Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Italy

| Italian Republic *Repubblica Italiana*  (Italian) |
| --- |
|
Banner

 Emblem

 |
| **Anthem:Il Canto degli Italiani*  (Italian) "The Sang o the Italians"  |
| Location o  Italy  (dark green)– on the European continent  (light green & dark grey) – in the European Union  (light green)  —  [Legend] |
| Caipital | Roum ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Offeecial leids | Italiana |
| Demonym(s) | Italian |
| Govrenment | Unitary pairlamentary constitutional republic |
|  |
| • Preses  | Sergio Mattarella |
| • Prime Meenister  | Giorgia Meloni |
|  |
| Legislatur | Pairlament |
| • Upper house | Senate |
| • Lower house | Chamber o Deputies |
| Formation |
|  |
| • Unification  | 17 March 1861 |
| • Republic  | 2 June 1946 |
| • Foondit the EEC (nou the European Union) | 1 Januar 1958 |
|  |
| Aurie |
| • Total | 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) (72nt) |
| • Water (%) | 2.4 |
| Population |
| • 2018 estimate |  60,359,546 (23rd) |
| • 2011 census |  59,433,744 |
| • Density | 201.3/km2 (521.4/sq mi) (63rd) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2019 estimate |
| • Total |  $2.442 trillion (12t) |
| • Per capita |  $40,206 (33rd) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2019 estimate |
| • Tot |  $2.026 trillion (8t) |
| • Per capita |  $33,353 (25t) |
| Gini (2018) |  33.4 medium |
| HDI (2017) |  0.880 verra heich · 28t |
| Currency | Euro (€)b |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+ (CEST0332778852) |
| Drivin side | right |
| Cawin code | 39c0708958929 |
| ISO 3166 code | IT |
| Internet TLD | .itd |
| 1. French is co-offeecial in the Aosta Valley; Slovene is co-offeecial in the province o Trieste an the province o Gorizia; German an Ladin are co-offeecial in Sooth Tyrol.
2. Afore 2002, the Italian Lira. The euro is acceptit in Campione d'Italia, but the offeecial siller thare is the Swiss Franc.
3. Tae caw Campione d'Italia, it is necessary tae uise the Swiss code +41.
4. The .eu domain is an aa uised, as it is shared wi ither European Union member states.
 |

Territorial Organization
**Italy** (Italian: *Italia*), offeecially the **Italian Republic** (*Repubblica Italiana*), is a kintra in the sooth o Europe. It comprises a buit-shapit, peninsula an twa muckle islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily an Sardinia, an shares it's northren alpine mairch wi Monaco, Fraunce, Swisserland, Austrick an Slovenie. The independent kintras o San Marino an the Vatican Ceety is enclaves inouth the Italian Region.

Italy uised ti be tribelaunds, suin bein ringed bi the Latin tribe an foondin the Roman Empire. Efter the faw o Roum, the Italian peninsula brak apairt intae mony fechtin independent kintras. In modren times, Italy comprises o maist o the Italian peninsula, Sicily, an Sardinie.

