Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Unicode

Unicode logo.
**Unicode**, or **The Unicode Standard**, is a computin industry staundart for the consistent encodin, representation an handlin o text expressed in maist o the warld's writin seestems.
# Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet

Pronunciation o "IPA" written in the IPA
The **Internaitional Phonetic ABC** (**IPA**) is a seestem o phonetic notation foondit on the Laitin alphabet, cleckit by the Internaitional Phonetic Association as a staundartised representation o the soonds o spoken langage. The IPA is uised by lingueests, speech pathologists an therapists, fermmit langage teachers an collegianers, sangsters, actors, lexicographers, an translators.
# Hiragana

**Hiragana** is wan o the three alphabets o Japanese. It is easier tae read nor the kanji (the sýstem thit came fae Chínese chairacters) this haes tae be lairnt wird bi wird, acause ance the 46 hiragana seembols haes been lairnt, the reader kens whit wey tae pronoonce thaim.

Hiragana an katakana is baith sýllabaries. In Scots we uise the letters o the alphabet. In maist wirds ilka maks a soond (a phoneme). In a sýlabary, ilka sýmbol staunds fyr a sýlable. Fur esuample: in Scots we scrieve “Wagamama” (selfish): ilka ane o the aicht letters maks a soond. The wird “Wagamama” is splít intae 4 sýlable (blocks o soond): Wa-ga-ma-ma. In hiragana it is scrieved wi fower seembols: わがまま.

Katakana wirks in the same wey, but the sýmbols isna the same. Katakana is a puckle easier tae learn nor Hiragana acause the seembols is mair semple an mair “squared aff”. Katakana an hiragana thegither is cawed “kana”.
# Han Cheenese

Han Cheenese
漢族/汉族
漢人/汉人| Tot population |
| --- |
| **1,310,158,851** |
| Regions wi signeeficant populations |
|  Cheenae | 1,207,541,842 |
|  Taiwan | 22,575,365 |
|  Hong Kong | 6,593,410 |
|  Singapore | 3,684,936 |
|  Macau | 433,641 |
|       Thailand | 7,053,240 |
|       Malaysie | 6,590,500 |
|       Unitit States | 3,376,031 |
|       Indonesie | 2.832.510 |
|       Canadae | 1,364,215 |
|       Peru | 1,300,000 |
|       Vietnam | 1,263,570 |
|       Australie | 1,185,000 |
|       Cambodie | 1,180,000 |
|       Philippines | 1,146,250 |
|       Burma | 1,101,314 |
|       Roushie | 998,000 |
|       Japan | 655,377 |
|       Venezuela | 400,000 |
|       Sooth Africae | 350,000 |
|       Unitit Kinrick | 296,623 |
|       Fraunce | 230,515 |
|       Spain | 197,214 |
|       Indie | 189,470 |
|       Laos | 185,765 |
|       Brazil | 151,649 |
|       Italy | 162,000 |
|       New Zealand | 147,510 |
|       Netherlands | 144,928 |
|       Sooth Korea | 137,790 |
|       Panama | 135,000 |
|       Ireland | 11,218 |
|       Costa Rica | ca 40,000 |
| Leids |
| Cheenese |
| Releegion |
| Cheenese Fowk Releegion, Mahayana Buddhism an Taoism. Backgrund o Confucianism. |

| Han Cheenese |
| --- |
|  |
| Traditional Chinese | 漢族 |
| Simplified Chinese | 汉族 |
|

| Transcriptions |
| --- |
| Staundart Mandarin |
| Hanyu Pinyin | hànzú |
| Bopomofo | ㄏㄢˋ ㄗㄨˊ |
| Wade–Giles | han-tzu |
| Yale Romanisation | hàndzú |
| IPA | [xântsǔ] |
| Wu |
| Romanieation | hoe zoh |
| Hakka |
| Romanisation | Hòn-tshu̍k |
| Yue: Cantonese |
| Yale Romanisation | hon juhk |
| Jyutping | hon3 zuk6 |
| IPA | [hɔ̄ːn tsʊ̀k] |
| Soothren Min |
| Hokkien POJ | Hàn-cho̍k |
| Teochew Peng'im | Hàng-tsôk |
| Eastren Min |
| Fuzhou BUC | Háng-cŭk |

 |
|  |

**Han Cheenese** (simplifeed Cheenese: 汉族 or 汉人; traditeeonal Cheenese: 漢族 or 漢人; pinyin: *hànzú or hànrén*) are an ethnic group native tae East Asie. Han Cheenese constitute aboot 92% o the population o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae (mainland Cheenae), 98% o the population o the Republic o Cheenae (Taiwan), 74% o the population o Singapore, 24.5% o population o Malaysie, an aboot 20% o the entire global human population, makkin it the lairgest ethnic group in the warld. Thare is considerable genetic, linguistic, cultural, an social diversity amang the subgroups o the Han, mainly due tae thoosans o years o immigration an assimilation o various regional ethnicities an tribes athin Cheenae. The Han Cheenese are a subset o the Cheenese naition (*Zhonghua minzu*). Whiles Han an ither Cheenese refer tae thairsels as the "Descendants o the Yan an Huang Emperors" (simplifeed Cheenese: 炎黄子孙; traditeeonal Cheenese: 炎黃子孫).

