Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Jupiter

**Jupiter** (seembol: ; forbye cawed **Jubiter**) is the fift planet frae the Sun an the lairgest planet in the Solar System. It is a gas giant wi a mass ae-thoosandt that o the Sun but is twa-an-a-hauf times the mass o aw the ither planets in the Solar System pitten thegither. Jupiter is clessifee'd as a gas giant alang wi Saturn, Uranus an Neptune. Thegither, thir fower planets is whiles referred tae as the Jovian or ooter planets. The planet wis kent bi astronomers o auncient times, an wis associate wi the meethology an religious beliefs o mony culturs. The Romans named the planet efter the Roman god Jupiter. Whan viewed frae the Yird, Jupiter can reach an apparent magnitude o −2.94, bricht eneuch tae cast shaidaes, an makkin it on average the third-brichtest object in the nicht lift efter the Muin an Venus. (Maurs can briefly match Jupiter's brichtness at certaint pynts in its orbit.)

Jupiter is componed maistly o hydrogen wi a quarter o its mass bein helium, awtho helium only comprises aboot a tent o the nummer o molecules. It micht an aa hae a rocky core o hivier elements, but lik the ither gas giants, Jupiter disna hae a weel-defined solit surface. Acause o its rapid rotation, the planet's shape is that o an oblate spheroid (it haes a slicht but noticeable bulge aroond the equator). The ooter atmosphere is visibly segregatit intae several bands at different latitudes, resultin in turbulence an stairms alang thair interactin boundaries. A prominent result is the Great Reid Spot, a giant stairm that is kent tae hae existit syne at least the 17t century whan it wis first seen bi telescope. Surroondin Jupiter is a faint planetar ring system an a pouerful magnetosphere. Thare are atour at least 67 muins, includin the fower lairge muins cried the Galilean muins that wis first discovered bi Galileo Galilei in 1610. Ganymede, the lairgest o thir muins, haes a diameter greater than that o the planet Mercury.

Jupiter haes been explored on several occasions bi robotic spacecraft, maist notably durin the early Pioneer an Voyager flyby missions an later bi the Galileo orbiter. The maist recent probe tae visit Jupiter wis the Pluto-boond New Horizons spacecraft in late Februar 2007. The probe uised the gravity frae Jupiter tae increase its speed. Futur tairgets for exploration in the Jovian system includes the possible ice-covert liquid ocean on the muin Europa.
# Kelvin

The **kelvin** is a unit o meisur for temperatur based upon an absolute scale. It is ane o the seiven base units in the Internaitional System o Units (SI) an is assigned the unit seembol **K**. It wis named efter Varsity o Glesga ingineer an physicist William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin.
# Newton (unit)

*This airticle is aboot the unit o poust; for the naitural philosopher, see Isaac Newton.*
In naitural philosophy, the **newton** (seembol: N) is the SI unit o poust, cryed sae efter Sir Isaac Newton in recogneition o his wark on clessical mechanics. It wis first uised aboot 1904, but it wisna till 1948 that it wis offeicially adoptit bi the General Collogue on Wechts an Meisurs (CGPM) as the name for the MKS unit o poust.

A *newton* is defined as the amoont o poust needit tae accelerate a mass o ae kilogram at a rate o ae metre per seicont quadrate.

The newton is an SI derivate unit, written as kg·m·s−2 in SI base units.

Syne ae defineition o wecht is the poust actin atween twa objects acause o gravity, the newton is the unit o wecht an aa. A mass o ae kilogram naur the Yird's surface haes a wecht o aboot 9.81 N, altho this feigur differs bi a few tents o ae per cent ower the Yird's surface. Conversely, an object wi a mass o 9.81−1 kg (≈ 101.94 g) wyes aboot 1 N. Raither fittinly, gien the yairn anent hou Newton wun at his theory o gravity, this is aboot the mass o a smaa aiple.

## See forby

* Isaac Newton
* SI
* dyne, the unit o poust o the (for the maist pairt obsolete) CGS seestem, equal tae 10 µN.
* kilogram-poust
# Pendle

Simple pendulum
A **pendle** or **wanrest** is a mass (ony object, for ordinar metal) on an airm, (a powl or string). The airm is yokit tae a peevot, a pynt for tae swee frae. The mass will naiturally hing doun acause o gravity, but gin it is pushed tae ane side it will oscillate, sweein frae side tae side. The frequency o the sweengin pendle steys the same.