The Italian Republic is made o 20 regions, five bein autonomous.
# Hans Bethe

|  Hans Bethe |
| --- |
|  |
| Born | Hans Albrecht Bethe 2 Julie 1906(1906-07-02) Strasbourg, Germany |
| Dee'd | 6 Mairch 2005(2005-03-06) (aged 98) Ithaca, New York, Unitit States |
| Residence | Germany Unitit States |
| Naitionality | German American |
| Alma mater | Varsity o Frankfurt Varsity o Munich |
| Kent for | * Nuclear physics
* Stellar nucleosynthesis
* Quantum electrodynamics
* Bethe–Salpeter equation
* Bethe-Slater curve
* Bethe formula
* Bethe–Feynman formula
* Bethe lattice
* Bethe ansatz
* Bethe–Weizsäcker formula
* Bethe–Weizsäcker process
 |
| Hauf-marrae(s) | Rose Ewald (married in 1939; twa bairns) |
| Awairds | * 1947 Henry Draper Medal
* 1957 ForMemRS
* 1959 Franklin Medal
* 1961 Eddington Medal
* 1961 Enrico Fermi Award
* 1963 Rumford Prize
* 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics
* 1975 Nait'l Medal o Science
* 1989 Lomonosov Gold Medal
* 1993 Oersted Medal
* 2001 Bruce Medal
* 2005 Benjamin Franklin Medal
 |
| **Scientific career** |
| Fields | Nuclear physics |
| Institutions | * Varsity o Tübingen
* Cornell University
* Varsity o Bristol
* Varsity o Manchester
 |
| Doctoral advisor | Arnold Sommerfeld |
| Doctoral students | * Peter A. Carruthers
* Benjamin Day
* P. S. Epstein
* Ajoy Ghatak
* Jeffrey Goldstone
* John Irwin
* Roman Jackiw
* Robert Eugene Marshak
* John Negele
* R. Rajaraman
* Roderick V. Reid
* it
* M. K. Sundaresan
* David J. Thouless
 |
| Ither notable students | Freeman Dyson |
|  |
| Signatur |  |

**Hans Albrecht Bethe** (German: [ˈhans ˈalbʁɛçt ˈbeːtə]; Julie 2, 1906 – Mairch 6, 2005) wis a German an American nuclear physicist wha, in addeetion tae makkin important contreibutions tae astrophysics, quantum electrodynamics an solit-state physics, wan the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics for his wirk on the theory o stellar nucleosynthesis.
# Svalbard

| Svalbard  |
| --- |
| Location o  Svalbard  (dark green)– on the European continent  (green & dark grey) – in Norway  (green) |
|  |
| Status | Unincorporatit aurie o Norawa |
| Admeenistrative centre and largest city | Longyearbyen  |
| Ethnic groups  | * 56.9% Norse
* 43.1% Ither (incl. Roushie, Ukrainian, etc.)
 |
| Sovereign state | Kinrick o Norawa |
| Leaders |
|  |
| • Govrenor  | Kjerstin Askholt (2015–) |
|  |
| Aurie |
| • Total | 61,022 km2 (23,561 sq mi) |
| Population |
| • 2016 estimate | 2,667 |
| • Density | 0.044/km2 (0.1/sq mi) (248t) |
| Currency | Norse krone (NOK) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Cawin code | +47 |
| Internet TLD | .no a |
| 1. .sj allocatit but nae uised.
 |

Svalbard
**Svalbard** (Norse pronunciation: [ˈsʋɑlbɑɖ]) is an archipelago in the Airctic, constitutin the northrenmaist pairt o Norawa. It is locatit aboot 400 mile north o mainland Europe, midwey atween mainland Norawa an the Nor' Powl.
# Bryozoa

| Bryozoa Temporal range: Early Ordovician – Recent
PreЄ
Є
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N |
| --- |
|  |
| "Bryozoa", frae Ernst Haeckel's *Kunstformen der Natur*, 1904 |
| Scientific classification  |
| Kinrick: | Animalia |
| *Clade*: | Lophophorata  |
| Phylum: | **Bryozoa** Ehrenberg, 1831 |
| Synonyms |
|
Ectoprocta (Nitsche, 1869) (umwhile subphylum o Bryzoa) |

**Bryozoa** (kent as the **Polyzoa**, **Ectoprocta** or commonly as **moss ainimals** forby) are a phylum o aquatic invertebrate ainimals.
# Airn Age

Dun Carloway broch, Lewis, Scotland
In airchaeology, the **Airn Age** (or **Airn Eild**) wis the stage in the oncome o ony fowk that's tuils an wappens main ingredient wis airn wis foremaist. The adoption o this material coincided wi ither chynges in some past societies aften includin differin aigricultural pratticks, religious beliefs an airtistic styles, awtho this wisna aye the case.