## Freemit airtins

* How the Han Chinese became the world's biggest tribe – Fowk's Daily Online Sept 16, 2004

Template:Ethnic groups in Cheenae

Template:Han subgroups
# Cheenese chairacter

**Cheenese chairacters** is seembols uised for writin Cheenese an Japanese. Lang syne, Korean an Vietnamese uised them an aw. The stairt o thir chairacters wis at least 4000 year syne.

Cheenese chairacters is ideograms — thay maistlins represent ideas insteid o soonds. Maist earlier Cheenese chairacters wis pictographs - semple picturs uised tae mean wirds, bit no mony modren Cheenese chairacters is pictographs. Mony modren Cheenese chairacters is a combination o twa or mair semple chairacters.

Cheenese chairacters is an important pairt o East Asie cultur. Cheenese chairacters can be thocht o as bein abstract airt, acause o hou the chairacters is made up o lines an pynts.
# Writin seestem

A **writin seestem** is ony conventional method o veesually representin verbal communication. Whilk baith writin an speech are uisefu in conveyin messages, writin differs in an aa bein a reliable form o information storage an transfer.

## See forby

* Scrievin
* Laitin alphabet
# Pinyin

**Pinyin**, formally **Hanyu Pinyin**, is the offeecial phonetic seestem for transcribin the Mandarin pronunciations o Cheenese characters intae the Laitin alphabet in Cheenae, Taiwan, an Singapore. It is aften uised tae teach Staundart Cheenese an spell Cheenese names in foreign publications an mey be uised as an input method tae enter Cheenese characters intae computers.
# Morpheme

In lingueestics, a **morpheme** is the wee-est pairt o a wird that cairies ocht that gies a semantic unnerstaundin. Morphemes is, for ordinar, a kenspeckle pittin thegither o phonemes (as the lowse furm *haund* or the bund form *s* in *haunds*) haein nae wee-er meaninfu members.

*Scots example:*
The wird *wanchancy* haes three morphemes, the (negatory) bund morpheme *wan*, the lowse morpheme *chance* an *y*. *Wan* is a prefix an *y* is a suffix. The baith is affixes.

## kynds o morphemes

* Lowse morphemes lik *toun* an *mill* can be soudert tae ither lexemes (as in *tounhoose* or *mill-lade*) or thay can staund alane - lowse. Allomorphs is variants o a morpheme, e.g. the plural merker 
 in Scots whiles comes oot as /z/ or /s/.
* Bund morphemes like *wan* juist kythes thegither wi ither morphemes tae shape a lexeme. Bund morphemes for ordinar tends tae be prefixes an suffixes.
* Inflectional morphemes modifee's a wird's tense, nummer, aspect an siclike.
* Dereevational morphemes can be eikit tae a wird for tae shape anither wird: for example bi eikin *lins* tae *blind* gies *blindlins*.
# Staundart Cheenese

| Staundart Cheenese |
| --- |
| 普通話 / 普通话 *Pǔtōnghuà* 國語 / 国语 *Guóyǔ* 華語 / 华语 *Huáyǔ* |
| Native tae | Cheenae, Taiwan, Singapore |
| Native speakers | (heas begun acquirin native speakers, citit 1988) L2 speakers: c. 10% o Cheenae (2014) |
| Leid faimily | Sino-Tibetan
* Cheenese
	+ Mandarin
		- Beijing dialect
			* **Staundart Cheenese**
 |
| Early form | Middle Mandarin
 |
| Writin seestem | Tradeetional Cheenese Simplified Cheenese Mainland Cheenese Braille Taiwanese Braille Twa-Cell Cheenese Braille |
| Signed forms | Wenfa Shouyu |
| Offeecial status |
| Offeecial leid in |  China (as Putonghua)
 Taiwan (as Guoyu)
 Singapore (as Huayu)
 United Nations
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
File:Flag of Wa.svg Wa State, Myanmar |
| Regulatit bi |  Naitional Leid Regulatin Committee  Taiwan Naitional Leids Committee  Promote Mandarin Council  Cheenese Leid Standardisation Cooncil |
| Leid codes |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| ISO 639-6 | `goyu (Guoyu) huyu (Huayu) cosc (Putonghua)` |
| Glottolog | *None* |
|

**Staundart Cheenese**, kent forby as **Mandarin**, **Putonghua** an **Guoyu**, is a staundart leid that is the ae offeecial leid o baith Cheenae an Taiwan, an ane o the fower offeecial leids o Singapore forby.

### Soorces

* Norman, Jerry (1988), *Chinese*, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-29653-3.