We can wirk oot the time taen for ae fu oscillation (for ensaumple sweengin frae left tae richt an back tae left. We will caw this time T. Gin the pendle lenth is *l*, an the poust o gravity is g, than:

 WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_0

Whaur π is rade 'pi'.

The raiglar muivement o the pendle micht can be uised for time keepin, an pendles are uised for tae raiglate pendle knocks.

## See forby

* Wag-at-the-waw
# Geology

**Geologie** is the science or studie o the Yird, its chemical upmak, morphologie, development an historie. Petrologie (the studie o stanes), mineralogie (the studie o minerals), geophysics, paleontologie (the studie o auncient life), an planetarie geologie (the studie o ither planets) is jist sum o the airts o geologie.

Geologists haes helpit calculate the eild o the Yird at aboot 4.6 thoosand million yeir.

The origin o the wird "geologie" is: "geo"="gaya" in Greek leird an logie=logos in Greek, science.

## Scots Geologists

Important lowps forrit in geologie haes been made bi Scots geologists. Amang the maist weil-kent is:

* James Hutton - kent as "the faither o modren geology"
* Charles Lyell
# Catholicism

**Catholicism** haes twa main meanins, described in *Webster's Dictionar* as:

* 1) "the faith o the Roman Catholic Kirk, or adherence tharetil."
* 2) "the hail orthodox christian kirk, or adherence tharetil"; an the term comes frae the Greek adjective καθολικός-ή-όν (katholikos), meanin "general" or "universal". In Greek, the wird for "Kirk" is feminine an taks the feminine furm o the adjective, viz.: ἡ Καθολικὴ Ἐκκλησία.
# Africae

Africae|  |
| Aurie | 30,370,000 km2 (11,730,000 sq mi), 2nt |
| Population | 1,225,080,510 (2016, 2nt) |
| Population density | 36.4/km2 (94/sq mi) |
| GDP (nominal) | $2.1 trillion (2016, 5t) |
| GDP (PPP) | $6.0 trillion (2016, 5t) |
| GDP per capita | $1,809 (2016, 6t) |
| Demonym | African |
| Kintras | 54 (an 2 disputit) |
| Dependencies |
Freemit (3)[show]
* Mayotte
* Réunion
* Saunt Helena, Ascension an Tristan da Cunha

Internal (4)[show]
* Canary Islands
* Ceuta
* Madeira
* Melilla
 |
| Lairgest ceeties | Leet o ceeties in Africae  Lagos  Cairo  Kinshasa  Johannesburg  Abuja  Khartoum  Dar es Salaam  Alexandria  Abidjan  Algiers  Kano  Casablanca  Ibadan  Nairobi  Addis Ababa  Accra |

**Africae** is the warld's seicont mucklest an seicont maist-populous continent (the first bein Asie in baith categories). At aboot 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) includin adjacent islands, it cuivers 6% o Yird's tot surface aurie an 20.4% o its tot laund aurie. Wi 1.2 billion fowk as o 2016, it accoonts for aboot 16% o the warld's human population. The continent is surroundit bi the Mediterranean Sea tae the north, baith the Suez Canal an the Reid Sea alang the Sinai Peninsula tae the northeast, the Indie Ocean tae the sootheast an the Atlantic Ocean tae the wast. The continent includes Madagascar an various airchipelagos. It conteens 54 fully recognised sovereign states (kintras), nine territories an twa *de facto* independent states wi leemitit or na recogneetion. The majority o the continent an its kintras are in the Northren Hemisphere, wi a substantial portion an nummer o kintras in the Soothren Hemisphere.

Africae's average population is the youngest amangst aw the continents; the median age in 2012 wis 19.7, whan the warldwide median age wis 30.4. Algerie is Africae's mucklest kintra bi aurie, an Nigerie is its mucklest bi population. Africae, pairteecularly central Eastren Africae, is widely acceptit as the place o oreegin o humans an the Hominidae clade (great apes), as evidenced bi the diskivery o the earliest hominids an thair auncestors, as weel as later anes that hae been datit tae aroond seiven million years ago, includin *Sahelanthropus tchadensis*, *Australopithecus africanus*, *A. afarensis*, *Homo erectus*, *H. habilis* an *H. ergaster*—wi the earliest *Homo sapiens* (modren human) foond in Ethiopie bein datit tae circa 200,000 year ago. Africae straidles the equator an encompasses numerous climate auries; it is the anly continent tae stretch frae the northren temperate tae soothren temperate zones.