The Airn Age is the last principal period in the three-age seestem for tae clessifee pre-historic societies, comin afore the Bronze Age an efter the Stane Age. Its date an context varies dependin on the kintra or geographical region.

Technological an social state o the warld, aboot 1000 BC, shawin widespreid Bronze Age technology an the innin o the Airn Age in some airts.
### Britain

Airn-wirkin emergit in Britain aroon 800 BC. This happened cause bronze's heid ingredients ae capper and tin were in short supply, whereas airn is foond all oer the shop. The collapse ae the Bronze Age saw the collapse ae the elitist trading networks, as local fowk could jist uise their ain local supplies of airn. Indeed, Bronze Age heidbummers may hae deliberately tried tae suppress the new technologie on account of its socioeconomic impacts.

The Airn Age wis followed by the Norse/Viking Age, the Roman Age and the Early Medieval in different perts ae the kintra.
# Selene

| Selene |
| --- |
| Goddess o the Muin  |
| Detail o Selene frae a Roman sarcophagus |
| Abode | Sky |
| Symbol | Crescent, raised cloak, bull, rooster, dug, an torch |
| Personal Information |
| Consort | Endymion |
| Childer | Fifty dauchters tae Endymion; Pandia an Ersa tae Zeus |
| Parents | Hyperion an Theia |
| Siblins | Helios an Eos |
| Roman equivalent | Luna |

In Greek meethologie, **Selene** (/sᵻˈliːni/; Greek Σελήνη [selɛ̌ːnɛː] 'muin';) is the goddess o the muin.
# Vegetation

**Vegetation** is general plant life an the grund cover providit bi plants. Vegetation haes na parteecular taxa, life furms, structur, spatial extent, or ony ither specific botanical or geografic characteristics. It is broader nor *flora* which refers exclusively tae species composeetion. Aiblins the closest synonym is plant community, but *vegetation* can, an eften daes, refer tae a wider range o spatial scales nor that term daes, includin scales as lairge as the global. Primeval reidwid forests, coastal mangrove stands, sphagnum bogs, desert sile crusts, roadside weed patches, wheat fields, cultivatit gairdens an lawns; aw are encompassed bi the term *vegetation*.
# Gregorian calendar

The **Gregorian calendar** is the internationally takken ceevil calendar. It wis brocht in bi Pape Gregory XIII, wha its named efter, bi a decree pennit on the 24t o Februar 1582, a papal bull **Inter gravissimas**. The Julian calendar is awmaist identical but the Julian calendar is o 11 meenits less.
# Sooth Australie

| Sooth Australie |
| --- |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |
| Flag | Coat o airms |

 |
| Slogan or elk-name | *The Festival State; The Wine State* |
|  Ither Australie states an territories |
| Coordinates | ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Caipital ceety | Adelaide |
| Demonym | South Australian, Croweater (colloquial), South Aussie |
| Govrenment | Constitutional monarchy  |
|  • Govrenor | Hieu Van Le |
|  • Premier | Jay Weatherill (ALP) |
|  |
| Australie state |   |
|  • Declared as Colony | 1834 |
|  • Proclaimit | 28 Dizember 1836 |
|  • Responsible    govrenment | 22 Apryle 1857 |
|  • Became state | 1901 |
|  • *Australia Act* | 3 Mairch 1986 |
|  |
| Aurie |   |
|  • Total | 1,043,514 km² (4t) 402,903 sq mi |
|  • Laund | 983,482 km² 379,725 sq mi |
|  • Watter | 60,032 km² (5.75%) 23,178 sq mi |
|  |
| Population (Mairch 2016) |   |
|  • Population | 1,706,500 (5t) |
|  • Densitie | 1.74/km² (6t) 4.5 /sq mi |
|  |
| Elevation |   |
|  • Heichest point | Mount Woodroffe 1,435 m (4,708 ft) |
|  • Lawest point | Kati Thanda-Loch Eyre −16 m (−52 ft) |
|  |
| Gross state product (2010–11) |   |
|  • Product ($m) | $86,323 (5th) |
|  • Product per caipita | $52,318 (7th) |
|  |
| Time zone(s) | UTC+9:30 (ACST) UTC+10:30 (ACDT) |
| Federal representation |   |
|  • Hoose seats | 11/150 |
|  • Senate seats | 12/76 |
|  |
| Abbreviations |   |
|  • Postal | SA |
|  • ISO 3166-2 | AU-SA |
|  |
| Emblems |   |
|  • Floral | Sturt's Desert Pea (*Swainsona formosa*) |
|  • Ainimal | Soothren hairy-nebbit wombat *(Lasiorhinus latifrons*) |
|  • Bird | Pipin shrike |
|  • Fish | Leafy seadraigon (*Phycodurus eques*) |
|  • Mineral or gemstane | Opal |
|  • Colours | Reid, blue, an gowd |
|  |
| Wabsteid | www.sa.gov.au |

