# Filu (bioluggìa)

Nu **filu** (plurali: **fila**) è nu taxon usatu ntâ classificazzioni scintìfica pi tutti li cosi viventi. La palora latina *Phyla* veni dû grecu *phylai* chi foru li gruppi di pirsuni chi vutàvanu ntê stati dâ Grecia antica. Li fila rapprisèntanu li cchiù granni gruppi d'armali e autri cosi viventi chi pussèdinu certi carattiristichi biològgichi. A li voti li fila vennu divisi ntra *suprafila*.

Li fila cchiù canusciuti sunnu Mollusca, Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Artropoda, Echinodermata, Chordata; l'umani s'appartennu cu st'ùrtimu.

Oi lu sistema dî tri duminî veni usatu largamenti e chissu agghiunci lu liveddu di *Duminiu* supra *Regnu* comu ddu liveddu cchiù autu.

## Lista dî fila di l'armali

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Filu** | **Significatu** | **Nomu cumuni** | **Carattirìstichi distinti** | **Speci discritti** |
| Acanthocephala | Testa spinusa | Vermi câ testa spinusa | Spinusu proboscis | circa 1.150 |
| Acoelomorpha | Senza stòmacu | — | Cci nni màncanu la vucca |
| Annelida | Aneddu nicu | Vermi sigmintati | Tanti segghimenti cìrculi | circa 15.000 |
| Arthropoda | pedi junciutu | Taràntuli e nzetti | esschèlitru | 1.134.000+ |
| Brachiopoda | Vrazzu pedi | *Lamp shells* | Lophophore e pedicle | tra 300 e 500 |
| Bryozoa | Armali di lippu | Armali di lippu | Nuddu pidicuddu, granfi di purpu | circa 5.000 speci viventi |
| Chaetognatha | Jancularu chî capiddi longhi | Vermi di fileccia | Spini ogni latu dâ testa | circa 100 speci viventi |
| Chordata | Corda | Curdati | Corda càfura chî nervi | 63,000+ |
| Cnidaria | Ardìcula spinusa |  | cèlluli puncenti | circa 10.000 |
| Ctenophora | chi porta nu pèttini | Mucciu di pèttini | Ottu strisci di cilia | circa 100 speci viventi |
| Cycliophora | chi porta na rota | *Symbion* | Vucca cìrcula | armenu 3 |
| Echinodermata | Pedda spinusa | — | spini caucificati | circa 7.000 speci viventi 13,000 estinti |
| Echiura | Cuda spinusa | Vermi di cucchiara | Àmmuri | circa 140 |
| Entoprocta | Dintra anus | Vermu di caliciu | Anus dintra | circa 150 |
| Gastrotricha | Hair stomach | Meiofauna | Two terminal adhesive tubes | about 450 |
| Gnathostomulida | Jaw orifice | Jaw worms |  |
| Hemichordata | Half cord | Acorn worms | Stomochord in collar | about 100 living species |
| Kinorhyncha | Motion snout | Mud dragons | Eleven segments, each with a dorsal plate | about 150 |
| Loricifera | Corset bearer | Brush heads | Umbrella-like scales at each end | about 21 |
| Micrognathozoa | Tiny jaw animals | — | Accordion like extensible thorax | 1 |
| Mollusca | Thin shell | Mollusks / molluscs | Muscular foot and mantle round shell | about 70,000  |
| Myxozoa | Slime animals | — | Polar capsules resembling nematocysts | at least 12,000 |
| Nematoda | Thread like | Round worms | Round cross section, keratin cuticle | 80 000 - 1 million |
| Nematomorpha | Thread form | Horsehair worms |  | about 320 |
| Nemertea | A sea nymph | Ribbon worms |  | about 1200 |
| Onychophora | Claw bearer | Velvet worms | Legs tipped by chitinous claws | about 110 modern |
| Orthonectida | Straight swim |  |  | about 20 |
| Phoronida | Zeus' mistress | Horseshoe worms | U-shaped gut | 20 |
| Placozoa | Tubular animals |  |  | 1 |
| Platyhelminthes | Flat worms | Flat worms |  | about 25,000 |
| Porifera | Pore bearer | Sponges | Perforated interior wall | over 5,000 modern |
| Priapulida | Penis | Priapulid worms | Retractable proboscis surrounded by papillae | 17 |
| Rhombozoa | Lozenge animal | — | Single axial cell surrounded by ciliated cells | 75 |
| Rotifera | Wheel bearer | Rotifers | Anterior crown of cilia | about 2000 |
| Sipuncula | Small tube | Peanut worms | Mouth surrounded by invertible tentacles | 144-320 |
| Tardigrada | Slow step | Water bears | Four segmented body and head | about 750 |
| Xenoturbellida | Strange flatworm | — | Ciliated deuterostome | 2 |
| **TOTAL** |  |  |  | **2,400,000+** |

