# Republic o the Fowk o Cheena

| Fowkrepublic o Cheenae * 中华人民共和国
* *Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó*
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Naitional Emblem

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| **Anthem: 《义勇军进行曲》
* *Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ*  (Pinyin)
* "Mairch o the Volunteers"

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| Aurie controlled bi the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae shawn in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled regions shawn in licht green. |
| Caipital | Beijing ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Lairgest ceety | Shanghai |
| Offeecial leids | Staundart Cheenese |
| Recognised regional leids | * Mongolian
* Tibetan
* Uyghur
* Zhuang
* various ithers
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| Offeecial written leid | Vernacular Cheenese |
| Offeecial script | Semplifee'd Cheenese |
| Ethnic groups  | * 91.51% Han
* 55 minorities
	+ 1.30% Zhuang
	+ 0.86% Manchu
	+ 0.79% Uyghur
	+ 0.79% Hui
	+ 0.72% Miao
	+ 0.65% Yi
	+ 0.62% Tujia
	+ 0.47% Mongol
	+ 0.44% Tibetan
	+ 0.26% Buyei
	+ 0.15% Korean
	+ 1.05% ithers
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| Demonym(s) | Cheenese |
| Govrenment | Single-pairty socialist republic |
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| • Preses  | Xi Jinping |
| • Premier  | Li Qiang |
| • Congress Chairman | Zhang Dejiang |
| • Conference Chairman | Yu Zhengsheng |
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| Legislatur | Naitional Fowk's Congress |
| Formation |
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| • Unification o Cheenae unner the Qin Dynasty  | 221 BCE |
| • Republic established  | 1 Januar 1912 |
| • Fowkrepublic proclaimed  | 1 October 1949 |
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| Aurie |
| • Total | 9,596,961 km2 (3,705,407 sq mi) (3rd/4t) |
| • Water (%) | 0.28% |
| Population |
| • 2019 estimate |  1,400,050,000 (1st) |
| • 2010 census | 1,340,910,000 (1st) |
| • Density | 145/km2 (375.5/sq mi) (83rd) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2020 estimate |
| • Total |  $29.471 trillion (1st) |
| • Per capita |  $20,984 (67t) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2020 estimate |
| • Tot |  $15.269 trillion (2nt) |
| • Per capita |  $10,872 (67t) |
| Gini (2018) |  46.7 heich |
| HDI (2018) |  0.758 heich · 85t |
| Currency | Renminbi (yuan)(¥) (CNY) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (Cheenae Staundart Time) |
| Date format | * yyyy-mm-dd
* *or* yyyy年m月d日
* (CE; CE-1949)
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| Drivin side | richt |
| Cawin code | +86 |
| Internet TLD | * .cn
* .中國
* .中国
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Territorial organization
The **Fowkrepublic o Cheenae** (**FRC**; Simplifee'd Cheenese: 中华人民共和国, Tradeetional Cheenese: 中華人民共和國; pinyin: *Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó* listen , or **Cheenae**), is a sovereign state in East Asie. Wi a population o mair nor 1.3 billion fowk, the FRC is the second maist populous kintra in the warld efter Indie.

The Communist Pairty o Cheenae (CPC) haes led the FRC unner a ae-pairty seestem syne the kintra's foondin in 1949. Mauger this, naur hauf the FRC's economy haes been privatised in the bygane three decades unner "Socialism wi Cheenese chairacteristics." Durin the 1980s, thir economic reforms helpit lift millions o fowk oot o puirtith, bringin the poverty rate doun tae 12% frae the oreeginal ae-third o the population *(China’s Institutional and Structural fault lines, that cites World Bank, 1992, p. 4 as the reference)*. Houaniver, acause o this mixin o mercat an planned economies, the FRC is faced wi a nummer o problems associate wi ilkane, includin unemployment an increasin rural/urban income gap. Mauger failins, greater prosperity haes led tae growin Cheenese global influence in economic, poleetical, meelitary, scieentific, technological, an cultural affairs.