**Sooth Australie** (abbreviatit as **SA**) is a state in the soothren central pairt o Australie. It kivers some o the maist arid pairts o the continent; wi a total laund aurie o 983,482 square kilometre (379,725 sq mi), it is the fowert lairgest o Australie's sax states an twa mainland territories. Adelaide is the larges cite in the state wit ova 77% of the poplation livin in it incuding surondin cities.

## History

The colony o Sooth Australie was fount in 1834 by the Sooth Australie Ac 1834. The pocmalation of colonial govrmant was in 1836. In the yiir o 1901 Sooth Australie became a state.

## Footnotes
# Unitit States Marine Corps

| Unitit States Marine Corps |
| --- |
| United States Marine Corps portal |
| Active | 10 November 1775 – present (250 years, 7 months) |
| Kintra |  Unitit States o Americae |
| Allegiance | Unitit States Constitution |
| Teep | Marine combined arms |
| Role | Amphibious an expeditionary warfare |
| Size | 195,000 active (as o Februar 2013) 40,000 reserve (as o 2010) |
| Pairt o | Depairtment o the Navy (syne 1834) |
| Heidquarters | The Pentagon, Virginie, U.S. |
| Motto(s) | *Semper Fidelis* |
| Colours | Scarlet, Gowd          |
| Mairch | "Semper Fidelis" Play  "The Marine's Hymn" |
| Mascot(s) | Inglis Bulldug |
| Engagements | American Revolutionary War Quasi-War First an Seicont Barbary Wars War o 1812 Seminole Wars Seicont Seminole War First Sumatran expedition Seicont Sumatran expedeetion Mexican–American War American Ceevil War Spaingie–American War Philippine–American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Warld War I Warld War II Korean War 1958 Lebanon crisis Vietnam War Iranian Hostage Rescue Multinational Force in Lebanon 1983 Beirut barracks bombin Invasion o Grenada 1986 bombin o Libya Invasion o Panama Persian Gulf War Somali Ceevil War Bosnian War 1998 bombin o Iraq Kosovo War War in Afghanistan Iraq War Operation Odyssey Dawn |
| Decorations |   Presidential Unit Citation  Joint Meritorious Unit Awaird  Navy Unit Commendation  Valorous Unit Award   Meritorious Unit Commendation  French Croix de Guerre 1914-1918  Philippine Presidential Unit Citation  Korean Presidential Unit Citation  Vietnam Gallantry Cross  Vietnam Ceevil Actions Medal |
| Commanders |
| Commander-in-Chief | Donald Trump |
| Secretar o Defence | The Honorable James Mattis |
| Secretar o the Navy | The Honourable Ray Mabus |
| Commandant o the Marine Corps | Gen Robert Neller |
| Assistant Commandant o the Marine Corps | Gen. Glenn M. Walters |
| Sergeant Major o the Marine Corps | SMMC Ronald L. Green |
| Insignia |
| Eagle, Globe, an Anchor |  |
| Unitit States Marine Corps flag |  |

