# ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ

**ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ** ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱪᱤᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ, ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾

| ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ |
| --- |
| कोंकणी |
| "ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ" ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ |
| ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ |
| ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ | ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱟᱱ (ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ, ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ, ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱨᱟ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱫᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱨᱦᱟᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱭᱩ) |
| ᱡᱟᱹᱛ | ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ |
| ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ  | ᱒.᱓ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ | ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ
* ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ
	+ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ
		- ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ
			* ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ-ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ
				+ **ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ**
 |
| Dialects | * **ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ**: ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ, ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ
* **ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ**: ᱢᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ, ᱢᱮᱝᱜᱟᱞᱳᱨᱮᱭᱟᱹᱱ, ᱪᱤᱛᱯᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤ, ᱟᱱᱛᱨᱩᱡᱽ, ᱵᱟᱨᱫᱮᱥᱠᱟᱨᱤ, ᱥᱟᱠᱥᱴᱤ, ᱫᱟᱞᱫᱤ, ᱯᱮᱫᱱᱮᱠᱟᱨᱤ, ᱠᱳᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ
 |
| ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ | **ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ**: ᱵᱨᱟᱢᱦᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱳᱭᱠᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱢᱳᱰᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ **ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ**: ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ (ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ) ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ. |
| ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ |
| ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱮᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ |  ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ |
| ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ | ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛᱭᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱨ |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱳᱰ |
| ISO 639-2 | `kok` |
| ISO 639-3 | `kok` – inclusive code Individual codes: `gom` – ᱜᱳᱣᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ `knn` – ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ |
| ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ | `goan1235`  Goan Konkani `konk1267`  ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ |
| ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱮᱨ |

## ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ

ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤᱼᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

## ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ

ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ *ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛ* ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱓ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ (century) ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱥᱚᱱᱛ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱢᱫᱮᱵᱽ (᱑᱒᱗᱐-᱑᱓᱕᱐) ᱟᱜ "ᱚᱵᱷᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱒᱖᱓" ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ : *ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱤᱢ*, *ᱠᱳᱱᱠᱟᱱᱤᱢ*, *ᱜᱳᱢᱟᱱᱴᱟᱠᱤ*, *ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟ* ᱟᱨ *ᱜᱳᱣᱟᱱᱤ* ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ *ᱜᱳᱢᱟᱱᱴᱟᱠᱤ* ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ *ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱤᱢ* ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ *ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱵᱨᱟᱦᱢᱟᱱᱟ* ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱫᱚ *ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱠᱳᱱᱠᱟᱱᱤᱢ* ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱱᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱮᱸ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱢᱩᱥᱠᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ *ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱨᱮᱥ* ᱥᱮ *ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱰᱟ* ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫᱩᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾

## ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

## ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱪᱷᱮᱨ

ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ
ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ, ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱢᱳᱣᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ (ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ) ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱲᱜᱳᱰ, ᱠᱳᱰᱤ, ᱟᱞᱟᱯᱯᱩᱡᱷᱟ, ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱣᱚᱱᱚᱱᱛᱯᱩᱨᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ, ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ, ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱔᱘᱙,᱐᱑᱖ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ, ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒,᱒᱕᱖,᱕᱐᱒ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱐.᱑᱙% ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱗᱘᱘,᱒᱙᱔ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ, ᱙᱖᱔,᱓᱐᱕ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱓᱙᱙,᱒᱕᱕ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱖᱙,᱔᱔᱙ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱰᱩᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱑-᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱙.᱓᱔% ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱥᱛᱷᱤᱛᱤ

ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ :

1. ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ‌ ᱾
2. ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ, ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱾
3. ᱩᱨᱫᱩ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱾
4. ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤ; ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱾
5. ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱾
6. ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ, ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱨᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱾

## ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ

ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ, ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱤᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾

ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱜᱮ, ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢ.ᱡ.ᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾

* ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ, ᱛᱚᱱᱚᱲ, ᱜᱩᱱᱩᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱷᱚᱭ ᱛᱚᱛᱥᱚᱢᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱫᱵᱷᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

### ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ

ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱛᱥᱚᱢᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱫᱵᱷᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

**ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫᱽ:**| ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ | ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ/ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫᱽ | ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ |
| --- | --- | --- |
| वाच (ᱛᱚᱛᱥᱚᱢᱚ) | वच् | ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ |
| आफय, आपय (ᱛᱚᱛᱥᱚᱢᱚ) | आव्हय् | ᱦᱚᱦᱚ, ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ |
| रांध (ᱛᱚᱛᱥᱚᱢᱚ) | रांध् | ᱤᱥᱤᱱ |
| बरय (ᱛᱚᱫᱵᱷᱚᱵ) | वर्णय् | ᱚᱞ |
| व्हर (ᱛᱚᱫᱵᱷᱚᱵ) | हर | ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ |
| भक (ᱛᱚᱫᱵᱷᱚᱵ) | भक्ष् | ᱡᱚᱢ |
| ल्हेव (ᱛᱚᱫᱵᱷᱚᱵ) | लेह् | ᱡᱟᱞ |
| शीन (ᱛᱚᱫᱵᱷᱚᱵ) | छिन्न | ᱜᱮᱫ |
| Source: *Koṅkaṇî Dhatukosh* |

## ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ

ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱜᱽᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱛᱥᱚᱢᱚ (ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱜᱮ), ᱛᱚᱫᱵᱷᱚᱵ (ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ), ᱫᱮᱥᱤ (ᱯᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ) ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱛᱚᱨ ᱫᱮᱥᱤ (ᱵᱤᱫᱮᱥᱤ) ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ, ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤᱠ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾

## ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ

*ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ* ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ: ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ, ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ, ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ, ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ, ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ.
ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ, ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱ, ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ, ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱼᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱚᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

#### ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱟᱨ *ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱢᱟᱞᱟ*

ᱛᱟᱢᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ, ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱪ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| अ | *a* /ɐ/ | आ | *ā* /ɑː/ | इ | *i* /i/ | ई | *ī* /iː/ | उ | *u* /u/ | ऊ | *ū* /uː/ | ए | *e* /eː/ | ऐ | *ai* /aːi/ | ओ | *o* /oː/ | औ | *au* /aːu/ | अं | *aṃ* /ⁿ/ | अः | *aḥ* /h/ |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| क | *ka* /k/ | ख | *kha* /kʰ/ | ग | *ga* /ɡ/ | घ | *gha* /ɡʱ/ | ङ | *ṅa* /ŋ/ |
| च | *ca* /c, t͡ʃ/ | छ | *cha* /cʰ, t͡ʃʰ/ | ज | *ja* /ɟ, d͡ʒ/ | झ | *jha* /ɟʱ, d͡ʒʱ/ | ञ | *ña* /ɲ/ |
| ट | *ṭa* /ʈ/ | ठ | *ṭha* /ʈʰ/ | ड | *ḍa* /ɖ/ | ढ | *ḍha* /ɖʱ/ | ण | *ṇa* /ɳ/ |
| त | *ta* /t̪/ | थ | *tha* /t̪ʰ/ | द | *da* /d̪/ | ध | *dha* /d̪ʱ/ | न | *na* /n/ |
| प | *pa* /p/ | फ | *pha* /pʰ/ | ब | *ba* /b/ | भ | *bha* /bʱ/ | म | *ma* /m/ |
| य | *ya* /j/ | र | *ra* /r/ | ल | *la* /l/ | व | *va* /ʋ/ |
| ष | *ṣa* /ʂ/ | श | *śa* /ɕ, ʃ/ | स | *sa* /s/ | ह | *ha* /ɦ/ |
| ळ | *ḷha* //ɭʱ// | क्ष | *kṣa* /kʃ/ | ज्ञ | *jña* /ɟʝɲ/ |

## ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ

Venn diagram of the ISO codes of the Konkani languages
ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ, ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾

ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱮᱱ ᱡᱤ ᱠᱮᱞᱠᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ

* **ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ**: ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

* **ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ**: ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

* **ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱚᱬᱤ**: ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱱᱟᱴᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱲᱜᱳᱰ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ (ᱢᱟᱱᱜᱟᱞᱳᱲ, ᱩᱫᱩᱯᱤ) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱩᱞᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* Romi Konkani: The story of a Goan script, born out of Portuguese influence, which faces possible decline, Karthik Malli (Firstpost)

* Vauraddeancho Ixtt, Konkani language site
* Konkani News, Konkani language site
* Kital Archived ᱑᱕ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ at the Wayback Machine., Konkani language site
* Chilume.com, Konkani Literature
* Niz Goenkar Archived ᱒ ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱐᱒᱐ at the Wayback Machine., Konkani-English bilingual site
* Learn Goan Konkani online
* Read Konkani News online Archived ᱒᱓ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ at the Wayback Machine.
* Learn Mangalorean GSB Konkani online Archived ᱒᱘ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ at the Wayback Machine.
* Learn Mangalorean Catholic Konkani online
* An excellent article on Konkani history and literature by Goa Konkani Academi
* Online Manglorean Konkani Dictionary Project
* Online Konkani (GSB) dictionary
* World Konkani Centre, Mangalore
* Konkanverter-Konkani script conversion utility