Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ

**ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ** ᱥᱮ **ᱯᱟᱪᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ** ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱑᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱮᱱᱤᱱ, ᱵᱩᱨᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱥᱳ, ᱠᱮᱯ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱰᱮ, ᱜᱟᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ, ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ, ᱜᱤᱱᱤ, ᱜᱤᱱᱤ-ᱵᱤᱥᱟᱶ, ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ, ᱞᱟᱭᱵᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱚᱣᱨᱤᱛᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ, ᱱᱟᱭᱡᱟᱨ, ᱱᱟᱭᱡᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱮᱱᱮᱜᱟᱞ, ᱥᱤᱭᱮᱨᱟ ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱳᱜᱳ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱦᱮᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱮᱥᱮᱱᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱨᱤᱥᱴᱟᱱ ᱫᱟ ᱠᱩᱱᱦᱟ (ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱮᱴᱮᱰ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ ᱳᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱡᱽ ᱴᱨᱮᱴᱨᱤ)᱾ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ 2016 ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ 362 ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱓᱘᱑,᱙᱘᱑,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱑᱘᱙,᱖᱗᱒,᱐᱐᱐ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱒,᱓᱐᱙,᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱣ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱟᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱚᱠᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ-ᱢᱳᱲ ᱞᱳᱢ-ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱫᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱫᱩᱨᱤᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱚ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱯᱨᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱳᱞᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱴᱞᱟᱱᱴᱤᱠ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱟᱥ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢᱠᱚ, ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱮᱱ, ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱹᱫᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱩᱥᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱳᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱯᱷᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱩᱨᱤᱵ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱩᱲᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱱᱛᱤ ᱩᱯᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱥᱛᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱫᱩᱨᱤᱵ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱚᱨᱤ ᱠᱳᱥᱴ, ᱜᱷᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱱᱮᱜᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾

ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱤᱥᱟᱹᱬ ᱡᱳᱨᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱯᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱥᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱸᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱠᱳᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱢᱟᱴᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱴᱞᱟᱱᱴᱤᱠ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱨᱥᱩᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱸᱥᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱟ᱾ ᱠᱟᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱡᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱤᱠᱳᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱩᱡᱟᱹᱲ, ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱯᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱫ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ, ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱫᱩᱥᱚᱱ, ᱯᱞᱟᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱦᱤᱸᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾
# ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ

ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ
**ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ** ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ 70,560,000 ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱜᱟᱭ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱠᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 20% ᱫᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱱᱴᱟᱨᱠᱚᱴᱤᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱚᱝᱥᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱦᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱓,᱘᱙᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱑᱒,᱗᱖᱒ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱫᱤᱭᱟᱢᱟᱱᱛᱤᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱘,᱐᱔᱗ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱒᱖,᱔᱐᱑ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱾

## ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ

ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ **ᱫᱤᱯ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ** ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ- ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ, ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱜᱟᱥᱠᱚᱨ, ᱢᱟᱞᱫᱤᱯ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾

## ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ

ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ- ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ, ᱵᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ, ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱤᱱ ᱩᱯᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ, ᱠᱚᱪᱷ ᱩᱯᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ, ᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱩᱯᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾

## ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ

ᱠᱚᱪᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ, ᱠᱮᱨᱚᱞᱟ
ᱪᱤᱴᱟᱜᱚᱝ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ
ᱵᱤᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟᱯᱟᱴᱱᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ
ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ-
**ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ** ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ
ᱢᱩᱢᱵᱟᱭ, ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ, ᱠᱚᱞᱠᱟᱛᱟ, ᱠᱚᱪᱤ, ᱵᱤᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟᱯᱟᱴᱱᱟᱢ, ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱫᱤᱯ, ᱯᱚᱨᱴ ᱵᱞᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ;
ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱴᱟᱜᱚᱝ;
ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢᱵᱚ, ᱦᱟᱢᱵᱟᱱᱴᱚᱴᱟ, ᱜᱟᱞᱮ;
ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱦᱟᱨ;
ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱪᱤ, ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷ, ᱜᱣᱟᱫᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱞᱩᱪᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ;
ᱭᱮᱢᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱰᱮᱱ;
ᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱥᱠᱟᱛ;
ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱭᱟᱝᱫᱩᱱ;
ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱠᱚᱨᱛᱟ, ᱢᱮᱫᱟᱱ ᱾

## ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ

*

*

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

## ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Commons+cat

* "The Indian Ocean in World History" (Flash). Sultan Qaboos Cultural Center. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
* "The Indian Ocean Trade: A Classroom Simulation" (PDF). African Studies Center, Boston University. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
* "Indian Ocean" . *Encyclopædia Britannica* (11th ed.). 1911. `{{cite encyclopedia}}`: Cite has empty unknown parameters: `|HIDE_PARAMETER13=`, `|HIDE_PARAMETER14c=`, `|HIDE_PARAMETER14ab=`, `|HIDE_PARAMETER3=`, `|HIDE_PARAMETER1=`, `|HIDE_PARAMETER4=`, `|HIDE_PARAMETER2=`, `|separator=`, `|HIDE_PARAMETER8=`, `|HIDE_PARAMETER14bb=`, `|HIDE_PARAMETER20=`, `|HIDE_PARAMETER5=`, `|HIDE_PARAMETER14b=`, `|HIDE_PARAMETER14cb=`, `|HIDE_PARAMETER14a=`, `|HIDE_PARAMETER10=`, `|HIDE_PARAMETER9=`, `|HIDE_PARAMETER15chapter=`, `|HIDE_PARAMETER6=`, `|HIDE_PARAMETER7=`, `|HIDE_PARAMETER11=`, and `|HIDE_PARAMETER12=` (help)

ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ
ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ
ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ
ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ
# ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ

ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
**ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ** (ᱦᱤᱵᱽᱨᱩ ᱺ מלחמת ששת הימים, *ᱢᱤᱞᱦᱮᱢᱮᱛ ᱥᱮᱸᱥᱮᱸᱛ ᱦᱟ ᱭᱟᱢᱤᱢ*; ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ: النكسة, *ᱟᱱ-ᱱᱟᱠᱥᱟᱦᱚ*, "The Setback" or حرب ۱۹٦۷, *Ḥarb 1967*, "War of 1967") ᱑᱙᱖᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱕ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱫ ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ, ᱡᱚᱨᱰᱟᱱ, ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ, ᱑᱙᱖᱗ ᱟᱨᱚᱵ-ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱚᱵ-ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱥᱤᱱᱟᱭ ᱩᱯᱚᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ ᱵᱚᱰᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱨᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱕ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱪᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾

## ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ(Background)

## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* The Photograph: A Search for June 1967 Archived ᱒᱐᱒᱐-᱐᱕-᱒᱕ at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
* The three soldiers – background to that photograph Archived ᱒᱐᱐᱘-᱐᱕-᱒᱗ at the Wayback Machine.
* Six Day War Personal recollections & Timeline Archived ᱒᱐᱐᱘-᱐᱕-᱒᱖ at the Wayback Machine.
* Six-Day War Archived ᱒᱐᱐᱘-᱐᱕-᱑᱗ at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopaedia of the Orient
* All State Department documents related to the crisis
* Letters from David Ben-Gurion on the Six-Day War Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱓-᱐᱘-᱒᱔ at the Wayback Machine. Shapell Manuscript Foundation
* UN Resolution 242. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
* The status of Jerusalem, United Nations, New York, 1997 (Prepared for, and under the guidance of, the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People). Retrieved July 17, 2010.
* Status of Jerusalem: Legal Aspects. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
* Legal Aspects The Six Day War – June 1967 and Its Aftermath – Professor Gerald Adler Archived ᱒᱐᱐᱘-᱐᱕-᱑᱖ at the Wayback Machine.
* General Uzi Narkiss Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱗-᱑᱐-᱑᱐ at the Wayback Machine. – A historic radio interview with General Uzi Narkiss taken on June 7 – one day after the Six-Day War, describing the battle for Jerusalem
* Liberation of the Temple Mount and Western Wall by Israel Defense Forces Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱖-᱐᱒-᱐᱑ at the Wayback Machine. – Historic Live Broadcast on Voice of Israel Radio, June 7, 1967. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
* How The USSR Planned To Destroy Israel in 1967 by Isabella Ginor. Published by *Middle East Review of International Affairs* (MERIA) Journal Volume 7, Number 3 (September 2003)
* Position of Arab forces May 1967 Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱕-᱐᱕-᱒᱗ at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved July 22, 2014.