Africae hosts a muckle diversity o ethnicities, culturs an leids. In the late 19t century European kintras colonised awmaist aw o Africae; maist present states in Africae oreeginatit frae a process o decolonisation in the 20t century. African naitions cooperate throu the establishment o the African Union, that is heidquartert in Addis Ababa.

## Fremmit airtins

 Media relatit tae Africa at Wikimedia Commons
# Eurasie

**Eurasie** is a continent in the northren pairt o the Yird. Eurasie is made o Europe an Asie, that is on the same tectonic plate an disna hae a sea atween thaim, sae thay are scientifically the ae continent. The wird is made by eikin "Eur" (frae *Eur*ope) tae "Asie" for tae mak "Eurasie".

Some geographers says it's aw juist ae continent, acause unalike the Americaes or Africae, Europe an Asie isna sindered by sea. The Auncient Greeks sindered the warld thay kent intae Europe, Asie an Africae. Syne than, fowk haes been speakin aboot Asie an Europe as twa continents sae it is nou a tradietion.

Some ither continents isna evendoun sindered by sea an is jynt thegither by a nairae strip o laund (cryed a isthmus) like North Americae an Sooth Americae. Houaniver, Europe an Asiea isna sindered by sea ava.

Whiles Eurasiea is sindered intae Wast Eurasie an East Eurasie. Wast Eurasie is Europe an the Mid East. Historians whiles adds North Africae tae Wast Eurasie acause the Sahara Desert sinders North Africae frae the ither pairts o Africae an gaun ower the Sahara is juist as haurd as gaun ower a sea.
# Telly programme

A live TV shaw set an cameras.
A **telly programme** is a segment o televeesion content intendit for broadcast on ower-the-air, cable telly, or Internet telly, ither nor a commercial, trailer, or ony ither segment o content nae servin as attraction for viewership. It mey be a single production, or mair commonly, a series o relatit productions (cried a **telly shaw** an aw).
# East Timor

| Democratic Republic o Timor-Leste * *Repúblika Demokrátika Timór Lorosa'e*  (Tetum)
* *República Democrática de Timor-Leste*  (Portuguese)
 |
| --- |
|
Banner

 Coat o airms

 |
| **Motto:**"Unidade, Acção, Progresso" (Portuguese) "Unidade, Asaun, Progresu" (Tetum) "Unity, Action, Progress" |
| **Anthem:**[*Pátria*] error: {{Native name}}: text has italic markup (help) (Portuguese) "Faitherland" |
|  |
|  |
| Caipital and largest city | Dili ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Offeecial leids | Tetum
* Portuguesea
 |
| Naitional leids |
15 leids[show]
* + Atauru
	+ Baikeno
	+ Bekais
	+ Bunak
	+ Fataluku
	+ Galoli
	+ Habun
	+ Idalaka
	+ Kawaimina
	+ Kemak
	+ Makalero
	+ Makasae
	+ Makuva
	+ Mambai
	+ Tokodede
 |
| Releegion (2010) | 96.9% Roman Catholic 3.1% ither releegions |
| Demonym(s) | East Timorese Timorese Maubere (informal) |
| Govrenment | Unitar semi-presidential constitutional republic |
|  |
| • Preses  | Francisco Guterres |
| • Prime Meenister  | José Maria Vasconcelos (Taur Matan Ruak) |
|  |
| Legislatur | Naitional Pairlament |
| Formation |
|  |
| • Portuguese Timor  | 16t Century |
| • Unthirldom declared  | 28 November 1975 |
| • Annexation bi Indonesie  | 17 Julie 1976 |
| • Admeenistered bi UNTAET  | 25 October 1999 |
| • Unthirldom restored  | 20 Mey 2002 |
|  |
| Aurie |
| • Total | 15,410 km2 (5,950 sq mi) (154th) |
| • Water (%) | negligible |
| Population |
| • 2015 census | 1,167,242 |
| • Density | 78/km2 (202.0/sq mi) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2017 estimate |
| • Total | $4.567 billion |
| • Per capita | $5,479 (148t) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2014 estimate |
| • Tot | $2.498 billion |
| • Per capita | $3,330 |
| HDI (2015) |  0.605 medium · 133rd |
| Currency | Unitit States Dollarb (USD) |
| Time zone | UTC+9 |
| Drivin side | left |
| Cawin code | +670 |
| ISO 3166 code | TL |
| Internet TLD | .tlc |
| **Wabsteid** timor-leste.gov.tl |
| 1. Fifteen forder "naitional leids" are recognised bi the Constitution.
2. Centavo cunyies an aa uised.
3. .tp haes been phased oot.
 |

Territorial Organization
**East Timor**, offeecially cried **Timor-Leste**, (Tetum: **Timór-Leste**; offeecially the **Democratic Republic o Timor-Leste**) is a state in Sootheast Asie. It is makkit up o the eastren hauf o the island o Timor, the nearby islands o Atauro an Jaco, an Oecusse, an exclave on the northwastren side o the island, athin Indonesian Wast Timor. The sma kintra o 15,410 km² (5,400 sq mi) is locatit aboot 640 km (400 mi) northwast o Darwin, Australie.