The **Unitit States Marine Corps** (**USMC**) is a branch o the Unitit States Airmed Forces responsible for providin pouer projection frae the sea, uisin the mobility o the Unitit States Navy tae rapidly deliver combined-arms task forces. It is ane o seiven uniformed services o the Unitit States. Creatit in 1775, the Marine Corps haes been a component o the Unitit States Depairtment o the Navy syne 1834, eften wirkin closely witnaval forces for trainin, transportation, an logistics.
# Hungarian leid

| Hungarian |
| --- |
| *magyar nyelv* |
| Pronunciation | [ˈmɒɟɒr ˈɲɛlv] |
| Native tae | Hungary and areas o east Austrie, Croatie, Romanie, northren Serbie, Slovakie, Slovenie, an wast Ukraine |
| Ethnicity | Hungarians |
| Native speakers | 17 million (2003–2014)e22 |
| Leid faimily | Uralic
* Finno-Ugric
	+ Ugric
		- **Hungarian**
 |
| Writin seestem | * Latin (Hungarian alphabet)
* Hungarian Braille
* Old Hungarian script
 |
| Offeecial status |
| Offeecial leid in | * Hungary
* European Union
* Serbia (in Vojvodina)
* Austria (in Burgenland)
* Slovenia (in Prekmurje)
 |
| Recognised minority leid in | * Romania (in Transylvania)
* Croatia
* Slovakia
* Czech Republic
* Moldova
* Ukraine (in Berehove, Mukachevo, Vynohradiv and Uzhhorod districts of Transcarpathian region (Zakarpattia Oblast))[*citation needit*]
 |
| Regulatit bi | Resairch Institute fur Linguistics o the Hungarian Academy o Sciences |
| Leid codes |
| ISO 639-1 | `hu` |
| ISO 639-2 | `hun` |
| ISO 639-3 | Either: `hun` – Modren Hungarian `ohu` – Old Hungarian |
| Linguist List | `ohu` Auld Hungarian |
| Glottolog | `hung1274` |
| Linguasphere | `41-BAA-a` |
| Map o pairts whaur the native leid is Hungarian represent a majority (blue) or a substantial minority (blae). *Based on recent censuses an on the CIA Warld Factbook 2014* |
|

Hungarian leid
Hungarian leid
Hungarian leid
Hungarian leid
**Hungarian** (*magyar nyelv*) is a Uralic leid (mair speceefically an Ugric leid) sindry frae maist ither leids in Europe. It is spoken in Hungary an bi the Hungarian minorities in seeven neebourin kintras, thay are Romanie, Slovakie, Serbie,Ukraine an a smaa minority byde in Austrick an Slovenie. The Hungarian name fur the leid is *magyar* (IPA: [ˈmɒɟɒr̪]). Hungarian is close tae the Mansi leid spoken in the Urals by aboot 960 fowk (2010), but is sib til Finnish an Estonie an aa.
# Colorado

| Colorado |
| --- |
| State |
| Kintra | Unitit States |
| Afore stateheid | Territory of Colorado |
| Admittit tae the Union | 1 August 1876 (38t State) |
| Lairgest ceety | caipital |
| Lairgest metro | Denver-Aurora-Broomfield MSA |
| Govrenment |
|  • Govrenor | Jared Polis (D) |
|  • Lieutenant Governor | Dianne Primavera (D) |
| Legislatur | General Assembly |
|  • Upper hoose | Senate |
|  • Lawer hoose | Hoose o Representatives |
| U.S. senators | 2 – Michael Bennett (D) 3 – John Hickenlooper (D) |
| U.S. Hoose delegation | 3 Republicans an 5 Democrats (leet) |
| Population |
|  • Total | 5,540,545 (2,016 est) |
|  • Density | 19.0/km2 (49.3/sq mi) |
|  • Median hooseaud income | $56993 |
|  • Income rank | 13t |
| Leid |
| Trad. abbreviation | Colo. |
| Latitude | 37°N to 41°N |
| Longitude | 102°03'W to 109°03'W |

**Colorado** (i/kɒləˈrædoʊ/) is a U.S. state that encompasses maist o the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastren portion o the Colorado Plateau an the wastren edge o the Great Plains. Colorado is pairt o the Wastren United States, the Soothwastren Unitit States, an the Muntain States. Colorado is the 8t maist extensive an the 22nt maist populous o the 50 United States. The Unitit States Census Bureau estimates that the population o Colorado wis 5,116,796 on 1 Julie 2011, an increase of +1.74% syne the 2010 Unitit States Census.

## Freemit airtins

State govrenment
* Colorado state govrenment wabsteid

## Relatit information

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Precedit bi Nebraska | **Leet o U.S. states bi date o statehuid** Admittit on 1 August 1876 (38t) | Succeedit bi North Dakota |
# Mozambique

| Republic o Mozambique * *República de Moçambique*  (Portuguese)
 |
| --- |
|
Banner

Emblem

 |
| **Anthem:Pátria Amada*  (Portuguese) *Beluved Hameland*  |
| Location o  Mozambique  (daurk blue)in the African Union  (licht blue) |
| Caipital | Maputo ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Lairgest ceety | capital |
| Offeecial leids | Portuguese |
| Demonym(s) | Mozambican |
| Govrenment | Unitar semi-presidential republic |
|  |
| • Preses  | Filipe Nyusi |
| • Prime Meenister  | Carlos Agostinho do Rosário |
|  |
| Legislatur | Assembly o the Republic |
| Unthirldom |
|  |
| • frae Portugal  | 25 Juin 1975 |
| • Current constitution  | 30 November 1990 |
|  |
| Aurie |
| • Total | 801,590 km2 (309,500 sq mi) (35t) |
| • Water (%) | 2.2 |
| Population |
| • 2014 estimate | 24,692,144 (50t) |
| • 2007 census | 21,397,000 (52nt) |
| • Density | 28.7/km2 (74.3/sq mi) (178t) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2017 estimate |
| • Total | $37.321 billion |
| • Per capita | $1,263 |
| GDP (nominal) | 2017 estimate |
| • Tot | $11.170 billion |
| • Per capita | $378 |
| Gini (2008) | 45.7 medium |
| HDI (2015) |  0.418 law · 181st |
| Currency | Mozambican metical (MZN) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (CAT) |
| Drivin side | caur |
| Cawin code | +258 |
| ISO 3166 code | MZ |
| Internet TLD | .mz |
| 1. Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena an ithers.
 |
| Estimates for this kintra explicitly tak intae accoont the effects o excess mortality due tae AIDS; this can hae the eftercast o a lawer life expectancy, heicher infant mortality an daith rates, lawer population an growthe rates, an cheenges in the distribution o population bi age an sex than wad itherwise be expectit. |

Territorial Organization
**Mozambique**, offeecially the **Republic o Mozambique** (Portuguese: *Moçambique* or *República de Moçambique*, pronounced: [ʁɛˈpublikɐ di musɐ̃ˈbiki]), is a kintra in sootheastren Africae mairchin wi the Indian Ocean eastle, Tanzanie northle, Malawi an Zambie northwastle, Zimbabwe wastle an Swaziland an Sooth Africae soothwastle.

The aurie wis reenged bi Vasco da Gama in 1498 an colonised bi Portugal in 1505. Mozambique became unthirlt in 1975, an became the Fowkrepublic o Mozambique shortly efter. It wis the scene o an odious ceevil war lastin frae 1977 tae 1992. The kintra wis named Moçambique bi the Portuguese efter the Island o Mozambique, derived frae *Musa Al Big* or *Mossa Al Bique* or *Mussa Ben Mbiki*, an Arab trader wha first veesitit the island an efter bidit thare.

