie (km²) | Density (/km²) |
| 1 | Ganzhou Destrict | 甘州区 | Gānzhōu Qū | 500,000 | 4,240 | 120 |
| 2 | Minle Coonty | 民乐县 | Mínlè Xiàn | 240,000 | 3,687 | 65 |
| 3 | Linze Coonty | 临泽县 | Línzé Xiàn | 150,000 | 2,777 | 54 |
| 4 | Gaotai Coonty | 高台县 | Gāotái Xiàn | 160,000 | 4,312 | 37 |
| 5 | Shandan Coonty | 山丹县 | Shāndān Xiàn | 190,000 | 5,402 | 35 |
| 6 | Sunan Yugur Autonomous Coonty | 肃南裕固族自治县 | Sùnán Yùgùzú Zìzhìxiàn | 40,000 | 20,456 | 2 |

## Demographics

Near Aviko french fry factory in Liuba Toun, Minle Coonty, Zhangye
Zhangye haes a tot population o 1,260,000, anerlie 260,000 bein urban residents. Thare are 26 ethnic minorities ither than Han representit includin mony Hui, Yugur an Tibetans.

## Transport

Zhangye is served bi Cheenae Naitional Heich-gates 227 an 312, an the Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway.

## Economy

The 2002 GDP wis 7.566 billion RMB, amaist 9% growthe ower the previous year. Annual urban income wis 5960 RMB,10.4% growthe frae the previous year an rural income wis 3092 RMB, up 5%.

## Freemit airtins

* Offeecial Wabsteid (Cheenese) Archived 2006-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
# Historian

A **historian** is a bodie whilk studies an writes aboot the past an is regardit as an authority on it. Historians is concerned wi the conteenous, methodical narrative an resairch o past events as relatin tae the human race; as weel as the study o aw history in time. Gif the individual is concerned wi events precedin written history, the individual is a historian o prehistory. Tho "historian" can be uised tae descrive amateur an professional historians alik, it is reserved mair recently for thaim that haes acquired graduate degrees in the discipline. Some historians, tho, is recognised bi publications or trainin an experience. "Historian" became a professional thrift in the late nineteent century as resairch varsities wis kythin in Germany an itherwhaur.
# Caipital

Tallinn, Estonie
Helsinki, Finland
  Kintras whose caipital is on the coast
  Kintras whose caipital is not on the coast
  Kintras withoot a coast

  Kintras that currently have multiple caipital ceeties
  Kintras that had multiple caipital ceeties, but now only have one caipital ceety
In politics, a **caipital city** (cried **heidtoun**, **heidsteid** or **political caipital** an aw — awtho the latter haes a seicont meinin based on anither sense o "caipital") is the heid city or toun associatit wi a kintra's govrenment. It is awmaist aye the city that physicalie hauds the offices an meetin steids o the seat o govrenment an is fixt bi law.

The wird caipital cums frae the Laitin *caput* meinin "heid".

Seats o govrenment in mukkil sub-kintra stewartries is aften cried "capitals", but this is forordnar the case anerlie in kintras wi sum amoont o federalism, whaur mukkil sub-kintra stewartries haes an element o sovereignty. In unitary kintras, "admeenistrative centur" or ither siclyk terms is forordnar uised. For byspel, the seat o govrenment in a state o the Unitit States o Americae is forordnar cried its "caipital", but the main city in a region o Ingland isna. At lawer administrative subdiveesions, terms sic as coontie toun, coontie seat, or burgh seat is forordnar uised.

In ither senses, the wird "caipital" is uised ti mein "heidsteid" (heidquarters).
# Emperor o Japan

| Emperor o Japan |
| --- |
| 天皇 |
|  |
| Imperial Staundart |
| Incumbent |
| **Naruhito** syne May 1, 2019 |
|  |
| Details |
| Style | His Majesty |
| Heir apparent | Croun Prince Fumihito |
| First monarch | Emperor Jimmu |
| Formation | 660 BC |
| Residence | Tokyo Imperial Palace as offeecial residence |
| Wabsteid | The Imperial Household Agency |

The **Emperor o Japan** is the heid o the Imperial Faimily an is the ceremonial heid o state o Japan's seestem o constitutional monarchy. Accordin tae the 1947 constitution, he is "the seembol o the State an o the unity o the fowk." Historically, he is an aa the heichest authority o the Shinto releegion as he an his faimily are said tae be the direct descendants o the sun-goddess Amaterasu.
# Forbidden Ceety