East Timor wis colonised bi Portugal in the 16t yeirhunner, an wis kent as Portuguese Timor till Portugal's decolonisation o the kintra. In late 1975, East Timor declared its independence, but later that year wis invadit an occupied bi Indonesie an wis declared Indonesie's 27t province the follaein yeir. In 1999, follaein the Unitit Naitions-sponsored act o self-determination, Indonesie relinquisht control o the territory an East Timor becam the first new sovereign state o the 21st yeirhunner on Mey 20, 2002. East Timor is ane o anely twa predominantly Roman Catholic kintras in Asie, the ither bein the Philippines.
# The Guardian

The Guardian|  |
| *The Guardian* front page on 6 Juin 2014 |
| Teep | Daily newspaper |
| Format | Berliner |
| Awner(s) | Guardian Media Group |
| Foonder(s) | John Edward Taylor |
| Publisher | Guardian News and Media |
| Editor | Katharine Viner |
| Opeenion eeditor | Mark Henry |
| Foondit | 5 Mey 1821 (1821-05-05) (as The Manchester Guardian) |
| Poleetical alignment | Centre-left |
| Leid | English |
| Heidquarters | Kings Place, Lunnon |
| Kintra | Unitit Kinrick |
| Circulation | 161,091 (as of December 2016) |
| Sister newspapers | *The Observer* *The Guardian Weekly* |
| ISSN | 0261-3077 |
| OCLC number | 60623878  |
| Wabsteid | www.theguardian.com |

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, kent fae 1821 till 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Alang wi its sib papers *The Observer* an *The Guardian Weekly*, *The Guardian* is pairt o the Guardian Media Group, awnt bi The Scott Trust Limited. The Trust wis creatit in 1936 "tae secure the financial an editorial independent o *The Guardian* in perpetuity an tae safeguard the jurnalistic freedom an leeberal values o *The Guardian* free frae commercial or poleetical interference." The Scott Trust becam a leemitit company in 2008, wi a constitution tae maintain the same fendins fur *The Guardian*. Profits are reinvestit in jurnalism rather nor tae the benefit o an awner or sharehaulders.
# Twitch

Twitch|  |
| Screenshot |
| Teep o steid | Live streamin, streamin video |
| Awner | Amazon.com |
| Wabsteid | www.twitch.tv |
| Alexa rank |  41 (November 2019) |
| Commercial | Yes |
| Registration | Optional |
| Launched | Juin 6, 2011 (2011-06-06) |
| Current status | Active |

Twitch Interactive| Teep | Subsidiar |
| Foondit | Juin 2011 (2011-06) |
| Nummer o employees | 500+ (Juin 2016) |
| Parent | Amazon.com |
| Subsidiaries | Curse, Inc. |
| Wabsteid | www.twitch.tv |

**Twitch** is a live streamin video platfuirm awned bi Twitch Interactive, a subsidiar o Amazon.com. Introducit in Juin 2011 as a spin-aff o the general-interest streamin platform, Justin.tv, the steid primarily focuses on video gemmin, includin playthrous o video gemmes, broadcasts o eSports competitions, creative content, an mair recently, muisic broadcasts. Content on the steid can either be viewed live or via video on demand.

## Freemit airtins

* Offeecial wabsteid
# Leonard Nimoy

| Leonard Nimoy |
| --- |
| Nimoy in 2011 |
| Born | Leonard Simon Nimoy 26 Mairch 1931(1931-03-26) Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Dee'd | 27 Februar 2015(2015-02-27) (aged 83) Los Angeles, Californie, U.S. |
| Thrift | Actor, film director, poet, photographer, sangster, sangwriter |
| Years active | 1951–2013 |
| Televeesion | *Star Trek* |
| Hauf-marrae(s) | * Sandra Zober (m. 1954–1987)
* Susan Bay (m. 1989; weed. 2015)
 |
| Bairns | Adam Nimoy Julie Nimoy  |

