Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# ᱪᱮᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ

| ᱪᱮᱠ |
| --- |
| *čeština*, *český jazyk* |
| ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | ᱪᱮᱠ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ |
| ᱡᱟᱹᱛ | ᱪᱮᱠᱥ |
| ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ  | ᱑᱐.᱗ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ | ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ* ᱵᱟᱞᱛᱳ-ᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱠ
	+ ᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱠ
		- ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱠ
			* ᱪᱮᱠ-ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠ
				+ **ᱪᱮᱠ**
 |
| ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ | ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱯᱷ (ᱪᱮᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ) ᱪᱮᱠ ᱵᱨᱮᱭᱤᱞ |
| ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ |
| ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱮᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ |  ᱪᱮᱠ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ  *ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱚ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ* |
| ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱢᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ |  ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟ  ᱵᱚᱥᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱡᱮᱜᱳᱵᱷᱤᱱᱟ  ᱠᱨᱳᱭᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ  ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ  ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ  ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟ |
| ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ | Institute of the Czech Language (of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic) |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱳᱰ |
| ISO 639-1 | `cs` |
| ISO 639-2 | `cze (B)` `ces (T)` |
| ISO 639-3 | `ces` |
| ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ | `czec1258` |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | `53-AAA-da < 53-AAA-b...-d (varieties: 53-AAA-daa to 53-AAA-dam)` |
| IETF | `cs` |
|  |
|

**ᱪᱮᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ** (ᱪᱮᱠ : čeština *ᱥᱮᱥᱴᱤᱱᱟ*) ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ **ᱵᱳᱦᱮᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ** ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱠ-ᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱠ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱪᱮᱠ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱞᱳᱵᱷᱟᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱪᱮᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱵᱩᱯᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

## ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ

## ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

## ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱪᱷᱮᱨ

## ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ

## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* Ústav pro jazyk český – Czech Language Institute, the regulatory body for the Czech language (ᱪᱮᱠ ᱛᱮ)
* Czech National Corpus
* Czech Monolingual Online Dictionary
* Online Translation Dictionaries
* mluvtecesky.net - A Multilingual Website To Study Czech Archived ᱒᱐᱒᱐-᱐᱔-᱑᱐ at the Wayback Machine.
* Czech Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
* Pimsleur Czech Comprehensive Course

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
# ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱷᱟᱭ

ᱥᱟᱝᱦᱟᱭ
**ᱥᱟᱝᱦᱟᱭ** ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱒᱓,᱐᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱔ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱨᱮᱱᱟ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱶᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱡᱤᱝ, ᱛᱤᱭᱟᱡᱤᱱ, ᱪᱚᱝᱠᱤᱝ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ

ᱥᱟᱝᱦᱟᱭ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ Shàng-hǎi ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 上海 ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱥᱟᱹᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ-ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ-ᱨᱮ" ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱝᱦᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱭᱟᱝᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱵᱽᱨᱟ ᱯᱩᱰᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱶᱩᱱᱴᱟᱶᱩᱱ ᱥᱟᱝᱦᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱔᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨᱻᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱛᱮᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛᱻᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱶᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱰᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱮᱝᱡᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱹᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱷᱟᱭ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱩ-ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱶᱴᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱢᱟᱪᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱛᱮ Hù (沪) ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱝᱦᱟᱭ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱴᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱥᱩᱡᱚᱶ ᱠᱨᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ-ᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱾

## ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ

ᱥᱟᱝᱦᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱟᱝᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱟᱶᱩᱱᱴᱟᱶᱩᱱ ᱥᱟᱝᱦᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱡᱷᱚᱶ ᱠᱨᱤᱠ ᱦᱩᱶᱟᱝᱯᱩ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱶᱟᱝᱯᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱟᱝᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱟᱶᱩᱱᱴᱟᱶᱩᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱟᱝᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱶᱩᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱶᱥᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱥᱟᱝᱦᱟᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱭᱮᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱟᱝᱦᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱠᱮᱶᱴᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱡᱚᱶᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱝᱡᱚᱶᱩ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱶᱤᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱝᱦᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱶᱤᱝ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱶᱟᱝᱡᱚᱶᱩ ᱟᱭᱤᱞᱮᱸᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱔᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫᱻᱮ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾

## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* Official Website
* ShanghaiEye, an English News website of SMG
* WikiSatellite view of Shanghai at WikiMapia

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
# ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ

'**ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ** (ᱩᱨᱫᱩ, ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ: پنجاب‬, panj-āb) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱞᱚᱪᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱤᱥᱟ.ᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱤᱥᱟ.ᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ| 2017 ᱨᱮᱭᱥᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱩᱥᱟ.ᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ 110,012,442 ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ|ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱩᱛᱤᱭᱟ. ᱦᱩᱰ- ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ| ᱯᱟᱞᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ - ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷ, ᱵᱮᱞᱚᱪᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱠᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ- ᱯᱟᱠᱷᱛᱩᱱᱠᱷᱩᱣᱟ, ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ|ᱟᱨᱦᱚ' ᱥᱤᱧᱩᱛᱤᱭᱟ. ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ, ᱨᱟᱡᱮᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ , ᱡᱟᱢᱩ. ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟ.ᱥᱢᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟ.ᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚ' ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ| ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱫᱚᱵᱷᱟ.ᱴᱩᱭᱟ. ᱴᱷᱟ:ᱭ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱚᱨ ᱱᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱭ - ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱵᱷᱟ.ᱴᱤᱭᱟ. , ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ., ᱠᱟ.ᱣᱰᱤᱟ.ᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱲ ᱦᱚ' ᱠᱟᱱᱟ| ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱚᱨ ᱱᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ|

## ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

ᱥᱤᱧᱩᱛᱤᱭᱟ. ᱦᱩᱰ- ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱩᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱭᱨᱴᱮ- ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ, ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱮ ᱨᱚᱜᱚᱲ ᱩᱯᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ. ᱛᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱩᱣᱟ.ᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟ.ᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱭ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ, ᱜᱨᱤᱠ, ᱥᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ, ᱛᱩᱲᱩᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ| ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱴᱷᱤᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ| ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱢᱮᱨᱞᱮᱱ, ᱟᱞᱮᱠᱡᱮᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱫᱟ ᱜᱨᱮᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱝᱜᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚ'ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ|

## ᱱᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟ

ᱞᱟᱦᱚᱨ ᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟᱦᱥ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱭ - ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱰᱤᱜᱽ - ᱰᱤᱝᱽ ᱜᱮᱛᱟ | ᱱᱤᱭᱟ. ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱱᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ| ᱚᱱᱟ ᱱᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱥᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱟᱫᱽ, ᱨᱟᱣᱟᱞ ᱯᱤᱱᱰᱤ, ᱟᱴᱴᱚᱠ, ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱱᱟ ᱣᱟᱞᱟ, ᱥᱟᱨᱜᱚᱫᱷᱟ, ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱣᱟᱞᱯᱩᱨ, ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱛ, ᱥᱷᱮᱭᱠᱷᱩᱯᱭᱨᱟ,ᱱᱡᱷᱮᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱣᱟᱞ|

## ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ

ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱚᱴᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟ. ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ| ᱱᱤᱭᱟ. ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚ' ᱯᱟᱧᱦᱟᱵᱽ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱜᱤᱥ, ᱩᱨᱫᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱟᱭᱠᱤ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ| ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ 44% ᱦᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱯᱭ ᱯᱟ.ᱦᱤᱞ ᱜᱚ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱜᱚ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱲᱪᱟᱲᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ| ᱞᱟᱦᱚᱨ ᱱᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟ.ᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱳᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱨᱯᱲ ᱱᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ| 1998 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱷᱴᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱚᱨ ᱱᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ 87% ᱦᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱟᱵᱟᱽ ᱨᱮ 68% ᱦᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ |

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
# ᱵᱮᱞᱟᱨᱩᱥ

**ᱵᱮᱞᱟᱨᱩᱥ** (ᱵᱮᱞᱟᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ: Беларусь, ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ: Беларусь), ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤ **ᱵᱮᱞᱟᱨᱩᱥ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ** (ᱵᱮᱞᱟᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ: Рэспубліка Беларусь, ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ: Республика Беларусь) ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ, ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱞᱤᱛᱷᱩᱣᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱞᱟᱨᱩᱥ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱴᱤᱱᱥᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
# ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ

| ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ |
| --- |
| *ગુજરાતી, gujarātī* |
| "ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱛᱤ" ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ |
| ᱨᱟᱹᱲ | ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:IPA-gu |
| ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ |
| ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ | ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ |
| ᱡᱟᱹᱛ | ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤᱥ |
| ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ  | 56.4 million ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ: ᱔.᱑ million |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ | ᱤᱱᱫᱚ-ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ* ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ
	+ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ
		- ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ
			* ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
				+ **ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ**
 |
| ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ | ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
* ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
 |
| ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ | ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ (ᱵᱨᱟᱦᱟᱢᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ) ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱵᱨᱮᱭᱞ ᱟᱨᱵᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱱᱟᱜᱟᱲᱤ (ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ) |
| ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ |
| ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱮᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ |  ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ
* ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ
* ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱭᱩ
* ᱫᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱵᱮᱞᱤ
 |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱳᱰ |
| ISO 639-1 | `gu` |
| ISO 639-2 | `guj` |
| ISO 639-3 | `guj` |
| ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ | `guja1252` |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | `59-AAF-h` |
| ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ |

**ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ** ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱭᱩᱣ, ᱫᱟᱫᱨᱟ-ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱦᱟᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱭᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ᱾ ᱔ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱙ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ-ᱟ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ (ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱠᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ,ᱩᱜᱟᱱᱰᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ,ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ, ᱪᱤᱱ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ,ᱵᱟᱦᱚᱨᱟᱭᱤᱱ, ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ) ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱦᱚᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱟᱞᱤ ᱡᱤᱱᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱚ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱠᱤᱱᱟ ।

## ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

## ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱪᱷᱮᱨ

## ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ

## ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ

## ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱬᱚᱱ ᱚᱞ

## ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ at Curlie
* Gujarati language at *Encyclopædia Britannica*
* Gujarati Online Dictionary & Language Resources
* Bharatiya Bhasha Jyoti: Gujarati—a textbook for learning Gujarati through Hindi from the Central Institute of Indian Languages.
* English to Gujarati Dictionary Archived ᱒᱐᱒᱑-᱐᱔-᱑᱔ at the Wayback Machine.
# ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ

ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱮᱡ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱠᱮᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱠᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚᱭ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ (en:Punctuation)ᱫᱚᱵᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾

1. ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ (᱾)
2. ᱠᱚᱢᱟ/ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣ (,)
3. ᱥᱮᱢᱤᱠᱚᱞᱚᱱ/ᱛᱚᱯᱟᱜ (;)
4. ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ (?)
5. ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ (!)
6. ᱪᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ("")
7. ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱠᱟ/ᱰᱮᱥ (-)
8. ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱱ (:)
9. ᱦᱟᱹᱲᱩᱵ [()]

## ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ

ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ-

1. ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ-ᱟ ᱾
2. ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

## ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣ

ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ -

1. ᱦᱚᱲᱮᱡ, ᱢᱩᱜᱽ, ᱨᱟᱸᱵᱽᱲᱟ, ᱢᱟᱹᱥᱨᱤ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱧ ᱫᱚᱹᱧ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾

## ᱛᱚᱯᱟᱜ

ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱯᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ -

1. ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱢᱟᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱫᱷᱚᱢ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾

## ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ

ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ

1. ᱚᱠᱟ ᱛᱮᱢ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ?
2. ᱩᱱᱤ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱪᱮᱠᱟᱭᱮᱜ-ᱟ ?

## ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ

ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟ, ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ, ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ, ᱦᱤᱨᱠᱟᱹ, ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ-

1. ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱚᱨᱚᱠ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚᱭᱟ !
2. ᱟᱹᱣ ! ᱵᱚᱨᱚ ᱚᱪᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱤᱧᱟᱢ ᱾

## ᱪᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ

ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ-

1. ᱜᱩᱨᱩ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ-ᱟ, "ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱮ ᱱᱤᱫᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱢᱮᱭᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱱᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱜᱨᱟᱝ-ᱟ᱾"

## ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱠᱟ

ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ indirectly ᱚᱞ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱠᱟ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ-

1. ᱢᱟᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱜ-ᱟ- ᱢᱚᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱢ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱱᱤᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱮᱞᱮᱢ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱟ᱾

## ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱱ

ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ

1. ᱥᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ : ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱜ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱡ
2. ᱫᱤᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱦᱟ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ : ᱵᱩᱜᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱾

## ᱦᱟᱹᱲᱩᱵ

ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱲᱩᱵ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ-

1. ᱨᱟᱢᱚᱭᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ (ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱥᱟᱹᱞ) ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱪᱚᱭ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
2. ᱨᱟᱱ (ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱥᱤᱴᱟᱢᱚᱞ) ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱢᱮ᱾

## ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* Larry Trask: Guide to Punctuation A helpful online resource
* History of Punctuation, in French Helpful photographs of early punctuation
* Punctuation Marks in English: Clarity in Expression
* Unicode reference tables:
	+ "General punctuation U2000" (PDF).
	+ "CJK Symbols and Punctuation U3000" (PDF).
	+ "CJK Compatibility Forms UFE30" (PDF).
	+ "Small Form Variants UFE50" (PDF).
	+ "Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms UFF00" (PDF).
* Ethiopic script
* Automatic Recovery of Capitalization and Punctuation of Automatic Speech Transcripts
* English Punctuation Rules
* *Punctuation marks with independent clauses*, by Jennifer Frost

## ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ
# ᱡᱟᱺᱵᱤᱨ

ᱡᱟᱺᱵᱤᱨ
**ᱡᱟᱺᱵᱤᱨ** (ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ : Orange) ᱥᱟᱸᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ - *Citrus sinensis* ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱻ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱺᱵᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ 'ᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱤᱱ' (Khasi mandarin) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱡᱟᱺᱵᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱡᱟᱺᱵᱤᱨ (ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱞᱟ) ᱪᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟ ᱾

ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱟᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱞᱮᱢᱵᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱺᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱤᱱ ᱚᱨᱮᱧᱡᱽ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱻ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱯᱩᱨ ᱢᱥᱱᱫᱟᱨᱤᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱪᱚᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱦᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ loose-skinned orange ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚ (natural hybrid) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱵᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱚᱱᱰᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱨᱩᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

### ᱜᱩᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ

ᱡᱟᱺᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱚᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ loose-skinned orange ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭᱴᱨᱟᱥ ᱡᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱠᱟ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱚᱠᱞᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱪᱚᱜᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱺᱵᱤᱨ ᱱᱮᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱺᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱧᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱻ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

### ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ

ᱟᱥᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱢᱨᱩᱯ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱱᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱠᱚ, ᱡᱚᱨᱦᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱨᱤᱭᱚᱱᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱱᱤᱥᱩᱠᱤᱭᱟ ᱩᱯᱚᱠᱚᱱᱴᱷᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱤ ᱟᱝᱞᱚᱝ, ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱨᱩᱬᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱞᱚᱝ, ᱯᱟᱥᱤᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱺᱵᱤᱨ ᱢᱚᱡᱽ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

### ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ

ᱡᱟᱺᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱕ᱼ᱘᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱ 'ᱥᱤ' ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱻ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱺᱵᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱟᱺᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱚᱡᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱔᱐ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱺᱵᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
# ᱵᱮᱫᱚ

**ᱵᱮᱫᱚ** ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱾ ᱨᱩᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱩᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱱᱡᱟᱭᱮᱫ ᱥᱚᱱᱟᱛᱚᱱ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱨᱚᱣᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱮᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱝᱦᱤᱛᱟ, ᱵᱟᱵᱬᱮ, ᱟᱨᱚᱱᱭᱚᱠᱚ,ᱵᱮᱫᱟᱝᱜᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱵᱮᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ

