# Olympic Gemmes

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The modren **Olympic Gemmes** (French: *les Jeux olympiques*, *JO*) is the leadin internaitional sportin event featurin simmer an winter sports competitions in whilk thoosands o athletes participate in a variety o competitions. The Olympic Gemmes are considered tae be the warld's foremaist sports competeetion wi mair nor 200 naitions participatin. The Olympic Gemmes are held quadrennially, (ilka fower year) wi the Simmer an Winter Gemmes alternatin, meanin ilk o thaim occur ilka fower year but twa year apairt fae ane anither. Thair creation wis inspired bi the auncient Olympic Gemmes, whilk war held in Olympia, Greece, frae the 8t century BC tae the 4t century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin foondit the Internaitional Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894. The IOC is the govrening body o the Olympic Movement, wi the Olympic Charter definin its structur an authority.

## Host naitions an ceeties

Cairt o Simmer Olympics locations. Kintras that haes hostit ane Simmer Olympics are shaded green, while kintras that hae hostit twa or mair is shaded blue.
The host ceety for an Olympic Gemmes is uisually chuisen seiven tae aicht year aheid o thair celebration. The process o selection is cairried oot in twa phases that span a twa-year period. The prospective host ceety applies tae its kintra's Naitional Olympic Committee; gif mair nor ane ceety frae the same kintra submits a proposal tae its NOC, the naitional committee teepically hauds an internal selection, syne anly ane ceety per NOC can be presentit tae the Internaitional Olympic Committee for consideration. Ance the deadline for submission o proposals bi the NOCs is reakit, the first phase (Application) begins wi the applicant ceeties asked tae complete a questionnaire regardin several key criteria relatit tae the organisation o the Olympic Gemmes. In this form, the applicants maun gie assurances that thay will comply wi the Olympic Charter an wi ony ither regulations established bi the IOC Executive Committee. The evaluation o the filled questionnaires bi a specialised group provides the IOC wi an owerview o each applicant's project an thair potential tae host the Gemmes. On the basis o this technical evaluation, the IOC Executive Buird selects the applicants that will proceed tae the candidature stage.

Ance the candidate ceeties are selectit, thay maun submit tae the IOC a bigger an mair detailed presentation o thair project as pairt o a candidature file. Ilka ceety is thoroughly analyzed bi an evaluation commission. This commission will veesit the candidate ceeties an aw, interviewin local offeecials an inspecting prospective venue steids, an submit a report on its findins ane month prior tae the IOC's final decision. Durin the interview process the candidate ceety maun an aa guarantee that it will be able tae fund the Gemmes. Efter the wirk o the evaluation commission, a leet o candidates is presentit tae the General Session o the IOC, whilk maun assemble in a kintra that disnae hae a candidate ceety in the runnin. The IOC memmers gathered in the Session hae the final vote on the host ceety. Ance electit, the host ceety bid committee (thegither wi the NOC o the respective kintra) signs a Host Ceety Contract wi the IOC, offeecially becomin an Olympic host naition an host ceety.

Bi 2016, the Olympic Gemmes will hae been hostit bi 44 ceeties in 23 kintras, but bi ceeties ootside Europe an North Americae on anly aicht occasions. Syne the 1988 Simmer Olympics in Seoul, Sooth Korea, the Olympics hae been held in Asie or Oceania fower times, a sharp increase compared tae the previous 92 year o modren Olympic history. The 2016 Gemmes in Rio de Janeiro will be the first Olympics for a Sooth American kintra. No bids frae kintras in Africae hae succeeded.

The Unitit States haes hostit aicht Olympic Gemmes, fower Simmer an fower Winter, mair nor ony ether naition. The Breetish caipital Lunnon haulds the distinction o hostin three Olympic Gemmes, aw Simmer, mair nor ony ether ceety.

The ether naitions hostin the Simmer Games twice are Germany, Australie, Fraunce an Greece. The ether ceeties hostin the Simmer Gemmes twice are Los Angeles, Paris an Athens.

In addition tae the Unitit States, naitions hostin multiple Winter Gemmes are Fraunce wi three, while Swisserland, Austrick, Norawa, Japan, Canadae an Italy hae hostit twice. Amang host ceeties, Lake Placid, Innsbruck an St. Moritz hae played host tae the Winter Olympic Gemmes mair nor ance, ilkane hauldin that honour twice. The 2010 Winter Gemmes war held in Vancouver, Canadae's third Olympics oweraw, an 2014 teuk place in Sochi, Roushie. The next Winter Gemmes will be in Pyeongchang in 2018, Sooth Korea's first Winter Olympics an seicont Olympics oweraw.