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
# ᱵᱤᱥᱥᱚ ᱵᱮᱝᱠ

World Bank building at Washington
ᱵᱤᱥᱥᱚ ᱵᱮᱝᱠ[en.World\_Bank] ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱬᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱯᱟᱧᱪᱟᱭ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱵᱤᱥᱥᱚ ᱵᱮᱝᱠᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱠᱠᱷᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱭ᱾ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱘᱙ ᱜᱚᱴᱮᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱚᱸᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱚᱜᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱯᱷᱛᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱣᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱴ ᱮᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱣᱟᱥᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ ᱰᱤ, ᱥᱤ, ᱨᱮ᱾

ᱵᱤᱥᱥᱚ ᱵᱮᱝᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱥᱴᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱝᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱦᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ International Development Association, IDA ᱟᱨ International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, IBRD

## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* Official website
* IBRD main page
* IDA main page
# ᱵᱳᱨᱚᱱ

**ᱵᱳᱨᱚᱱ** ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱱᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱵᱳᱞ ᱫᱚ boron ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ short ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱥᱤᱢᱵᱳᱞ ᱫᱚ B ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱳᱢᱤᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱕ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱥᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱯᱮᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱭᱨᱞᱤ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱯᱨᱮᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱞᱟᱨ ᱱᱭᱩᱠᱞᱤᱭᱳ ᱥᱤᱱᱛᱷᱥᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ,
ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱮᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱟᱥᱴ (crust) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱣ (low) ᱮᱵᱚᱱᱰᱮᱱᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱳᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱱᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞᱤ ᱚᱠᱚᱨᱤᱝ (occurring) ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱮᱴ (concentrate) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱳᱨᱮᱴ ᱢᱤᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱤᱨᱮᱠᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱨᱱᱟᱭᱴ (kernite) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱵᱷᱟᱯᱳᱨᱴᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱳᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱳᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱳᱰᱭᱩᱥᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱱᱴ ᱵᱳᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱞᱳᱭᱚᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱴ-ᱳᱨᱜᱮᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱮᱢᱟᱣᱩᱱᱴ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱟᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱚᱱᱠᱚᱢᱵᱟᱭᱱᱰ ᱵᱳᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱫᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱰᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚᱞᱤ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱯᱭᱳᱨ (pure) ᱵᱳᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱨᱳᱰᱭᱩᱥᱚᱨ ᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱯᱷᱨᱟᱴᱚᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱟᱢᱤᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱ ( refractory contamination) ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱳᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱱᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱳᱨᱚᱱ ᱮᱜᱽᱡᱤᱴ (boron exist) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱮᱞᱳᱴᱨᱚᱯᱥ ᱫᱚ
ᱮᱢᱟᱨᱯᱷᱳᱥ ᱵᱳᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱨᱳᱣᱱ ᱯᱳᱣᱰᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ;
ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱴᱟᱭᱞᱤᱱ ᱵᱳᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱮᱠᱥᱴᱚᱨᱟᱢᱞᱤ ᱦᱟᱨᱰ (about 9.5 on the Mohs scale), ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱣᱚᱨ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱢ ᱴᱮᱢᱯᱮᱨᱮᱪᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱭᱢᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱱᱴ ᱵᱳᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱳᱨᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱯᱞᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱᱥ ᱥᱤᱢᱤᱞᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱭ-ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱝᱛᱷ ᱢᱮᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱞᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱳᱱ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱳᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱵᱳᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱱᱡᱽᱭᱩᱢ ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞᱤ ᱤᱱᱥᱩᱞᱮᱥᱚᱱ (insulation) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ (structural materials) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱳᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱱᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱳᱨᱚᱱ ᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱱᱴ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱞᱠᱟ ᱯᱤᱱᱰ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱞᱳᱭᱚᱰ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
# ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ

HE ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ C
**ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ** ᱟᱣᱟᱨᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱥᱨᱮᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱠᱴᱤᱱᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱡ (actinide series), ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱛᱣᱚ (element) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱤᱡ (series) ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱱᱤᱭ ᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱪᱷᱟ (᱕ ᱯᱟᱨᱩᱠᱟᱪᱷᱟ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱱ (electron) ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱛᱣᱚ (element) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱤᱞᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱤᱞᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱤᱞᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ (element) ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾

## ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱟᱱ

ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱡᱤᱵᱚᱱ ᱟᱵᱚᱫᱷᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱺ-
ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱠ---ᱦᱟᱞᱯᱷ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱯᱷ--- ᱯᱷᱨᱤ ᱢᱚᱞᱮᱠᱭᱩᱞᱥ ᱥᱨᱚᱛ ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱒᱓᱘---᱔.᱕᱑×᱑᱐᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ---ᱟᱞᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱬ--- ᱱᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞ

ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱒᱓᱕---᱗.᱐᱗×᱑᱐᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ--- ᱮᱞᱯᱷᱟ--- ᱠᱟᱬ--- ᱱᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞ

ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱒᱓᱔---᱒.᱓᱕×᱑᱐᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ---ᱟᱞᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱬ--- ᱱᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞ

ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱒᱓᱙---᱒᱓ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ---ᱵᱤᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱬ--- ᱠᱨᱤᱛᱨᱤᱢ

ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱒᱓᱗---᱖.᱘ ᱫᱤᱱ---ᱵᱤᱴᱟ ᱠᱟᱬᱼᱼᱠᱨᱤᱛᱨᱤᱢ

ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱒᱓᱓---᱑.᱖᱒×᱑᱐᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ---ᱟᱞᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱬ--- ᱠᱨᱤᱛᱨᱤᱢ

ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱒᱓᱒---᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ---ᱟᱞᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱬ---ᱠᱨᱤᱛᱨᱤᱢ

ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱒᱓᱑---᱔.᱒ ᱫᱤᱱ--- ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱨᱟᱦᱱ ---ᱠᱨᱤᱛᱨᱤᱢ

ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱒᱓᱐---᱒᱐.᱘ᱫᱤᱱ---ᱟᱞᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱬ---ᱠᱨᱤᱛᱨᱤᱢ

ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱒᱒᱙---᱕᱘ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ---ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱱ--- ᱠᱨᱤᱛᱨᱤᱢ

ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱒᱒᱘---᱙.᱓ ᱴᱤᱯᱤᱡ --- ᱟᱞᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱬ ---ᱠᱨᱤᱛᱨᱤᱢ

ᱱᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱓᱘ ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱙᱙.᱒᱘ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱥᱟᱛ, ᱒᱓᱕ ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱐.᱗᱑ ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱥᱟᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱓᱔ ᱥᱟᱢᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱐.᱐᱐᱖ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

## ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱤᱞᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱑᱗᱘᱙ ᱤᱥᱣᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱞᱟᱯᱨᱚᱴ (Klaproth) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱤᱪᱵᱞᱮᱸᱰ ᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠ ᱟᱭᱥᱟᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱤᱞᱤᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱭᱩᱨᱱᱟᱥ ