Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ

| ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ |
| --- |
| ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ |
| 古文 ᱥᱮ 文言 |
| ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ | ᱪᱤᱱ, ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ, ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ |
| Era | 5th century BC to 2nd century AD; continued as a literary language until the 20th century |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ | ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱼᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ* ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ
	+ **ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ**
 |
| ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ | ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱷᱚᱨ (ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ traditional) |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱳᱰ |
| ISO 639-3 | `lzh` |
| ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ | `lite1248` |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | `79-AAA-aa` |
|

|  |
| --- |
| **Lua error in ᱢᱳᱰᱩᱞ:Infobox\_multi-lingual\_name at line 306: attempt to call field '\_lang' (a nil value).** |

**ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ** ᱥᱮ **ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ** (文言文, *ᱣᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱣᱮᱱ*) ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱢᱟᱞᱼᱦᱟᱶᱭᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱞ (ᱚᱠᱛᱚ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱵᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ (20th century) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ, ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ

## ᱱᱮᱵᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ

## ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ

## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* Chinese Notes: Introduction to Classical Chinese, Alex Amies, 2013
* Chinese Texts: A Classical Chinese course Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱕-᱐᱖-᱑᱑ at the Wayback Machine., Mark Edward Lewis, 2014
* Literary Chinese, Robert Eno, 2012-2013 (to access the book use provided PDF index file)
* A Primer in Chinese Buddhist Writings Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱗-᱐᱖-᱑᱑ at the Wayback Machine., John Kieschnick, 2015
* Classical Chinese Lexicon Archived ᱒᱐᱒᱐-᱐᱑-᱒᱘ at the Wayback Machine., John Cikoski, 2011

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
# ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ

ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱷᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱡ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱜᱮ **ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ** ᱫᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ

## ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟ

## ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟᱭᱤᱡ

## ᱢᱮᱥᱤᱱ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ

## ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ

## ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ

## ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮᱸ

## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

## ᱟᱸᱴ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ

*ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱛᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ **ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ**(Santali Wiktionary) ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱢᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾*

* ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ
* ᱴᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱᱚᱢᱤ

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
# ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ

ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ
**ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ** ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱞ-ᱛᱚᱞ ᱟ.ᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱚ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱵᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟ.ᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟ. ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ

ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱩᱜᱽᱵᱮᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱭᱟᱥ, ᱵᱟᱞᱢᱤᱠᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ ᱨᱩᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱚᱬ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱥ, ᱠᱟᱲᱤᱫᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟ. ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱩᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾

ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱳᱨᱳ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱜᱳᱥᱣᱟᱢᱤ ᱛᱩᱞᱥᱤᱫᱟᱥ, ᱵᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱫᱟᱥ, ᱢᱟᱨᱣᱟᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱵᱟᱭᱤ, ᱠᱷᱳᱰᱤᱵᱳᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱵᱤᱨ, ᱨᱚᱥᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱢᱚᱭᱛᱷᱤᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱫᱭᱟᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ, ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱢᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱮᱢᱪᱟᱸᱫᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾
ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱦᱳᱢᱤᱨᱟᱜ ᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱸᱜᱽᱞᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱯᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱾
ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱴᱷᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟ.ᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱼ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱳᱰᱳ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

## ᱴᱷᱟᱶ

ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟ.ᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟ.ᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱼᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ, ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ, ᱩᱨᱫᱷᱩ; ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ., ᱵᱟᱝᱜᱽᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ. ; ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱼᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ, ᱛᱮᱞᱩᱜᱩ, ᱠᱚᱱᱱᱚᱰᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟ. ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ. ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱼ ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨᱤ, ᱰᱳᱜᱽᱨᱤ, ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱤ, ᱠᱳᱸᱠᱳᱬᱤ, ᱛᱩᱨᱩ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾

## ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ

ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟ.ᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱤᱥᱟ.ᱬ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱮ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱣᱩᱞ ᱡᱩᱡᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱜ "ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱰᱷᱟ.ᱞᱣᱟ.ᱜ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟ., ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱛᱟᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

## ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ

ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱮᱠᱮᱰᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱟᱹ
# ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ

**ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ** ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ (en:Verb) ᱵᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱜ ᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱶᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ -

ᱵᱟᱵᱩᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ - Babu is reading

ᱞᱚᱥᱚ ᱞᱚᱥᱚᱫ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱮᱫᱟ - Lasa is working in the muddy field .

ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱠᱷᱨᱤᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ - Sagun is swimming in the pond .

ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱴᱷᱤᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱮᱫᱟ - Anal is writing letter .

ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ - ᱵᱟᱵᱩ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱮᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜ ᱟ - ᱵᱟᱹᱵᱩᱭ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱠ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ " ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ " ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱰᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱠ.ᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ" ᱚᱞᱮᱫᱟ " ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱞᱚᱪ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱛᱮᱦᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱱᱦᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱠᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱛ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱤᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ Definition

**ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱣ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱯᱷᱚᱴᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ - ᱟ I** ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ - ᱚᱜ, ᱚᱝ, ᱚᱞ, ᱟᱠᱷᱟᱣ, ᱟᱴ, ᱟᱵ, ᱮᱨ, ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱾

**Verb : A word by which denotes of an action or doing word is called verb .**

1. ᱟᱛᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ
2. ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ

## ᱟᱛᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ

ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱛᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱵᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱᱼ

1. ᱩᱱᱤ *ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ* ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱫᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾
2. ᱟᱢ *ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱᱮᱢ* ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱢ᱾

## ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ

ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱪᱚᱭᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱵᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱᱼ

1. ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱟᱠᱟ *ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟᱭ*᱾
2. ᱨᱟᱢᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱟᱱ *ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ*᱾

ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚᱼ

1. ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ
2. ᱵᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ
3. ᱜᱚᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ

## ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ

## ᱵᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ

## ᱜᱚᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ

## ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ
# ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ

| World War II |
| --- |
| Clockwise from top left:
* Chinese forces in the Battle of Wanjialing
* Australian 25-pounder guns during the First Battle of El Alamein
* German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front in December 1943
* US naval force in the Lingayen Gulf
* Wilhelm Keitel signing the German Instrument of Surrender
* Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad
 |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ | * ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Start and end dates
* (6 years and 1 day)
 |
| ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱶ | Europe, Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean, South-East Asia, China, Middle East, Mediterranean, North Africa, Horn of Africa, Australia, briefly North and South America |
| ᱚᱨᱡᱚ | * Allied victory
* Fall of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and the Empire of Japan
* Allied military occupations of Germany, Japan, Austria and foundation of the Italian Republic in place of the Kingdom of Italy
* Beginning of the Nuclear Age
* Dissolution of the League of Nations and creation of the United Nations
* Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as rival superpowers and beginning of the Cold War (more ...)
 |

 |
| Participants |
| **Allies** | **Axis** |
| ᱠᱚᱢᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱤᱰᱟᱨ |
| **Main Allied leaders: Joseph Stalin
* Franklin D. Roosevelt
* Winston Churchill
* ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Country data Republic of China (1912–1949) Chiang Kai-shek
 | **Main Axis leaders: ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Country data Nazi Germany Adolf Hitler
* ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Country data Empire of Japan Hirohito
* ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Country data Fascist Italy (1922–1943) Benito Mussolini
 |
| ᱜᱚᱡᱼᱜᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱳᱠᱥᱟᱱ |
| * **Military dead: Over 16,000,000
* **Civilian dead: Over 45,000,000
* **Total dead: Over 61,000,000
* (1937–1945)
* ...*further details*
 | * **Military dead: Over 8,000,000
* **Civilian dead: Over 4,000,000
* **Total dead: Over 12,000,000
* (1937–1945)
* ...*further details*
 |

ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ
**ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ** (ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱒, WWII, WW2) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ 1939 ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ 1945 ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ (The Allies) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ (The Axis powers)᱾ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ 30 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ 10 ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱵᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱚᱛᱤ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ᱾
ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱠᱟᱣᱩᱥᱴ ᱜᱷᱚᱴᱚᱱ(1 ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱲ 10 ᱞᱟᱠ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱤᱞᱟᱹᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱷᱟ.ᱛᱤᱨ 10 ᱞᱟᱠ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱤᱨᱚᱥᱤᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱥᱟᱠᱤ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱚᱢ ᱵᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ 5 ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ 8ᱹ5 ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱱ ᱫᱚᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾

## ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ

## ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ

## ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

1ᱹ

2ᱹ

3ᱹ

ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:`<ref>` tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding `<references group="lower-alpha"/>` tag was found
# ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ

| ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ  |
| --- |
|  |
| ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ |  ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ
  |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | ᱜᱨᱤᱠ |
| ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ | c. 800 BC – present |
| ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ | Egyptian hieroglyphs* ᱯᱨᱚᱴᱚ-ᱥᱤᱱᱟᱭᱴᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ
	+ ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ
		- ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ
 |
| ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ | * Gothic
* Glagolitic
* Cyrillic
* Coptic
* Armenian
* Old Italic and thus ᱞᱮᱴᱤᱱ
* Georgian
 |
| ᱟᱭᱮᱥᱳ ᱑᱕᱙᱒᱔ | `Grek,`  |
| ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ | * U+0370–U+03FF Greek and Coptic
* U+1F00–U+1FFF Greek Extended
 |

**ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ** ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱥᱩᱢᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱙ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱚᱭᱮᱱᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱶ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱟᱯᱞᱵᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱭᱮᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱭᱨᱤᱞᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱵᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ, ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱟᱞᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱢᱮᱜᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱞ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱭᱨᱤᱞᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱾

## ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

ᱢᱟᱭᱥᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩᱢᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱒ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱵᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱤᱥᱩᱢᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱙ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱚᱭᱮᱱᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱦᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱧᱩᱛ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱚᱭᱮᱱᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱣᱮᱥᱴ ᱥᱮᱢᱤᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱷᱚᱭᱮᱱᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱷᱚᱭᱮᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱡᱟ ᱦᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱵᱽᱡᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾

## ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ

|  |
| --- |
| **ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ** |
| Α ᱟᱞᱯᱷᱟ | Β ᱵᱤᱴᱟ | Γ ᱜᱟᱢᱟ | Δ ᱰᱮᱞᱴᱟ | Ε ᱤᱯᱥᱞᱚᱱ | Ζ ᱡᱤᱴᱟ | Η ᱮᱴᱟ | Θ ᱛᱷᱤᱴᱟ |
| Ι ᱟᱭᱚᱴᱟ | Κ ᱠᱟᱯᱯᱟ | Λ ᱞᱟᱢᱲᱟ | Μ ᱢᱭᱩ | Ν ᱱᱭᱩ | Ξ ᱡᱟᱭᱤ | Ο ᱚᱢᱤᱠᱨᱟᱱ | Π ᱯᱟᱭ |
| Ρ ᱨᱚ | Σ ᱥᱤᱜᱽᱢᱥᱟ | Τ ᱴᱟᱣ | Υ ᱚᱯᱥᱤᱞᱚᱱ | Φ ᱯᱷᱟᱭ | Χ ᱪᱟᱭᱤ | Ψ ᱥᱟᱭᱤ | Ω ᱳᱢᱮᱜᱟ |

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

## ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* Greek and Coptic character list in Unicode
* Examples of Greek handwriting
* Webarchive |url= |title=Greek Unicode Issues (Nick Nicholas)
* Unicode FAQ – Greek Language and Script
* alphabetic test for Greek Unicode range (Alan Wood)
* numeric test for Greek Unicode range
* Classical Greek keyboard, a browser-based tool
* Collection of free fonts: greekfontsociety.gr Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱘-᱐᱑-᱒᱐ at the Wayback Machine.
# ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ

ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱚᱞ
**ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ** ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ (ᱪᱤᱱ) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱚ-ᱛᱤᱵᱽᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ

ᱢᱟᱱᱵᱟᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡ ᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ
ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱩᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