'ᱵᱤᱫᱽ' (ᱵᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱫᱟᱹ ᱟᱨᱡᱟᱣ) ᱡᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱺᱫᱤ ᱾ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱦᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱺ- ᱨᱳᱠ, ᱭᱚᱡᱩᱦ,ᱥᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱷᱚᱨᱵᱚᱬᱚ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱷᱟᱹᱣᱲᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱢᱮᱥᱣᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱯᱟᱫᱚᱵᱚᱫᱽᱫᱦᱚ (ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ) ᱟᱨ ᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚᱡᱩᱠᱛᱚ ᱪᱷᱚᱸᱫᱚᱵᱚᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ ᱵᱚᱣᱫᱤᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱳᱠ ᱵᱮᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱣᱫᱤᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢ ᱵᱮᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱷᱚᱸᱫᱚᱵᱚᱫᱽᱫᱦᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱭᱚᱡᱩᱦ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱨᱳᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱚᱡᱩᱦ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛ᱾ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱛᱷᱚᱨᱵᱚᱬᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱡᱚᱜᱽᱭᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱳᱠ, ᱭᱚᱞᱩᱦ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱱᱛᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱶᱟ ᱾ 'ᱵᱨᱚᱢᱦᱟ' ᱡᱚᱜᱽᱭᱚᱸ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱵᱮᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱫᱷᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱨᱳᱠ ᱵᱮᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ 'ᱦᱚᱛᱟ', ᱭᱚᱡᱩᱵᱮᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ 'ᱚᱫᱷᱚᱨᱭᱩ' ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱮᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱱᱤᱫᱦᱤ 'ᱩᱫᱽᱜᱟᱛᱟ' ᱡᱚᱜᱽᱭᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱛᱷᱚᱨᱵᱚ ᱵᱮᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱱᱤᱫᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ 'ᱵᱨᱚᱢᱦᱟ' ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ , ᱡᱚᱜᱽᱭᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱵ ᱟᱭ ᱾

## ᱵᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ

ᱵᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱱ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱦᱚᱜᱽᱵᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱬᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱬᱟ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱵᱮᱫᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱨᱩᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾

## ᱨᱳᱠ ᱵᱮᱫᱚ

## ᱭᱚᱡᱩᱨᱵᱮᱫᱚ

## ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱮᱫᱚ

## ᱚᱛᱷᱚᱨᱵᱚ ᱵᱮᱫᱚ

## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* Sketch of the Historical Grammar of the Rig and Atharva Vedas, Edward Vernon Arnold, Journal of the American Oriental Society
* On the History and the Present State of Vedic Tradition in Nepal, Michael Witzel
* GRETIL etexts Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱐-᱑᱑-᱐᱗ at the Wayback Machine.
* A Vedic Concordance, Maurice Bloomfield, Harvard University (an alphabetic index to every line, every stanza of the Vedas published before 1906)
* An Enlarged Electronic Version of Bloomfield's A Vedic Concordance, Harvard University
* The Vedas at sacred-texts.com

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
# ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ

Philbar 3
**ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ** ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱛᱚᱨᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱡᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠ (Logic, from the Ancient Greek: λογική, translit. logikḗ) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱶᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ , ᱢᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

Aristotle
ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚᱴᱚᱞ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱞᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚᱴᱚᱞᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱶ ᱟᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱶᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱠᱚᱥ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱫᱷᱟᱛᱤᱛᱤ ᱜᱚᱶᱛᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱜ-ᱟ (c. 6th century BCE) ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱚᱨ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱶᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱶᱟᱫ ᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ- ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱮᱡᱽ (Charles Babbage), ᱚᱜᱟᱥᱴᱟᱥ ᱰᱤ ᱢᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱ ( Augustus De Morgan) ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱵᱩᱞᱮ ( George Boole) ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾

## ᱯᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ

### ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ

### ᱫᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ

### ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ

## ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* An Outline for Verbal Logic
* Introductions and tutorials
	+ An Introduction to Philosophical Logic Archived ᱒᱐᱐᱘-᱐᱔-᱐᱓ at the Wayback Machine., by Paul Newall, aimed at beginners.
	+ forall x: an introduction to formal logic, by P.D. Magnus, covers sentential and quantified logic.
	+ Logic Self-Taught: A Workbook Archived ᱒᱐᱐᱘-᱐᱕-᱒᱑ at the Wayback Machine. (originally prepared for on-line logic instruction).
		- Nicholas Rescher. (1964). *Introduction to Logic*, St. Martin's Press.
* Essays
	+ "Symbolic Logic" and "The Game of Logic", Lewis Carroll, 1896.
	+ Math & Logic: The history of formal mathematical, logical, linguistic and methodological ideas. Archived ᱒᱐᱐᱙-᱐᱙-᱐᱘ at the Wayback Machine. In *The Dictionary of the History of Ideas.*
* Online Tools
	+ Interactive Syllogistic Machine Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱕-᱐᱕-᱑᱕ at the Wayback Machine. A web based syllogistic machine for exploring fallacies, figures, terms, and modes of syllogisms.
* Reference material
	+ Translation Tips Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱐-᱐᱓-᱐᱘ at the Wayback Machine., by Peter Suber, for translating from English into logical notation.
	+ Ontology and History of Logic. An Introduction with an annotated bibliography.
* Reading lists
	+ The London Philosophy Study Guide Archived ᱒᱐᱐᱙-᱐᱖-᱒᱐ at the Wayback Machine. offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject:
		- Logic & Metaphysics Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱘-᱐᱗-᱑᱒ at the Wayback Machine.
		- Set Theory and Further Logic Archived ᱒᱐᱐᱙-᱐᱒-᱒᱗ at the Wayback Machine.
		- Mathematical Logic Archived ᱒᱐᱐᱙-᱐᱑-᱒᱕ at the Wayback Machine.

## ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ

*

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
# ᱛᱷᱮᱨᱵᱟᱫᱽ

**ᱛᱷᱮᱨᱚᱵᱟᱫᱽ** (/ˌtɛrəˈvɑːdə/) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱤᱡᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱣᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ᱾

## ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

ᱛᱷᱮᱨᱣᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱚᱡᱟᱵᱟᱫᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱛᱚᱵᱤᱨᱚ ᱱᱤᱠᱚᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱛᱷᱮᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱢᱳᱜᱚᱞᱤᱯᱩᱴᱴᱟ ᱛᱤᱥᱟ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱣᱟᱛᱷᱩ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱵᱷᱚᱡᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

## ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ
# ᱦᱮᱜᱮᱞ, ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱤᱭᱤᱞᱦᱮᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱨᱤᱠ

Hegel portrait by Schlesinger 1831**ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱩᱭᱤᱞᱦᱮᱢ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱨᱤᱠ ᱦᱮᱜᱮᱞ** ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ Georg\_Wilhelm\_Friedrich\_Hegel(ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ ᱒᱗, ᱑᱗᱗᱐ – ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱔, ᱑᱘᱓᱑) ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ analytic tradition ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ influential ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱭᱮ ᱧᱤᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾

ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱨᱤ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱜᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ idealism. materialism ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ idealism ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱴᱮᱞ (express) ᱥᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ (Develop)᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱨᱮ idealism ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ extrem Develop ᱦᱩᱭᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱜᱮᱞᱟᱜ Political explaination ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ autocracy ᱟᱨ facism ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱦᱮᱜᱮᱞᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱩᱰᱩᱝ ᱮᱱᱟ; ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱥᱮ Dialectical materialism ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ Autocratic political theoryᱹ

## ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ

ᱦᱮᱜᱮᱞ ᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟ ᱚᱞᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾

(᱑) *The Phenomenology of Spirit* (or *The Phenomenology of Mind*), ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱑᱘᱐᱗ ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ᱾

(᱒) *Science of Logic*, ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ (᱑᱘᱑᱒, ᱑᱘᱑᱓ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱘᱑᱖ ᱥᱮᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ) ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱑᱘᱓᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ᱾

