# ᱡᱩᱫᱮᱭᱳᱼᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ

| ᱡᱩᱫᱮᱭᱳᱼᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ |
| --- |
| Judeo-Espagnol |
| * *judeoespañol*
* *español*
* *judió / jidió*
* *Yahudi İspanyolcası*
* *djudeo-espanyol*
* *espanyol*
* *djudyo/djidyo*
* *Ladino*
* גﬞודﬞיאו־איספאנייול‎
* איספאנייול‎
* גﬞידﬞייו / גﬞודﬞייו‎
* җудеоеспањол
* еспањол
* җудіо / җидіо
* τζ̲ουδέο-εσπανιόλ
* εσπανιόλ
* τζ̲ουδέο
* جوديو-اسپانيول‎
* اسپانيول‎
* جوديو‎
 |
| Judeoespañol ᱥᱳᱞᱤᱴᱨᱮᱭᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ |
| ᱨᱟᱹᱲ | ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:IPA-lad |
| ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ, ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ, ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ, ᱢᱳᱨᱳᱠᱠᱳ, ᱵᱩᱞᱜᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱤᱭᱟ, ᱵᱚᱥᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱡᱮᱜᱳᱵᱷᱤᱱᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱢᱮᱥᱤᱰᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ, ᱛᱤᱣᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ |
| ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ | ᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ (*ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ*), ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ |
| ᱡᱟᱹᱛ | ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱯᱟᱨᱰᱤᱠ ᱤᱦᱩᱫᱤ |
| ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ  | ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱖᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢ, |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ | ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ
* ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱠ
	+ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ
		- ᱯᱟᱪᱮᱭᱟᱭ
			* ᱜᱟᱞᱳᱼᱤᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ
				+ ᱤᱵᱮᱨᱳᱼᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ
					- ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱤᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ
						* ᱠᱮᱥᱴᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ
							+ **ᱡᱩᱫᱮᱭᱳᱼᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ**
 |
|  | ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ
 |
| Dialects | * ᱠᱚᱣᱮᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ (ᱤᱥᱛᱟᱵᱩᱞ, ᱥᱟᱞᱳᱱᱤᱠᱟ)
* ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ
* ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ (ᱥᱟᱨᱟᱡᱮᱵᱷᱳ)
* ᱦᱟᱠᱮᱛᱤᱭᱟ (ᱛᱟᱝᱜᱤᱭᱮᱨ, ᱛᱣᱛᱳᱣᱟᱱ)
 |
| ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ | ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ; ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱵᱨᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱞᱤᱠ; ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ |
| ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ |
| ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱢᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ |  ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ  ᱵᱚᱥᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱡᱮᱜᱳᱵᱷᱤᱱᱟ  ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ  ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱳᱰ |
| ISO 639-2 | `lad` Ladino |
| ISO 639-3 | `lad` Ladino |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ | `lad` Ladino |
| ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ | `ladi1251`  Ladino |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | `51-AAB-ba … 51-AAB-bd` |
| IETF | `lad` |
| Historical Judeo-Spanish speech communities in the Mediterranean. Ringed circles represent modern speech communities. |
|

**ᱡᱩᱫᱮᱭᱳᱼᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ** (ᱦᱤᱵᱨᱩ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ גﬞודﬞיאו־איספאנייול‎, ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱞᱤᱠ: жудеоеспањол), **ᱞᱟᱫᱤᱱᱳ** ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱵᱚᱥᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱡᱮᱜᱳᱵᱷᱤᱱᱟ, ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ, ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱡᱩᱫᱤ-ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱞᱰ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥᱩᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱟᱞᱰ ᱟᱨᱟᱜᱳᱱᱤᱥ, ᱟᱥᱴᱩᱨ-ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱤᱥ, ᱟᱞᱰ ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱞᱟᱱ, ᱜᱟᱞᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ-ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱳᱡᱟᱨᱟᱵᱤᱠ ᱾ ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱢᱤᱴᱤᱠ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱦᱤᱵᱨᱩ, ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ, ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱰᱚᱨᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ, ᱵᱚᱞᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱳ-ᱠᱨᱳᱭᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾

## ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ

ᱡᱩᱰᱮᱭᱳ-ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ-ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱭᱮᱥᱯᱷ ᱱᱮᱦᱟᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱰᱮᱭᱳ-ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱭ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱵᱷᱚᱨᱱᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱯᱟᱨᱰᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱙᱐᱓ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱵᱨᱩ ⁇ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ-ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱦᱟᱜᱽᱫᱟ "Seder Haggadah shel pesaḥ ʿim pitron be-lashon sefaradi" (סדר הגדה של פסח עם פתרון בלשון ספרדי) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱥᱤᱯᱟᱨᱰᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ Sefaradi ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱒᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱳᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱭᱩᱮᱵᱳ ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱵᱟᱨᱤᱭᱳ ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱭᱚᱞ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱰᱤᱭᱳ-ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱭᱳᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱭᱳᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱡᱩᱰᱤᱭᱳ-ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱭᱳᱞᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾

ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱰᱮᱭᱳ-ᱮᱥᱯᱟᱱᱭᱳᱞ, ᱡᱩᱰᱮᱭᱳ-ᱮᱥᱯᱟᱱᱭᱳᱞ, ᱥᱮᱯᱟᱨᱰᱤ, ᱡᱩᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱯᱟᱱᱭᱳᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱥᱯᱟᱱᱭᱳᱞ ᱥᱮᱯᱟᱨᱰᱤᱴᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱠᱮᱴᱤᱭᱟ (ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤ: حكى, ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱤᱡᱮᱰ: ḥakà "ᱢᱮᱢᱮᱢ") ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱮᱭᱳ-ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱫᱮᱥᱢᱳ (Judezmo, Djudesmo or Djudezmo) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱥᱤᱰᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱟᱞ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱞᱡᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱶᱠᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱴᱩᱣᱟᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱫᱤᱱᱳ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱚᱠᱠᱠᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱴᱩᱣᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱨᱟᱱᱤ ᱤᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱤᱵᱨᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱯᱟᱱᱤᱭᱳᱞᱤᱛ (Spanyolit) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ

ᱥᱯᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥᱩᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱤᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱴᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱤᱝᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱝᱠᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱵᱨᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱤᱠ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱵᱨᱩ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱰᱤᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ (ha-laylah ha-zeh, ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ 'ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱤᱱᱫᱟᱹ', ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱧᱤᱱᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ la noche la esta ᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ) ᱾ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ Ladino ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾

ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱪᱷᱤᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱥᱴᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱮᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱡᱩᱣᱤ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ Judesmo ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱤᱫᱽᱫᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱢᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ, ᱠᱮᱥᱴᱮᱞᱮᱱᱟᱱᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱱᱰ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ

## ᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ

## ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

ᱤᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥᱩᱞᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱯᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱤᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱔᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱯᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱳᱨᱛᱩᱜᱟᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱤᱵᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱤᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱳᱛᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱞᱠᱟᱱ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ (ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ), ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ (ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱩᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱚᱠᱳ) ᱨᱮᱱ ᱤᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱵᱨᱟᱭᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱭᱳ-ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱤᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ, ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤ, ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱰᱩᱠ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱦᱩᱫᱤ-ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾

ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱞ ᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱯᱟᱱᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱞᱠᱟᱱ, ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ/ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱤᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱡᱚᱯᱟᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱦᱩᱫᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱡᱚᱯᱟᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ

᱑᱗᱓᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱴ ᱞᱮᱰᱤᱱᱳ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ Me-'am lo'ez ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱰᱤᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱵᱨᱟᱭᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱤᱵᱨᱟᱭᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱤ-'ᱟᱢ ᱞᱳ'ᱮᱥ (Me-'am lo'ez) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱴᱤᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱳᱛᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱴᱟᱱᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱫᱤᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱴᱤᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱳ-ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱵᱽᱨᱟᱭᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱱᱤᱢ ᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱦᱤᱛᱟ ᱤ ᱵᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱦ (Dinim de shehitah i bedikah [The Rules of Ritual Slaughter and Inspection of Animals]; (Istanbul, 1510) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱚᱥᱚᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱛᱷᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱵᱤᱱᱤᱠ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱚᱥᱴᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱫᱟ-ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱑᱘᱔᱕ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱓᱙ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱯᱷᱟᱨᱰᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱳᱵᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ: ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ-ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱳᱵᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱣᱟᱨᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱠᱛᱚ- ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱡᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟ. ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟ. ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟ. ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟ. ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟ. ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟ. ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱰᱚᱠᱭᱩᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱭᱩᱫᱮᱭᱳ-ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ; ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱳᱴᱳᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾

## ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ

## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* ᱡᱩᱫᱮᱭᱳᱼᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ at Curlie
* Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino (ᱞᱟᱰᱤᱱᱳ ᱛᱮ)
* Ladino Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱘-᱐᱘-᱐᱒ at the Wayback Machine.
* Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki
* Ladino Center
* Ladinokomunita Archived ᱒᱐᱐᱕-᱐᱗-᱒᱖ at the Wayback Machine., an email list in *Ladino*
* La pajina djudeo-espanyola de Aki Yerushalayim
* The Ladino Alphabet
* Judeo-Spanish (Ladino) at Orbis Latinus
* Ladino music by Suzy and Margalit Matitiahu
* Socolovsky, Jerome. "Lost Language of Ladino Revived in Spain", *Morning Edition*, National Public Radio, 19 March 2007.
* A randomly selected example of use of ladino on the Worldwide Web: La komponente kulinaria i linguístika turka en la kuzina djudeo-espanyola
* Israeli Ladino Language Forum (Hebrew)
* LadinoType – A Ladino Transliteration System for Solitreo, Meruba, and Rashi
* Habla Ladino? Sephardim meet to preserve language Friday 9 January 1998
* Edición SEFARAD, Radio programme in Ladino from Radio Nacional de España
* Etext of Nebrija's *Gramática de la lengua castellana*, showing orthography of Old Spanish Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱐-᱐᱕-᱑᱐ at the Wayback Machine..
* Sefarad, Revista de Estudios Hebraicos, Sefardíes y de Oriente Próximo, ILC, CSIC
* Judæo-Spanish Language (Ladino) and Literature, Jewish Encyclopedia
* Dr Yitshak (Itzik) Levy An authentic documentation of Ladino heritage and culture
* Sephardic Studies Digital Library & Museum – UW Stroum Jewish Studies
	+ *“Ladino” or not “Ladino”?*, David M. Bunis.
* An inside look into the Portuguese corpus of words in Nehama's Dictionnaire du Judeo-Espagnol Yossi Gur, 2003.

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:`<ref>` tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding `<references group="lower-alpha"/>` tag was found.