## List of principal protista phyla

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Phylum** | **Meaning** | **Common name** | **Distinguishing characteristics** |
| Rhodophyta | Red plant | Red algae | Algae with no cells having a flagellum |
| Chromista | Coloured | None | Algae having chlorophyll |
| Alveolates | Little hollows | None | Similarities within this phyla are genetic |
| Excavates | Digging | None | Similarities within this phyla are genetic |
| Rhizaria | Of roots | None | Amoeboids with pseudopods |
| Amoebozoa | Changing animals | Amoeboids | Move by cytoplasmic flow |
| Choanozoa | Funnel animal | None | Flagellum surrounded by microvilli |
| Many more minor phyla within protista are not listed here |

## Groups formerly ranked as phyla

| Name as phylum | Common name | Current consensus |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Craniata | — | Subgroup of phylum Chordata; perhaps synonymous with Vertebrata. |
| Cephalochordata | Lancelets | Subphylum of phylum Chordata |
| Cephalorhyncha | — | Superphylum Scalidophora. |
| Enterepneusta | Acorn worms | Class of phylum Hemichordata. |
| Pentastomida | Tongue worms | Subclass of Maxillopoda of phylum Arthropoda. |
| Pogonophora | Beard worms | Part of family Siboglinidae of phylum Annelida. |
| Pterobranchia | — | Class of phylum Hemichordata. |
| Symplasma | Glass sponges | Class Hexactinellida of phylum Porifera. |
| Urochordata | Tunicates | Subphylum of phylum Chordata. |
| Vestimentifera | Vent worms | Part of family Siboglinidae of phylum Annelida. |

## List of plant divisions

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Division** | **Meaning** | **Common name** | **Distinguishing characteristics** |
| Anthophyta | Flower plant | Flowering plants | Producing flowers and fruit (or close relatives) |
| Bryophyta | Moss plants | Mosses & Worts | Diploid spores, no vascular system |
| Pteridophyta | Fern plants | Ferns | Diploid spores and vascular system |
| Pinophyta | Sap/pitch plants | Conifers | Cones containing seeds |
| Sphenophyta | Wedge plant | Horsetails | Photosynthetic, hollow, jointed and ridged stems |
| Cycadophyta | Palm plants | Cycads | Seeds, crown of compound leaves |
| Ginkgophyta | Ginkgo plants | Ginkgo, Maidenhair | Seeds not protected by fruit (single species) |
| Gnetophyta |  | Gnetophytes | Seeds and woody vascular system |

## List of fungi divisions

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Phylum** | **Meaning** | **Common name** | **Distinguishing characteristics** |
| Chytridiomycota | Little pot mushroom | Chytrids | Cellulose in cell walls, flagellated gametes |
| Deuteromycota | Second mushroom | Imperfect fungi | Only reproduce asexually |
| Zygomycota | Yoke mushroom | Zygomycetes | Blend gametangia to form a zygosporangium |
| Glomeromycota | Ball mushroom | None | Form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plants |
| Ascomycota | Bag/Wineskin Mushroom | Sac fungi | Produce spores in an 'ascus |
| Basidiomycota | Basidium Mushroom | None | Produce spores from a 'basidium' |

## Lijami di fora

* Major Fila di l'armali (pi ngrisi)
* Are phyla "real"? Is there really a well-defined "number of animal phyla" extant and in the fossil record?