(᱓) *Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences*, ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱑᱘᱑᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ᱾ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱑᱘᱒᱗ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱘᱓᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ᱾

(᱔) *Elements of the Philosophy of Right*, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ political philosophy, ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱑᱘᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ᱾

## ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱮᱛ

*
*

## ᱵᱟᱮᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* Hegel page in 'The History Guide'
* Hegel.net - freely available resources (under the GNU FDL)
* « Der Instinkt der Vernünftigkeit » and other texts Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱑-᱐᱓-᱒᱐ at the Wayback Machine. - Works on Hegel in Université du Québec site (in French)
* Lowenberg J., (1913) "The Life of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel". in *German classics of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries*. New York: German Publication Society.
* Hegel, as the National Philosopher of Germany (1874) Karl Rosenkranz, Granville Stanley Hall, William Torrey Harris, Gray, Baker & Co. 1874
# ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱨᱪ ᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱳᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ

| ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱨᱪ ᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱳᱱᱤᱠ |
| --- |
| ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱨᱪ ᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱠ |
| ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ ⰧⰈⰟⰊⰍⰟ словѣ́ньскъ ѩꙁꙑ́къ *slověnĭskŭ językŭ* |
|  |
| ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | Formerly in Slavic areas under the influence of Byzantium (both Catholic and Orthodox) |
| ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ | * ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ
* ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ
* ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ
 |
| Era | 9th–11th centuries; then evolved into several variants of Church Slavonic including Middle Bulgarian |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ | ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ
* ᱵᱟᱞᱛᱳᱼᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱠ
	+ ᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱠ
		- ᱮᱛᱚᱢ
			* ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ
				+ **ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱨᱪ ᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱳᱱᱤᱠ**
 |
| ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ | ᱜᱞᱟᱜᱳᱞᱤᱴᱤᱠ, ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱞᱤᱠ |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱳᱰ |
| ISO 639-1 | `cu` |
| ISO 639-2 | `chu` |
| ISO 639-3 | `chu` (includes Church Slavonic) |
| ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ | `chur1257`  Church Slavic |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | `53-AAA-a` |
|

**ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱨᱪ ᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱳᱱᱤᱠ** ᱥᱮ **ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱳᱱᱤᱠ** ( /ˈslɑːvɪk,\_ˈslævʔ/) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

## ᱪᱤᱠᱤ

## ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱜᱥᱮᱞᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ

## ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ

## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* Old Church Slavonic Online by Todd B. Krause and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the Linguistics Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin
* Medieval Slavic Fonts on AATSEEL
* Old Slavic data entry application
* Corpus Cyrillo-Methodianum Helsingiense: An Electronic Corpus of Old Church Slavonic Texts
* Research Guide to Old Church Slavonic
* Bible in Old Church Slavonic language - Russian redaction (Wikisource), (PDF) Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱙-᱐᱗-᱑᱖ at the Wayback Machine., (iPhone), (Android)
* Old Church Slavonic and the Macedonian recension of the Church Slavonic language, Elka Ulchar (ᱢᱮᱥᱤᱰᱳᱱᱳᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ)
* Vittore Pisani, Old Bulgarian Language Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱖-᱐᱓-᱐᱕ at the Wayback Machine., Sofia, Bukvitza, 2012. English, Bulgarian, Italian.
* Philipp Ammon: *Tractatus slavonicus*. Archived ᱒᱐᱒᱐-᱐᱗-᱑᱙ at the Wayback Machine. in: *Sjani (Thoughts) Georgian Scientific Journal of Literary Theory and Comparative Literature*, N 17, 2016, pp. 248–56
* ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Youtube
* glottothèque - Ancient Indo-European Grammars online, an online collection of introductory videos to Ancient Indo-European languages produced by the University of Göttingen

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
# ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ

ᱨᱮᱫ:ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱸᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ.jpgᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱸᱡᱽᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ
**ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ** ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ᱯᱟᱦᱟᱲᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱩᱯᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱭᱮᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣᱜ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱠᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱤᱨᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ, ᱵᱟᱝᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱤᱠ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱦᱮᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠ, ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ **ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ** ᱢᱮᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

## ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