Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# ᱚᱠᱪᱷᱟᱸᱥ ᱜᱟᱨ

ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱣᱫᱟᱹ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱩᱵᱚᱛ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱵᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱨᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱮ **ᱚᱠᱪᱷᱟᱸᱥ ᱜᱟᱨ** ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱥᱩᱵᱚᱛ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱸᱬ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ **ᱚᱠᱪᱷᱟᱸᱥ** ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱸᱬ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

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| ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ |
| ᱫᱮᱥᱟᱱᱛᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱨ (λ) |
| Lines of longitude appear vertical with varying curvature in this projection, but are actually halves of great ellipses, with identical radii at a given latitude. |
| ᱚᱠᱪᱷᱟᱸᱥ (φ) |
| Lines of latitude appear horizontal with varying curvature in this projection; but are actually circular with different radii. All locations with a given latitude are collectively referred to as a circle of latitude. |
| **ᱵᱤᱥᱩᱵᱚᱛ ᱜᱟᱨ** ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱫᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱫᱷ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱪᱷᱟᱸᱥ ᱐° ᱾ |  |
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ᱵᱤᱥᱩᱵᱚᱛ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱷᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱚᱠᱪᱷᱟᱸᱥ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱷᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱠᱪᱷᱟᱸᱥ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱴᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱩᱰᱟᱹᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱵᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱥᱩᱵᱚᱛ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱪᱷᱟᱸᱥ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱤᱥᱩᱵᱚᱛ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱑° ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱙᱐°–᱙᱐° ᱚᱠᱪᱷᱟᱸᱥ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱙᱐ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱚᱠᱪᱷᱟᱸᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱚᱠᱪᱷᱟᱸᱥ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ
ᱵᱤᱥᱩᱵᱚᱛ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱐° ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱪᱷᱟᱸᱥ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱩᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱩᱜᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱪᱷᱟᱸᱥ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾

## ᱢᱩᱬ ᱚᱠᱪᱷᱟᱸᱥ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ

The orientation of the Earth at the December solstice.
ᱵᱤᱥᱩᱵᱚᱛ ᱜᱟᱨ (᱐°), ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱨᱩᱵᱽ (᱙᱐° ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ) ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱨᱩᱵᱽ (᱙᱐° ᱮᱛᱚᱢ) ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱪᱷᱟᱸᱥ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ :-

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| --- | --- |
| ᱟᱨᱠᱚᱴᱤᱠ ᱜᱟᱨ | ᱖᱖° ᱓᱔′ (᱖᱖.᱕᱗°) ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ |
| ᱠᱚᱨᱠ ᱜᱟᱨ | ᱒᱓° ᱒᱖′ (᱒᱓.᱔᱔°) ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ |
| ᱢᱚᱠᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱨ | ᱒᱓° ᱒᱖′ (᱒᱓.᱔᱓°) ᱮᱛᱚᱢ |
| ᱟᱱᱴᱟᱨᱠᱴᱤᱠ ᱜᱟᱨ | ᱖᱖° ᱓᱔′ (᱖᱖.᱕᱗°) ᱮᱛᱚᱢ |

## ᱜᱚᱞᱳᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱪᱷᱟᱸᱥ

ᱚᱠᱪᱷᱟᱸᱥ ᱜᱟᱨ ( WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_0 ) ᱟᱨ ᱫᱮᱥᱟᱱᱛᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱨ ( WIKINIUM\_MATH\_PH\_2 ) ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ (ᱚᱠᱪᱷᱟᱸᱥ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱑᱐°)
## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* GEONets Names Server, access to the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency's (NGA) database of foreign geographic feature names.
* Resources for determining your latitude and longitude Archived ᱒᱐᱐᱘-᱐᱕-᱑᱙ at the Wayback Machine.
* Convert decimal degrees into degrees, minutes, seconds Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱒-᱑᱑-᱐᱗ at the Wayback Machine. - Info about decimal to sexagesimal conversion
* Convert decimal degrees into degrees, minutes, seconds
* Distance calculation based on latitude and longitude - JavaScript version
* 16th Century Latitude Survey
* Determination of Latitude by Francis Drake on the Coast of California in 1579

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ
# ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱟᱴ

| ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱝ |
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| ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱞᱪᱟᱞ  |
| **ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ** | ᱥᱤᱭᱟᱝᱭᱟᱝ
 |
| ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ | ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱮᱠᱞᱟᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ |
| ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ | *ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱤᱭᱟᱝ* |

ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱨᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱓᱐ ᱠᱷᱤᱥᱴᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱵᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱣᱤᱝ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱭᱤᱝ ᱡᱮᱝᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱵᱤᱨᱚᱫᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱚᱝᱜᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱒᱑ ᱠᱷᱤᱥᱴᱚᱯᱩᱨᱵᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱮᱞᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱟᱯᱟᱡ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ -ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱣᱛᱮ ᱣᱤᱧ ᱡᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱣᱤᱧ ᱥᱤ ᱦᱩᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ,ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱣᱟᱨᱤᱝ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (᱔᱗᱕-᱒᱒᱑ ᱠᱷᱤᱥᱴᱚᱯᱩᱨᱵᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱖ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱭᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱝ ᱥᱤ ᱦᱩᱟᱝ ᱮ ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱟᱴ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾[᱔]   ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱣᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱣᱤᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱟᱴᱟᱜ ᱑᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱦᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱟᱴ(᱒᱐᱒BC-᱒᱒᱐AD) ᱠᱩᱣᱤᱝ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ;ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱮᱱᱮᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞ ᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱯᱚᱱᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱑᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱦᱟᱭ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ᱾
# ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱚᱣᱟᱥᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ

**ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱚᱣᱟᱥᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱚᱣᱟᱥᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ** (ᱤᱸᱜᱽᱞᱤᱥ ᱺ George Washington), (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ : ᱒᱒ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱗᱓᱒, ᱜᱩᱨ : ᱑᱔ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱗᱙᱙) ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱤᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱮᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱞ (᱑᱗᱗᱕ - ᱑᱗᱘᱓ ) ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱑᱗᱘᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾

 ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱚᱣᱟᱥᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ
ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱚᱣᱟᱥᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ

ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱭᱳᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱣᱜᱚᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱚᱣᱟᱥᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱛ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱣᱟᱥᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾

ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱣᱟᱥᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱢᱯᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱤᱠᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱲᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱨᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮᱭ ᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱩᱞᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱮᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱡ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱣᱟᱥᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱤᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱤᱠᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱷᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱤᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ

**ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ :-** ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱚᱣᱟᱥᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ (ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱭᱩ. ᱮᱥ. ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱤᱰᱮᱸᱴ)

**ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ :-**  ᱒᱒ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱑᱗᱓᱒

**ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ :-** ᱵᱚᱨᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ

**ᱵᱟᱵᱟ :-** ᱚᱣᱜᱚᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ

**ᱟᱭᱳ :-**  ᱢᱮᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱞ

**ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ :-** ᱢᱟᱨᱛᱷᱟ ᱰᱚᱸᱰᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱥᱴᱤᱥ ᱚᱣᱟᱥᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ

ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱚᱣᱟᱥᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ - ᱑᱙ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱗᱔᱙, ᱚᱛ-ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭ ᱥᱟᱸᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹ, ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱺᱜᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟᱭ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱾

᱖ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱗᱕᱒ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱡᱚᱨ ᱯᱚᱫᱽ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱦᱤᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾

᱒᱔ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱑᱗᱕᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱨᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱱᱤᱜᱷᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱗᱖᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱑᱘᱘᱗ ᱢᱤᱞ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱾

## ᱜᱩᱨ

᱑᱔ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱗᱙᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱚᱣᱟᱥᱤᱝ (George Washington) ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱱᱟ ᱨᱩᱯᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱪᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱚᱣᱟᱥᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱢᱚᱥ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱪᱷᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱦᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱞᱡᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾

## ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

## ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ
# ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ

| ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ देवनागरी |
| --- |
| ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ (ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ, ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱪ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ) ᱪᱟᱱᱫᱟᱥ ᱯᱳᱱᱴ ᱛᱮ  |
| ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ |  ᱟᱵᱩᱜᱤᱫᱟ
 |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | ᱚᱯᱚᱵᱷᱨᱚᱢᱥᱚ, ᱚᱵᱚᱫᱷᱤ, ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱤ, ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ, ᱵᱳᱲᱳ, ᱵᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ, ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲᱤ, ᱰᱳᱜᱽᱨᱤ, ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ, ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱵᱷᱤ, ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ, ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ, ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨᱤ, ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ, ᱢᱟᱜᱟᱦᱤ, ᱢᱳᱹᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ, ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ, ᱢᱩᱱᱰᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ, ᱯᱟᱞᱤ, ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱨᱤ (ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ), ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛ, ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ, ᱥᱟᱫᱽᱨᱤ, ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ, ᱥᱮᱨᱯᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ, ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ, ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ |
| ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ | **ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ**: ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱥᱤ.ᱤ **ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ**: ᱗ᱟᱱ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱥᱤ.ᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱚᱜ |
| ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ | ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭᱼᱥᱤᱱᱟᱭ[a]* ᱵᱨᱟᱢᱦᱤ
	+ ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱳ
		- ᱥᱤᱫᱫᱷᱚᱢ
			* ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ
				+ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ
 |
| ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱟ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ | ᱱᱟᱸᱱᱫᱤᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱷᱤ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱢᱳᱰᱤ |
| ᱟᱭᱮᱥᱳ ᱑᱕᱙᱒᱔ | `Deva,`  |
| ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ | U+0900–U+097F Devanagari, U+A8E0–U+A8FF Devanagari Extended, U+1CD0–U+1CFF Vedic Extensions |
|
[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon. |
|

**ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ** (ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ: देवनागरी, ᱡᱼᱟᱼᱪ: ˌ[d̪eːʋəˈnɑːɡəɾiː], **ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ** (नागरी) ᱦᱚᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱟᱢᱦᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱵᱩᱜᱤᱫᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ, ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ, ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ, ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨᱤ, ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱤ, ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ, ᱠᱳᱝᱠᱳᱱᱤ, ᱵᱷᱳᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨᱤ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ, ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱾

## ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ

## ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

## ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ

## ᱮᱱᱠᱳᱰᱤᱝᱥ

## ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱠᱤᱵᱳᱨᱰ ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ

## ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ

## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Commons category multi

* Devnagari Unicode Legacy Font Converters
* Digital Nagari fonts, University of Chicago
* Devanagari in different fonts, Wazu, Japan (Alternate collection: Luc Devroye's comprehensive Indic Fonts, McGill University)
* *Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency*, p. 30, at ᱜᱩᱜᱩᱞ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵᱠᱚ, Rudradaman's inscription in Sanskrit Nagari script from 1st through 4th century CE (coins and epigraphy), found in Gujarat, India, pages 30–45
* Numerals and Text in Devanagari Archived ᱒᱐᱒᱐-᱑᱑-᱒᱒ at the Wayback Machine., 9th century temple in Gwalior Madhya Pradesh, India, Current Science
* Maurer, Walter H. (1976). "On the Name Devanāgarī". *Journal of the American Oriental Society*. **96** (1): 101–104. doi:10.2307/599893. JSTOR 599893.‌
# ᱜᱮᱰᱮ

| ᱜᱮᱰᱮ |
| --- |
|  |
| Bufflehead (*Bucephala albeola*) |
| ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ  |
| Missing taxonomy template (fix): | Anatidae |

**ᱜᱮᱰᱮ** ᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱟᱴᱤᱵᱟᱤ (Anatidae) ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱱᱟᱴᱤᱵᱟᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱚᱨᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱟᱦᱟᱸᱥ ᱾ ᱜᱮᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱯᱲᱟ ᱴᱷᱚᱱᱴᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱜᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡᱽ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱮᱝᱜᱟ ᱜᱮᱰᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱱᱰᱤ ᱜᱮᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱜᱮᱰᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱩᱵ ᱛᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱝᱜᱟ ᱜᱮᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱰᱷᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱰᱮ ᱟᱫᱟᱦᱟᱸᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱨᱟᱞ ᱜᱮᱰᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱥᱠᱷᱚᱥᱟ ᱥᱟᱭᱜᱟᱫᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱞᱮᱧᱡᱮᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱮᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

## ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ

## ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* Media related to the Anatidae on the Internet Bird Collection
* list of books (useful looking abstracts)
* Ducks on postage stamps Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱓-᱐᱕-᱑᱓ at the Wayback Machine.
* A modern illustrated guide to identification of US waterfowl
# ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ

ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ
How sounds make their way from the source to your brain
ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱵᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱸᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱤᱱᱱᱟ (pinna) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱱᱩᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱱᱩᱲᱤ (ear canal) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ, ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱸᱭ ᱥᱩᱸᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱚᱪᱷᱱᱟᱭ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱚᱪᱷᱱᱟᱭ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣᱟ ᱾

## ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ

ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱸᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ **ᱚᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ** ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ (Energy) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱭ, ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱫᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱫᱚ **ᱥᱟᱰᱮ** ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟᱭ, ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱭᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱞᱩᱠᱩᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ wave ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱵᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾

## ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

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## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
# ᱢᱟᱣᱩᱱᱴ ᱯᱷᱩᱡᱤ

ᱱᱟᱢᱟᱡᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱩᱱᱴ ᱯᱷᱩᱡᱤ
**ᱢᱟᱣᱩᱱᱴ ᱯᱷᱩᱡᱤ** ᱫᱚ ᱦᱳᱸᱥᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱿ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱸᱟᱜ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ 3,776.24 m (12,389 ft), ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱳᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ (Volcanic) ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱪᱚᱴᱟᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱗ᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱪᱚᱴᱟᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱯᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱴᱨᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱷᱳᱞᱠᱟᱱᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱗᱐᱗ᱼ᱑᱗᱐᱘ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱲᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱩᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱩᱡᱤ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱠᱭᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱠᱤ ᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ |

ᱢᱟᱣᱩᱱᱴ ᱯᱷᱩᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱲ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱩᱱᱴ ᱴᱚᱴᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱩᱱᱴ ᱦᱟᱠᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱧᱞᱡᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱩᱱᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱒ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱥᱱᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱳ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱣᱩᱱᱴ ᱯᱷᱩᱡᱤ "ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱚᱱᱦᱚᱬᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱤᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱭ" ᱾ ᱢᱟᱩᱱᱴ ᱯᱷᱩᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱕ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱭᱩᱱᱮᱥᱠᱳ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱿ ᱥᱤᱱᱛᱳ ᱥᱨᱤᱱ, ᱯᱷᱩᱡᱤᱥᱟᱱ ᱦᱳᱸᱜᱩ, ᱥᱮᱱᱜᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱥᱟ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱤᱥᱴ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱠᱮᱥᱤᱡᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ

ᱢᱟᱩᱱᱴ ᱯᱷᱩᱡᱤ (ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ)
ᱯᱷᱩᱡᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱚᱠᱟᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱞ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱙ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ " ᱢᱟᱫ ᱜᱮᱜᱮᱫᱤᱡᱼᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱡᱤᱭᱟᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ (不死 fushi, fuji) ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ (富 fu) ᱥᱤᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤ (士 shi, ji)ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱹᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱼᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱩᱡᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ 不二 (not + two), ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱼᱟᱭ ᱱᱚᱣᱟᱫᱚ 不尽 (not + to exhaust), ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱞᱮᱜᱷᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱳᱵᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ,/puⁿzi/ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ 火主 (ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛᱺᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱾

## ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱩᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱩᱱᱴᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱩᱡᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶᱼᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱟᱢᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱣᱠᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱚᱦᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱩᱡᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱾

ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱩᱡᱤ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱲ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱼᱟ, ᱑᱘᱖᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱭᱡᱤ ᱡᱩᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱵᱤ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱩᱨᱟᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱣᱩᱱᱴ ᱯᱷᱩᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱠᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱮᱢᱵᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

## ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* "Fujisan (Mount Fuji)" (PDF). Japan Meteorological Agency.
* Fujisan (Mount Fuji) – Smithsonian Institution: Global Volcanism Program
* Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan, Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties
* 3d model of mount Fuji on sketchfab

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
# ᱡᱤᱰᱤᱯᱤ

ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱨᱚᱥ ᱰᱚᱢᱮᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱚᱠᱴ (English: Gross domestic product), ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ (GDP) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ (goods) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ (services) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ (economy) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾

ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ (consumption), ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ (government spending), ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤ (investment) ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱴ ᱨᱟᱯᱛᱟᱱᱤ (net exports)᱾ ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ (indicator) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱱ (standard of living) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

## ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱑᱖᱕᱒-᱑᱖᱗᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱚᱪ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱣᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱯᱮᱴᱤ (William Petty) ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱓᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱫᱷᱩᱞ ᱥᱟᱭᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱡᱽᱱᱮᱴᱥ (Simon Kuznets) ᱮ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱔ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱮᱴᱚᱱ ᱣᱩᱰᱥ ᱠᱚᱱᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱱᱥ (Bretton Woods Conference) ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾

## ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ

ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

### ᱑. ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ (Production approach)

ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ (Value Added) ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ (output) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ (intermediate consumption) ᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾

ᱜᱨᱚᱥ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ = ᱜᱨᱚᱥ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱢ – ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱢ

### ᱒. ᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ (Income approach)

ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ (factors of production) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭ (income) ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ:

ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ (Wages)

ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱚᱨᱮᱴ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ (Corporate profits)

ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱫᱽ (Interest income)

ᱵᱷᱟᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ᱾

### ᱓. ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ (Expenditure approach)

ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱩᱛᱨᱚ (formula) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: :
𝑌
=
𝐶
+
𝐼
+
𝐺
+
(
𝑋
−
𝑀
)
ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ:

C (Consumption) = ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ (ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ)

I (Investment) = ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤ (ᱵᱮᱵᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ)

G (Government Spending) = ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ (ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱨᱮ)

X (Exports) = ᱨᱟᱯᱛᱟᱱᱤ (ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱞ)

M (Imports) = ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱱᱤ (ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ)

ᱱᱚᱢᱤᱱᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱭᱮᱞ ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ

ᱱᱚᱢᱤᱱᱟᱞ ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ (Nominal GDP): ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱢ (current market prices) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱛᱤ (inflation) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾

ᱨᱤᱭᱮᱞ ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ (Real GDP): ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱨᱫᱤᱥᱴᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ (base year) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱯᱷᱤᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ᱾

## ᱜᱨᱚᱥ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱠᱚᱢ

ᱡᱤ.ᱰᱤ.ᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ (borders) ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱨᱚᱥ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱠᱚᱢ (GNI) ᱥᱮ ᱜᱨᱚᱥ ᱱᱮᱥᱱᱟᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱚᱠᱴ (GNP) ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ)᱾

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