The Forbidden Ceety
故宫| The Gate o Divine Micht, the northren gate. The lawer tablet reads "The Pailace Museum" (故宫博物院) |
| Location within central BeijingShow map of central BeijingForbidden Ceety (Beijing)Show map of Beijing |
| Established | 1925 |
| Location | 4 Jingshan Front St, Dongcheng, Beijing, Cheenae |
| Coordinates | ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Teep | Art museum, Imperial Palace, Historic site |
| Veesitors | 16.7 million |
| Curator | Wang Xudong |
|  |
| Aurie | 72 hectares |
| Biggit | 1406–1420 |
| Architect | Kuai Xiang |
| Architectural style(s) | Cheenese airchitectur |
| Wabsteid | en.dpm.org.cn (Inglis) www.dpm.org.cn (Cheenese) |
|
UNESCO Warld Heritage Steid |
| Pairt o | Imperial Pailaces o the Ming an Qing Dynasties in Beijing an Shenyang |
| Criteria | Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv |
| Reference | 439-001 |
| Inscription | 1987 (11t Session) |
|  |

The **Forbidden Ceety** in Beijing o the Fowk's Republic o Cheenae, hame tae the Emperors o the Ming an Qing Deenasties.
# Confucius

**Confucius** (Kǒng Fūzǐ in pinyin, 孔夫子 in Chinese mandarin) (551 - 479 BC) wis a Cheenese thinker an social philosopher, whase teachins an philosophy hae deeply influenced Cheenese, Korean, Japanese an Vietnamese thocht an life. He stairtit the Cheenese releegion an philosophy ca'd Confucianism.
# River delta

Sacramento Delta at fluid stage, spring 2009. Photo bi Doc Searls
A **river delta** is a landfurm that is furmed at the mooth o a river, whaur the river rins intae an ocean, sea, estuary, loch, or reservoir. Deltas is furmed frae the deposeetion o the sediment carried bi the river as the pirr leaves the mooth o the river. Ower lang periods o time, this deposeetion bigs the characteristic geographic pattern o a river delta.

In maugre o a popular legend tae the contrary, this uisage o the wird *delta* wisnae coined bi Herodotus.
# Vaccine

A **vaccine** is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity tae a parteecular disease. A vaccine teepically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causin microorganism an is eften made frae weakened or killed forms o the microbe, its toxins, or ane o its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune seestem tae recognise the agent as a threat, destroy it, an tae further recognise an destroy ony o the microorganisms associated wi that agent that it mey encounter in the future. Vaccines can be prophylactic (ensaumple: tae prevent or ameliorate the effects o a future infection bi a naitural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (e.g., vaccines against cancer are bein investigated).

The admeenistration o vaccines is cried vaccination. Vaccination is the maist effective method o preventin infectious diseases; widespread immunity due tae vaccination is largely responsible for the warldwide eradication o smallpox an the restriction o diseases sic as polio, maisles, an tetanus frae much o the warld.

The effectiveness o vaccination haes been widely studied an verified; for ensaumple, the influenza vaccine, the HPV vaccine, an the chicken pox vaccine. The Warld Health Organization (WHO) reports that licensed vaccines are currently available for twinty-five different preventable infections.

The terms *vaccine* an *vaccination* are derived frae *Variolae vaccinae* (smallpox o the cow), the term devised bi Edward Jenner tae denote cowpox. He uised it in 1798 in the lang title o his *Inquiry into the Variolae vaccinae known as the Cow Pox*, in which he describit the protective effect o cowpox against smallpox. In 1881, tae honour Jenner, Louis Pasteur proposed that the terms should be extendit tae kiver the new protective inoculations then bein developed.

## Effectiveness

Vaccines hae historically been the maist effective means tae fecht an eradicate infectious diseases. Limitations tae thair effectiveness, nevertheless, exist. Whiles, pertection fails acause the host's immune seestem simply daes nae respond adequately or at aw. Lack o response commonly results frae clinical factors sic as diabetes, steroid uise, HIV infection or age.[*citation needit*] It an aa might fail for genetic reasons if the host's immune seestem includes no strains o B cells that can generate antibodies suited tae reacting effectively an binding tae the antigens associated wi the pathogen.[*citation needit*]
# Hakka Cheenese

**Hakka** or **Kejia** is ane o the main subdiveesions o the Cheenese leid spoken predominantly in soothren Cheenae bi the Hakka fowk an descendants in diaspora throughoot East an Sootheast Asie an aroond the warld.

Due tae its uisage in scattered isolatit regions whaur communication is limited tae the local aurie, the Hakka leid haes developed numerous variants or dialects, spoken in Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, and Guizhou provinces, includin Hainan island, Singapore an Taiwan. Hakka is no mutually intelligible wi Mandarin, Wu, Minnan, an maist o the significant spoken variants o the Cheenese leid.

There is a pronunciation difference atween the Taiwanese Hakka dialect an the Guangdong Hakka dialect. Amang the dialects o Hakka, the Moi-yen/Moi-yan (梅縣, Pinyin: Méixiàn) dialect o northeast Guangdong haes been typically viewed as a prime example o the Hakka leid, formin a sort o staundart dialect.

The Guangdong Provincial Education Depairtment creatit an offeecial romanization o Moiyen in 1960, ane o fower leids receivin this status in Guangdong.

## Etymology

The name o the Hakka fowk who are the predominant oreeginal native speakers o the leid literally means "guest families" or "guest fowk": *Hak* 客 (Mandarin: kè) means "guest", an *ka* 家 (Mandarin: jiā) means "family". Amangst themselves, Hakka fowk variously cawed their leid Hak-ka-fa (-va) 客家話, Hak-fa (-va), 客話, Tu-gong-dung-fa (-va) 土廣東話, literally, "Native Guangdong language," an Ngai-fa (-va) 話, "Ma/oor leid".
# Human Development Index

The **Human Development Index** (**HDI**) is a composite statistic o life expectancy, eddication, an income indices tae rank kintras intae fower tiers o human development.

World map representing the inequality-adjusted Human Development Index categories (based on 2018 data, published in 2019).

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|   0.800–1.000 (very high)
  0.700–0.799 (high)
  0.550–0.699 (medium) |   0.350–0.549 (low)
  Data unavailable |
# Kotka

| Kotka |
| --- |
| Ceety |
| *Kotkan kaupunki* |
| The centre o Kotka |
| Coat airms |
| Location o Kotka in Finland |
| Coordinates: ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Kintra |  Finland |
| Region | Kymenlaakso |
| Sub-region | Kotka-Hamina sub-region |
| Charter | 1879 |
| Govrenment |
|  • Ceety manager | Henry Lindelöf |
| Area (2018-01-01) |
|  • Total | 949.77 km2 (366.71 sq mi) |
|  • Laund | 271.29 km2 (104.75 sq mi) |
|  • Water | 678.45 km2 (261.95 sq mi) |
| Area rank | 239t lairgest in Finland |
| Population (2023-02-28) |
|  • Total | 50,599 |
|  • Rank | 19t lairgest in Finland |
|  • Density | 186.51/km2 (483.1/sq mi) |
| Population bi native leid |
|  • Finnish | 7,001,944,000,000,000,000♠94.4% (offeecial) |
|  • Swadish | 7,000,100,000,000,000,000♠1% |
|  • Ithers | 7,000,450,000,000,000,000♠4.5% |
| Population by age |
|  • 0 tae 14 | 7,001,148,000,000,000,000♠14.8% |
|  • 15 tae 64 | 7,001,655,000,000,000,000♠65.5% |
|  • 65 or aulder | 7,001,196,000,000,000,000♠19.6% |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
|  • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Website | www.kotka.fi |

**Kotka** (literally *eagle*) is a toun an municipality o Finland.

Kotka is locatit on the coast o the Guwf o Finland at the mooth o Kymi River an it is pairt o the Kymenlaakso region in soothren Finland. The municipality haes a population o 50,599 (28 Februar 2023) an covers an aurie o 949.77 square kilometre (366.71 sq mi) o which 678.45 km2 (261.95 sq mi) is watter. The population densitie is 186.51 inhabitants per square kilometre (483.1/sq mi). The ceety centre o Kotka is locatit at Kotkansaari island.

The municipality is offeecially unilingually Finnish.

The Port o Kotka is a major Finnish sea port that serves baith the foreign tred o Finland an Roushie.

## History

The Seicont Aw-Roushie Conference o the Roushie Social Democratic Labour Pairty wis held in Kotka, on Julie 21–23 (Aug. 3–5), 1907.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties

Kotka is twinned wi:

* Gdynia, Poland
* Tallinn, Estonia
* Kronstadt, Roushie
* Saunt Petersburg, Roushie
* Landskrona, Swaden

## Sports

The maist famous sport team frae Kotka is KTP (Kotkan Työväen Palloilijat). It competes in fitbaa an basketbaa.

## Gallery

* View o Kotka
* Lutheran kirk in Kotka
* Maretarium – Finnish Sea Life
* Maritime Centre Vellamo
* Sea Museum Vellamo
* Mariankatu street in Kotka
* Sunset in Kotka

## Freemit airtins

 Media relatit tae Kotka at Wikimedia Commons

* Ceety o Kotka Archived 2013-12-31 at the Wayback Machine – Offeecial wabsteid
* Kotka Tourism Archived 2012-04-25 at the Wayback Machine – Offeecial wabsteid o Kotka Ceety Tourist Information
* Kotka travel guide frae Wikivoyage