Mozambique is a member o the Commonweel o Naitions, the Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras an a observer o the Francophonie.
# Cyrillic script

The **Cyrillic script** 9 (Кириллица), or **Cyrillic alphabet** - kent bi ither naimes sic as the **Slavonic script**, or the **Slaivic script** - is a writin seestem uised fer mony leids acros Eurasie. It is the naitional script in sevrel Slavic, Turkic, Mongolic, Uiralic, Caucus, an Iranian talkin kintra an leids i Sootheestren Europe, Eestren Europe, the Caucasus, Centra Asie, Northren Asie, an Eestren Asie, an uised bi mony ither minoritie leids.

As bi 2019, aboot 250 million fowk in Eurasie uis Cyrillic as th'official screipt fer ther naitional leids, wi Roushie makin aboot hauf o them. When Bulgarie joinit the European Uinion o the 1 Januar 2007, Cyrillic acome the third offeecial script o th'European Union, efter the Laitin an Greik alphabets.

Th'Early Cyrillic Alphabet wis developt i the 9t yeirhunner AD i th Preslav Litrary Schuil i the First Bulgarie Empir at the time o Tsar Simeon I the graet, maist liklie bi the disciple o the twa Byzantin Brither Cyril an Methodius, whi hed aforehaund makkit the Glagolitic script. Alang wi thaem were Clement of Ohrid, Naum o Preslav, Angelar, Sava an ither scolars. The Cyrillic script wis cried fer tae honour Sint Cyril.
# William Shockley

|  William Shockley |
| --- |
|  |
| Born | William Bradford Shockley Jr. 13 Februar 1910(1910-02-13) Greater Lunnon, Ingland, Unitit Kinrick |
| Dee'd | 12 August 1989(1989-08-12) (aged 79) Stanford, Californie, Unitit States |
| Naitionality | American |
| Alma mater | * MIT
* Caltech
 |
| Kent for | * Pynt-contact transistor an BJT
* Shockley diode equation
* Read-Shockley equation
* Shockley diode
* Shockley-Ramo theorem
* Haynes-Shockley experiment
* Shockley-Queisser leemit
 |
| Awairds | * Nobel Prize in Physics (1956)
* Comstock Prize in Physics (1953)
* Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize (1953)
* Wilheln Exner Medal (1963)
* IEEE Medal o Honour (1980)
 |
| **Scientific career** |
| Institutions | * Bell Labs
* Shockley Semiconductor Stanford Varsity
 |
| Doctoral advisor | John C. Slater |
|  |

**William Bradford Shockley Jr.** (/ˈʃɑːkli/; Februar 13, 1910 – August 12, 1989) wis an American physicist an inventor. Shockley wis the manager o a resairch group at Bell Labs that includit John Bardeen an Walter Brattain. The three scientists inventit the pynt-contact transistor in 1947 an war jyntly awairdit the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics.
# Mathematical model

A **mathematical model** is a description o a seestem uisin mathematical concepts an leid. The process o developin a mathematical model is termed **mathematical modellin**. Mathematical models are uised nae anly in the naitural sciences (such as pheesics, biology, yird science, meteorology) an ingineerin disciplines (e.g. computer science, airtificial intelligence), but an aa in the social sciences (such as economics, psychology, sociology an poleetical science); pheesicists, ingineers, statisticians, operations research analysts an economists uise mathematical models maist extensively. A model mey help tae explain a seestem an tae study the effects o different components, an tae mak predictions aboot behaviour.

Mathematical models can tak mony furms, includin but nae leemitit tae dynamical seestems, statistical models, differential equations, or game theoretic models. These an ither types o models can owerlap, wi a gien model involvin a variety o abstract structurs. In general, mathematical models mey include logical models, as far as logic is taken as a pairt o mathematics. In mony cases, the quality o a scientific field depends on hou well the mathematical models developed on the theoretical side agree wi results o repeatable experiments. Lack o agreement atween theoretical mathematical models an experimental measurments eften leads tae important advances as better theories are developed.