# Phosphorus

Phosphorus, 15P| waxy white (yellae cut), reid (granules centre left, chunk centre richt), an violet phosphorus |
| Phosphorus |
| Pronunciation | /ˈfɒsfərəs/ ​(FOS**-fər-əs*) |
| Appearance | colourless, waxy white, yellae, scarlet, reid, violet, black |
| Standard atomic weight *A*r, std(P) | 7001309737619980000♠30.973761998(5) |
| Phosphorus in the periodic cairt |
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|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Hydrogen |  | Helium |
| Lithium | Beryllium |  | Boron | Carbon | Nitrogen | Oxygen | Fluorine | Neon |
| Sodium | Magnesium |  | Aluminium | Silicon | Phosphorus | Sulfur | Chlorine | Argon |
| Potassium | Calcium |  | Scandium | Titanium | Vanadium | Chromium | Manganese | Airn | Cobalt | Nickel | Capper | Zinc | Gallium | Germanium | Arsenic | Selenium | Bromine | Krypton |
| Rubidium | Strontium |  |  | Yttrium | Zirconium | Niobium | Molybdenum | Technetium | Ruthenium | Rhodium | Palladium | Siller (element) | Cadmium | Indium | Tin | Antimony | Tellurium | Iodine | Xenon |
| Caesium | Barium | Lanthanum | Cerium | Praseodymium | Neodymium | Promethium | Samarium | Europium | Gadolinium | Terbium | Dysprosium | Holmium | Erbium | Thulium | Ytterbium | Lutetium | Hafnium | Tantalum | Tungsten | Rhenium | Osmium | Iridium | Platinum | Gowd | Mercur (element) | Thallium | Leid (element) | Bismuth | Polonium | Astatine | Radon |
| Francium | Radium | Actinium | Thorium | Protactinium | Uranium | Neptunium | Plutonium | Americium | Curium | Berkelium | Californium | Einsteinium | Fermium | Mendelevium | Nobelium | Lawrencium | Rutherfordium | Dubnium | Seaborgium | Bohrium | Hassium | Meitnerium | Darmstadtium | Roentgenium | Copernicium | Ununtrium | Flerovium | Ununpentium | Livermorium | Ununseptium | Ununoctium |

 | N ↑ **P** ↓ As |
| silicon ← **phosphorus** → sulfur |

 |

 |
| Atomic nummer (*Z*) | 15 |
| Group | group 15 (pnictogens) |
| Period | period 3  |
| Block | p-block  |
| Element category |   Reactive nonmetal |
| Electron confeeguration | [Ne] 3s2 3p3 |
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 5 |
| Pheesical properties |
| Phase at STP | solit |
| Density (near r.t.) | (white) 1.823, (red) ≈ 2.2 – 2.34, (violet) 2.36, (black) 2.69 g/cm3 |
| Treeple pynt |  (red) 862.7 K, 4367 kPa  |
| Heat o fusion | (white) 0.66 kJ/mol  |
| Heat o vapourisation | (white) 12.4 kJ/mol  |
| Molar heat capacity | (white) 23.824 J/(mol·K)  |
| **Vapour pressur** (white)

| *P* (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1 k | 10 k | 100 k |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| at *T* (K) | 279 | 307 | 342 | 388 | 453 | 549 |

 |
| **Vapour pressur**

| *P* (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1 k | 10 k | 100 k |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| at *T* (K) | 455 | 489 | 529 | 576 | 635 | 704 |

 |
| Atomic properties |
| Oxidation states | **−3**, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, **+3**, +4, **+5** (a mildly acidic oxide) |
| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 2.19  |
| Ionisation energies | * (more)
 |
| Covalent radius | 107±3 pm  |
| Van der Waals radius | 180 pm  |
| Colour lines in a spectral range**Spectral lines o phosphorus** |
| Ither properties |
| Naitural occurrence | primordial |
| Creestal structur |  ​simple triclinic |
| Thermal conductivity | (white) 0.236, (black) 12.1 W/(m·K)  |
| Magnetic orderin | (white, red, violet, black) diamagnetic  |
| Bulk modulus | (white) 5, (reid) 11 GPa  |
| CAS Nummer | 7723-14-0 (reid) 12185-10-3 (white)  |
| History |
| Diskivery | Hennig Brand (1669) |
| Recognized as an element bi | Antoine Lavoisier (1777) |
| Main isotopes o phosphorus |
|

| Iso­tope | Abun­dance | Hauf-life (*t*1/2) | Decay mode | Pro­duct |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 31P | 100% | stable |
| 32P | syn | 14.28 d | β− | 32S |
| 33P | syn | 25.3 d | β− | 33S |

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**Phosphorus** is a nonmetallic chemical element wi seembol **P** an atomic nummer 15. A multivalent pnictogen, phosphorus as a mineral is almaist always present in its maximally oxidised state, as inorganic phosphate rocks. Elemental phosphorus exists in twa major forms—white phosphorus an reid phosphorus—but due tae its heich reactivity, phosphorus is never foond as a free element on Yird.