**Leonard Simon Nimoy** (/ˈniːmɔɪ/ NEE**-moy*; Mairch 26, 1931 – Februar 27, 2015) wis an American actor, film director, poet, sangster, an photographer.
# Auckland

| Auckland Tāmaki Makaurau (Māori) |
| --- |
| Main urban aurie |
| * top: Downtown Auckland
* upper left: Piha
* bottom left: Auckland Town Hall
* upper richt: Auckland Museum
* centre richt: Viaduct Harbour
* bottom richt: Waitakere Ranges
 |
| Eik-name(s): Ceety o Sails, SuperCeety (sometimes ironically), Queen Ceety (archaic) |
| Auckland |
| Coordinates (): ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Kintra |  New Zealand |
| Island | North Island |
| Region | Auckland |
| Territorial authority | Auckland |
| Settled bi Māori | c. 1350 |
| Settled bi Europeans | 1840 |
| Local buirds |
Leet
* Hibiscus and Bays
* Upper Harbour
* Kaipatiki
* Devonport-Takapuna
* Waitakere Ranges
* Henderson-Massey
* Whau
* Albert-Eden
* Puketapapa
* Waitemata
* Orakei
* Maungakiekie-Tamaki
* Mangere-Otahuhu
* Otara-Papatoetoe
* Howick
* Manurewa
* Papakura
 |
| Govrenment |
|  • Mayor | Len Brown |
| Area |
|  • Urban | 482.9 km2 (186.4 sq mi) |
|  • Metro | 559.2 km2 (215.9 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 196 m (643 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Population (June 2018) |
|  • Urban | 1,570,100 |
|  • Urban density | 3,300/km2 (8,400/sq mi) |
|  • Metro | 1,618,400 |
|  • Demonym | Aucklander |
| Time zone | UTC+12 (NZST) |
|  • Summer (DST) | UTC+13 (NZDT) |
| Postcode(s) | 0500-2999 |
| Area code(s) | 09 |
| Local iwi | Ngāti Whātua, Tainui |
| Website | www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz |

**Auckland** (kent in the Māori leid as Tamaki Makaurau) is the lairgest ceety o New Zealand. It is situatit at the North o the North Isle. Auckland haes a population o 1,570,100 - 32 percent o New Zealand's population.
# Shandong

| Shandong Province 山东省 |
| --- |
| Province |
| Name transcription(s) |
|  • Cheenese | 山东省 (Shāndōng Shěng) |
|  • Abbreviation | 鲁 (pinyin: Lǔ) |
| Map shawin the location o Shandong Province |
| Named for | 山 shān - mountain 东 dōng - east "east of the Taihang Mountains" |
| Caipital (an lairgest ceety) | Jinan |
| Divisions | 17 prefecturs, 140 coonties, 1941 tounships |
| Govrenment |
|  • Secretar | Jiang Yikang |
|  • Govrenor | Jiang Daming |
| Area |
|  • Total | 157168 km2 (60,683 sq mi) |
| Area rank | 20t |
| Population (2010) |
|  • Total | 95,793,065 |
|  • Rank | 2nt |
|  • Density | 610/km2 (1,600/sq mi) |
|  • Density rank | 5t |
| Demographics |
|  • Ethnic composeetion | Han - 99.3% Hui - 0.6% |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-37 |
| GDP (2011) | CNY 4.50 trillion US$ 711 billion (3rd) |
|  • per capita | CNY 47,260 US$ 7,317 (9t) |
| HDI (2008) | 0.828 (high) (8t) |
| Website | www.sd.gov.cn |

**Shandong** (simplifeed Cheenese: 山东; traditeeonal Cheenese: 山東; pinyin: *Shāndōng*; Wade–Giles: *Shan1-tung1*) is a coastal province o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae, an is pairt o the East Cheenae region.

## Freemit airtins

* The Grand Canal in Shandong Province Archived 2012-04-25 at the Wayback Machine
* Shandong Govrenment wabsteid (in Cheenese)
* Travel guide tae *Shandong* frae Wikivoyage
# Charleston, Sooth Carolina