**Olympic Gemmes host ceeties**| Year | Simmer Olympic Gemmes | Winter Olympic Gemmes | Youth Olympic Gemmes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Olympiad | Host ceety | No. | Host ceety | No. | Host Ceety |
| 1896 | I |  Athens, Greece |  |  |  |  |
| 1900 | II |  Paris, Fraunce |  |  |  |  |
| 1904 | III |  St. Louis, United States |  |  |  |  |
| 1906 | Intercalated |  Athens, Greece |  |  |  |  |
| 1908 | IV |  Lunnon, Unitit Kinrick  |  |  |  |  |
| 1912 | V |  Stockholm, Swaden |  |  |  |  |
| *1916* | *VI* |  *Berlin*, *Germany* → *Cancelled acause o Warld War I* |  |  |  |  |
| 1920 | VII |  Antwerp, Belgium |  |  |  |  |
| 1924 | VIII |  Paris, Fraunce | I |  Chamonix, Fraunce |  |  |
| 1928 | IX |  Amsterdam, Netherlands | II |  St. Moritz, Swisserland |  |  |
| 1932 | X |  Los Angeles, Unitit States | III |  Lake Placid, Unitit States |  |  |
| 1936 | XI |  Berlin, Germany | IV |  Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany |  |  |
| *1940* | *XII* | *Tokyo, Japan →  Helsinki, Finland → Cancelled acause o Warld War II* | *V* | *Sapporo, Japan →  St. Moritz, Switzerland →  Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany → Cancelled acause o Warld War II* |  |  |
| *1944* | *XIII* |  *Lunnon, Unitit Kinrick → Cancelled acause o Warld War II* | *V* |  *Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy → Cancelled acause o Warld War II* |  |  |
| 1948 | XIV |  Lunnon Unitit Kinrick | V |  St. Moritz, Swisserland |  |  |
| 1952 | XV |  Helsinki, Finland | VI |  Oslo, Norawa |  |  |
| 1956 | XVI |  Melbourne, Australie +  *Stockholm, Swaden* | VII |  Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy |  |  |
| 1960 | XVII |  Rome, Italy | VIII |  Squaw Valley, Unitit States |  |  |
| 1964 | XVIII |  Tokyo, Japan | IX |  Innsbruck, Austrick |  |  |
| 1968 | XIX |  Mexico Ceety, Mexico | X |  Grenoble, France |  |  |
| 1972 | XX | Munich, West Germany | XI |  Sapporo, Japan |  |  |
| 1976 | XXI |  Montreal, Canadae | XII |  *Denver, Unitit States* →  Innsbruck, Austrick |  |  |
| 1980 | XXII | Moscow, Soviet Union | XIII |  Lake Placid, Unitit States |  |  |
| 1984 | XXIII |  Los Angeles, Unitit States | XIV | Sarajevo, Yugoslavie |  |  |
| 1988 | XXIV |  Seoul, Sooth Korea | XV |  Calgary, Canadae |  |  |
| 1992 | XXV |  Barcelona, Spain | XVI |  Albertville, Fraunce |  |  |
| 1994 |  |  | XVII |  Lillehammer, Norawa |  |  |
| 1996 | XXVI |  Atlanta, Unitit States |  |  |  |  |
| 1998 |  |  | XVIII |  Nagano, Japan |  |  |
| 2000 | XXVII |  Sydney, Australie |  |  |  |  |
| 2002 |  |  | XIX |  Salt Lake Ceety, Unitit States |  |  |
| 2004 | XXVIII |  Athens, Greece |  |  |  |  |
| 2006 |  |  | XX |  Turin, Italy |  |  |
| 2008 | XXIX |  Beijing, Cheenae |  |  |  |  |
| 2010 |  |  | XXI |  Vancouver, Canadae | I (Simmer) |  Singapore |
| 2012 | XXX |  Lunnon, Unitit Kinrick |  |  | I (Winter) |  Innsbruck, Austrick |
| 2014 |  |  | XXII |  Sochi, Roushie | II (Simmer) |  Nanjing, Cheenae |
| 2016 | XXXI |  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |  |  | II (Winter) |  Lillehammer, Norawa |
| 2018 |  |  | XXIII |  Pyeongchang, Sooth Korea | III (Simmer) | Tae be determined |
| 2020 | XXXII |  Tokyo, Japan |  |  | III (Winter) | Tae be determined |
| 2022 |  |  | XXIV |  Beijing, Cheenae | IV (Simmer) | Tae be determined |
| 2024 | XXXIII |  Paris, Fraunce |  |  | IV (Winter) | Tae be determined |

**Notes Offeecial wabsteid
* New York Times Interactive of all the medals in the Modern Olympics
* insidethegames – the latest and most up to date news and interviews from the world of Olympic, Commonwealth and Paralympic Games
* ATR – Around the Rings – the Business Surrounding the Olympics
* GamesBids.com – An Authoritative Review of Olympic Bid Business (home of the BidIndex™)
* Database Olympics
* History of Olympics to the Present Day Archived 2013-03-13 at the Wayback Machine
* Dicolympic Archived 2008-09-29 at the Wayback Machine – Dictionary aboot the Games frae Olympia tae Sochi 2014
* Reference book about all Olympic Medallists of all times
* Days left until the next Olympic Games | The Olympic Games Countdown | 2012 | Sochi 2014 | Rio 2016 | PyeongChang 2018 | Istanbul, Tokyo or Madrid 2020? Archived 2022-04-28 at the Wayback Machine

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