In an ongaun dispute, the FRC claims suyerainty ower Taiwan an some naurby islands, that's been actually controllt bi the Republic o Cheenae syne 1949. The FRC threaps that the Republic o Cheena is an illegeetimate an supplantit entity an admeenistratively categorizes Taiwan as a province o the FRC. The term "mainlaund China" is whiles uised tae denote the aurie unner FRC owerins, but for normal excludin the twa Speicial Administrative Regions, Hong Kong an Macau.

* **Name**

The wird "China" has been uised in Englis since the 16th centurie; hooever, it wasnae a wird uised by the Cheenese theresels at this time. Hits origin has been traced through Portuguese, Malay, and Persian back to the Sanskrit wird *Cīna*, used in ancient India.

"China" appears in Richard Eden's 1555 owersett o the 1516 journal o the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. Barbosa's uisage wis derivit fae Persian *Chīn* (چین), which wis in turn derivit from Sanskrit *Cīna* (चीन). *Cīna* was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the *Mahābhārata* (5th century bce) and the *Laws o Manu* (2nd century bce). In 1655, Martino Martini suggested that the wird China is derivit ultimately fae the name o the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE). Although this derivation is still gien in various sources, the origin o the Sanskrit wird is a matter of debate, according to the *Oxford English Dictionary*. Alternative suggestions include the names for Yelang and the Jing or Chu state.

The official name o the modern state is the "Fowksrepublic o Cheenae" (simplified Chinese: 中华人民共和国; traditional Chinese: 中華人民共和國; pinyin: *Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó*). The shorter form is "Cheenae" *Zhōngguó* (中国; 中國) fae '**zhōng'** ("central") and '**guó'** ("state"), a term which developed durin the Western Zhou dynasty in reference tae its royal demesne. It was then applied tae the area around Luoyi (present-day Luoyang) during the Eastern Zhou and then to China's Central Plain afore being yaised as an occasional synonym fir the state under the Qing. It was often used as a cultural concept to distinguish the Huaxia fowk fae perceived "barbarians". The name *Zhongguo* is also translated as "Middle Kingdom" in English.

## Fremmit airtins

**Overviews People's Daily: China at a Glance
* BBC News — *Kintra Profile: Cheenae*
* "Rethinking ‘Capitalist Restoration’ in China" Archived 2011-03-17 at the Wayback Machine bi Yiching Wu

**Documentaries "Cheenae on the Rise" Archived 2011-01-21 at the Wayback Machine PBS Online NewsHour. October 2005.
* *China Rises* a documentary co-produced bi *The New York Times*, *Discovery Times*, CBC, ZDF, Fraunce 5 an S4C. 9 Aprile 2006.
* *Cheenae in the Red*, 1998–2001. PBS Frontline.
* *Cheenae Frae the Inside* A documentary series co-produced bi KQED Public Telly an Granada Telly.

**Govrenment The Central Fowk's Government o Fowkrepublic o Cheenae (in Inglis)
* Cheenae Internet Information Center (China.org.cn) (in Inglis) - Authorised govrenment portal steid tae Cheenae

**Studies Assertive Pragmatism: China's Economic Rise and Its Impact on Chinese Foreign Policy – analysis bi Minxin Pei, IFRI Proliferation Papers n°15, 2006
* The Dragon's Dawn: China as a Rising Imperial Power Archived 2007-12-12 at the Wayback Machine 11 Februar 2005.
* History o The Fowkrepublic o Cheenae Archived 2013-04-26 at the Wayback Machine Timeline o Key Events syne 1949.
* Media, advertisin, an urban life in Cheenae

**Traivel Travel guide tae *Republic o the Fowk o Cheena* frae Wikivoyage

**Maps Google Maps – China
* Google Maps – China Archived 2008-09-07 at the Wayback Machine Interestin locations