| Charleston |
| --- |
| Ceety |
| City of Charleston |
| St. Michael's on Broad Street |
| Banner |
| Eik-name(s): "The Holy City", "Chucktown", "Port City", " Charile O" |
| Motto(s): *Aedes mores juraque curat* (Latin: "She guards her buildings, customs, and laws") |
| CharlestonLocation in Sooth Carolina |
| Coordinates: ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Kintra | Unitit States |
| State | Sooth Carolina |
| Historic colony | Colony o Sooth Carolina |
| Coonties | Charleston Berkeley |
| Govrenment |
|  • Mayor | John Tecklenburg (D) |
| Area |
|  • Ceety | 330.2 km2 (127.5 sq mi) |
|  • Laund | 282.3 km2 (109.0 sq mi) |
|  • Water | 47.9 km2 (18.5 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 6 m (20 ft) |
| Population (2010) |
|  • Ceety | 120,083 |
|  • Estimate (2014) | 130,113 |
|  • Rank | US: 200t |
|  • Density | 444.9/km2 (1,152/sq mi) |
|  • Urban | 548,404 (US: 76t) |
|  • MSA | 712220 (US: 76t) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
|  • Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code(s) | 29401, 29403, 29405, 29407, 29409, 29412, 29414, 29424, 29425, 29455, 29492 |
| Aurie code | 843 an 854 |
| FIPS code | 45-13330 |
| GNIS featur ID | 1221516 |
| Website | www.charleston-sc.gov |

**Charleston** is the auldest an seicont-lairgest ceety in the U.S. state o Sooth Carolina, the coonty seat o Charleston Coonty, an the principal ceety in the Charleston–North Charleston–Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The ceety lees juist sooth o the geografical midpoint o Sooth Carolina's coastline an is locatit on Charleston Harbor, an inlet o the Atlantic Ocean shapit bi the confluence o the Ashley an Cooper Rivers, or, as is locally expressed, "whaur the Cooper an Ashley Rivers come thegither tae shape the Atlantic Ocean."

## Sister ceeties

Charleston haes ane offeecial sister ceety, Spoleto, Umbrie, Italy.

Charleston is twinned wi Speightstown, St. Peter, Barbados an aw. The original parts of Charlestown were based on the plans of Barbados's capital city Bridgetown. Many indigo, tobacco, and cotton planters relocated their slaves and plantation operations from Speightstown to Charleston after the sugarcane industry came to dominate agricultural production in Barbados.

## FReemit airtins

* City of Charleston offeecial wabsteid
* Charleston Tourism Guide
# Fernando Henrique Cardoso

| Fernando Henrique Cardoso |
| --- |
|  |
|  |
| 34t Preses o Brazil |
| **In office** 1 Januar 1995 – 31 December 2002 |
| Vice Preses | Marco Maciel |
| Precedit bi | Itamar Franco |
| Succeedit bi | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva |
| Minister of External Relations |
| **In office** 1992–1993 |
| Preses | Itamar Franco |
| Precedit bi | Celso Lafer |
| Succeedit bi | Celso Amorim |
| Minister of Finance |
| **In office** 1993–1994 |
| Preses | Itamar Franco |
| Precedit bi | Eliseu Resende |
| Succeedit bi | Rubens Ricupero |
|  |
| Personal details |
| Born |  (1931-06-18) 18 Juin 1931 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
| Naitionality | Brazilian |
| Poleetical pairty | Brazilian Social Democracy Party – PSDB |
| Spoose(s) | Ruth Corrêa Leite Cardoso (1953-2008, her death) |
| Alma mater | Universidade de São Paulo |
| Profession | Sociologist |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |

**Fernando Henrique Cardoso** (Portuguese pronunciation: [feɾˈnɐ̃dw ẽjˈʁiki kaʁˈdozu]; born 18 Juin 1931), kent bi his initials **FHC** ([ˈɛfjɐˌgaˈse]) an aw, wis the 34t Preses o the Federative Republic o Brazil an servit for twa terms frae 1 Januar 1995 tae 31 December 2002. An accomplished sociologist, professor an politeecian, Cardoso wis awairdit in 2000 wi the prestigious Prince of Asturias Award for Internaitional Cooperation.

## Awairds

* Order of the Bath, United Kingdom
* Order of Infante D. Henrique, Portugal
* Order of Liberty, Portugal
* Order of the Elephant, Denmark
* Order of the Star of Romania, Romania
* 1978 Honorary Doctor of Laws, Rutgers University
* Slovakia : Grand Cross (or 1st Class) of the Order of the White Double Cross (2001)
* Kluge Prize, 2012

## Selected works

* Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (2006) *The Accidental President of Brazil*, PublicAffairs, ISBN 1-58648-324-2
* Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (2001) *Charting a New Course: The Politics of Globalization and Social Transformation*, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-7425-0893-5
* Goertzel, Ted G. (1999) *Fernando Henrique Cardoso: Reinventing Democracy in Brazil*, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.