* **ᱜᱩᱣᱟᱱ** ("ᱮᱛᱚᱢ" ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ *ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ) 北方話/北方话 or 官話/官话, (᱘᱔᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ)，*
* **ᱣᱩ** (ᱭᱩ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ) 吳/吴, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱭᱱᱱᱡ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱭᱮᱫᱼᱟ, (᱙᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ),
* **ᱭᱩᱭ** (*ᱠᱟᱱᱴᱚᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ*) 粵/粤, (᱘᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ)，
* **ᱢᱤᱱ** (*ᱦᱚᱠᱤᱱ*, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱭᱟ) 閩/闽, (᱕᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ),
* **ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝ** 湘, (᱓᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ),
* **ᱦᱟᱠᱟ** 客家 ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ 客, ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ "ᱯᱮᱲᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱡᱽ" ᱨᱚᱲ (᱓᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ)，
* **ᱜᱟᱱ** 贛/赣, (᱒᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ) ᱾

## ᱪᱤᱠᱤ

ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱯᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾
᱑᱙᱕᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱭᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤᱭ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱪᱤ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱞᱮᱸᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱝᱠᱚᱝ, ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱖᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱗᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱮᱱᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱱᱞᱟᱸᱰ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱪᱠᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱾

## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* Chinese Flashcard Website Learn Chinese Online
* I Love Chinese Learning Chinese Magazine
* Learn Chinese Archived ᱒᱐᱒᱑-᱐᱙-᱑᱙ at the Wayback Machine. Free Chinese Learning Lessons and mp3
* Free Chinese Character Input Software Archived ᱒᱐᱐᱘-᱐᱕-᱐᱗ at the Wayback Machine. Google Pinyin Input Software
* Chinese Pinyin a brief introduction to standard Chinese phonetic system
* Day Day Up Chinese Archived ᱒᱐᱐᱙-᱐᱙-᱒᱗ at the Wayback Machine. Online Chinese textbook
* Direct method of learning Chinese—no English translation. A wok is just a wok.
* Study More Chinese Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱒-᱐᱕-᱒᱒ at the Wayback Machine. social network for Mandarin learners with videos, blogs, forum.
* iChineseLearning A site for learning Chinese through skype Chinese lessons.
# ᱴᱚᱠᱭᱚ

ᱴᱚᱠᱭᱚ
**ᱴᱚᱠᱭᱚ** (ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ:東京, ᱨᱟᱹᱲ:*tōkyō*) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱨᱟᱴ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ

ᱴᱚᱠᱭᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱦᱤᱞ **ᱮᱰᱚ** ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱖᱘ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ **ᱢᱮᱡᱤ** ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ "ᱴᱚᱠᱮᱭ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ "ᱴᱚᱠᱭᱚ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱴᱚᱠᱮᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱥᱟᱴᱚ ᱱᱩᱵᱩᱦᱤᱨᱚᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ **ᱠᱩᱱᱰᱩ ᱦᱤᱥᱠᱩ**(ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱚᱱ) ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱪᱤ ᱑᱘᱑᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ **ᱴᱚᱠᱭᱚ** ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱧᱟᱢᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱚᱛᱱᱚ

### ᱴᱟᱹᱯᱩ

ᱴᱚᱠᱭᱚ ᱟᱰᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱟᱹᱯᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱚᱠᱭᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑,᱘᱘᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱚ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ (᱑,᱑᱕᱐ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ|

## ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

### ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱰᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ

ᱴᱚᱠᱭᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱠᱮᱶᱴᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱰᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ "ᱢᱩᱥᱟᱥᱤ" ᱯᱤᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾

## ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ

ᱴᱚᱠᱭᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱴᱚᱠᱭᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱚᱠᱭᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ, ᱦᱤᱴᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱩᱵᱷᱟᱥᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ, ᱴᱚᱠᱭᱚ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱪᱩᱴ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ, ᱣᱟᱥᱮᱰᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ, ᱴᱚᱠᱭᱚ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ, ᱠᱮᱭᱩᱭᱚ
ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱩᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ -

* National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
* ᱚᱠᱟᱱᱚᱢᱤᱡᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ
* ᱴᱚᱠᱤᱭᱚ ᱜᱟᱠᱩᱜᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ
* ᱴᱚᱠᱭᱚ ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱰ ᱰᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ
* Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
* ᱴᱚᱠᱭᱚ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱴᱚᱰᱤᱡᱽ
* Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
* ᱴᱚᱠᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨᱴᱥ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ
* University of Electro-Communications

ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ, ᱡᱟᱜᱟᱸ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱪᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ -:

* Globis University Graduate School of Management
* ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱨᱤᱥᱴᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ
* ᱥᱚᱯᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ
* ᱣᱟᱥᱮᱰᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ

ᱴᱚᱠᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱩᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ (United Nations University) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾

## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* Tokyo Metropolis Official Website Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱑-᱐᱒-᱒᱔ at the Wayback Machine.
* Tokyo Metropolis Official Website Archived ᱒᱐᱐᱙-᱐᱔-᱒᱙ at the Wayback Machine.

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
# ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ

| ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ |
| --- |
| ᱨᱟᱹᱲ | This is worse than Hitler so Dont see this |
| ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱩᱜᱷᱩᱵᱩᱨᱩ |
| ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ | ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ; ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱭᱟᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱠᱟᱞᱢᱟᱭᱠᱤᱭᱟ, ᱤᱨᱠᱩᱴᱥᱠ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱡᱟᱵᱟᱭᱠᱟᱞᱥᱠᱤ ᱠᱨᱟᱭ; ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱭᱟᱣᱱᱤᱝ, ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱱ, ᱦᱮᱭᱞᱚᱝᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝ, ᱥᱤᱱᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝ, ᱜᱟᱱᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱝᱦᱟᱭ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ; ᱠᱤᱨᱜᱤᱡᱽᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱥᱤᱠᱼᱠᱩᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ |
| ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ  | ᱕.᱒ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ (᱒᱐᱐᱕) |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ | ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱠ
* **ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ**
 |
| ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ | ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ
* ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ
 |
| ᱥᱴᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨᱰ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ | ᱠᱷᱟᱞᱠᱷᱟ (ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ)
ᱪᱟᱠᱷᱟᱨ (ᱪᱤᱱ)

 |
| Dialects | * ᱠᱷᱟᱞᱠᱷᱟ
* ᱪᱟᱠᱷᱟᱨ
* ᱠᱷᱳᱨᱪᱤᱱ

ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱪᱤᱱ
* ᱵᱟᱨᱤᱱ
* ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱝᱜᱳᱞ
* ᱫᱟᱨᱠᱷᱟᱫᱽ

ᱟᱞᱟᱥᱟ
* ᱳᱭᱨᱟᱛ
* ᱵᱩᱨᱭᱮᱛ
 |
| ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ | ᱴᱨᱟᱪᱤᱥᱮᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ (ᱪᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ) ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱞᱤᱠ (ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ) ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱭᱤᱞ |
| ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ |
| ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱮᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ |  ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ
 ᱪᱤᱱ
* ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ
* ᱥᱤᱱᱡᱤᱭᱟᱝ
* ᱪᱤᱝᱦᱟᱭ
 |
| ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ | ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ: ᱥᱴᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ, ᱪᱤᱱ: Council for Language and Literature Work |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱳᱰ |
| ISO 639-1 | `mn` |
| ISO 639-2 | `mon` |
| ISO 639-3 | `mon` – inclusive code Individual codes: `khk` – Khalkha Mongolian `mvf` – Peripheral Mongolian (part) |
| ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ | `mong1331` |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | `part of 44-BAA-b` |
|  |
|

**ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ** (, *ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱳᱞ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱮ*) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱩᱴ ᱕.᱒ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ **ᱠᱷᱟᱞᱠᱷᱟ** ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱞᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱚᱞᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱚᱞᱟ ᱾

## ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱪᱷᱮᱨ

## ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ

## ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ

## ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ

## ᱯᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

## ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ

## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* Lingua Mongolia (a website dedicated to the Mongolian language, mostly as written in the Mongolian Uyghur script) Archived ᱒᱐᱒᱒-᱐᱓-᱑᱙ at the Wayback Machine.
* Bolor Mongolian-English dictionary

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
# ᱫᱷᱟᱢ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ

| ᱫᱷᱟᱢ  |
| --- |
| ᱫᱷᱟᱢ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱛᱮ 'ᱫᱷᱤᱢᱟᱞ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱟ' ᱚᱞ |
| ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ |  ᱟᱵᱩᱜᱤᱫᱟ
 |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | ᱫᱷᱤᱢᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ |
|

ᱫᱷᱤᱢᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱢ ᱚᱞ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ ᱮᱱᱠᱳᱰᱤᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

## ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ‌ ᱢᱮ

* ᱫᱷᱤᱢᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
# ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱭᱤᱞ

| ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱭᱤᱞ  |
| --- |
|  |
| ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ |  ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
 |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ |
| ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ | ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱭᱤᱞ* ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱭᱤᱞ
	+ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤ ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱭᱤᱞ
		- ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱭᱤᱞ
 |
| ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱛᱤ | ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ |

**ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱭᱤᱞ** ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱬᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤ ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱭᱤᱞ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ (For the general system and for punctuation, see that article.)

## ᱪᱤᱠᱤ

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱴ | அ | ஆ | இ | ஈ | உ | ஊ | எ | ஏ | ஐ | ஒ | ஓ | ஔ |
| ᱟᱭ.ᱳ.ᱮᱥ | a | ā | i | ī | u | ū | e | ē | ai | o | ō | au |
| ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱭᱤᱞ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱴ | க | ங | ச | ஜ | ஞ | ட | ண | த | ந | ப | ம |
| ᱟᱭ.ᱳ.ᱮᱥ | k | ṅ | c | j | ñ | ṭ | ṇ | t | n | p | m |
| ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱭᱤᱞ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ᱯᱨᱤᱱᱴ | ய | ர | ல | ள | வ | ஶ | ஷ | ஸ | ஹ | க்ஷ | ற | ழ | ன |
| ᱟᱭ.ᱳ.ᱮᱥ | y | r | l | ḷ | v | ś | ṣ | s | h | kṣ | ṟ | ḻ | ṉ |
| ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱭᱤᱞ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

### ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Diacritic | த்  | ஃ |
| ᱵᱷᱤᱨᱚᱢᱚ | ᱵᱷᱤᱥᱚᱨᱜᱚ |
| ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱭᱤᱞ |  |  |

## ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
# ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ

ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱝ (᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱢᱮᱯ) (ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ) ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱮᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾
**ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ** ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

## ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱷᱟ

## ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ

### ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ

ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱤᱣᱨᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱚ, ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱚ, ᱨᱳᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱞᱛᱳ-ᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱠ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ, ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ, ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ (ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ/ᱩᱨᱫᱩ), ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ, ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱥ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ, ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ, ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱔᱖% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾

### ᱪᱤᱱᱟ-ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ

ᱪᱤᱱᱟ-ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱼᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱑.᱓ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱓᱓ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾

### ᱫᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ

### ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ

### ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ

### ᱤᱣᱨᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ

### ᱟᱞᱛᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ

### ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱳ-ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ

(Afro-Asiatic family)

### ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱼᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ

(Nilo-Saharan languages family)

### ᱱᱟᱭᱡᱟᱨ-ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ

(Niger–Congo languages family)

## ᱮᱛᱟᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ

## ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ

## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* Linguistic maps (from Muturzikin)
* Ethnologue
* The Multitree Project
* Lenguas del mundo (World Languages)
* Comparative Swadesh list tables of various language families (from Wiktionary)
* Most similar languages Archived ᱒ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱒᱐᱒᱓ at the Wayback Machine.

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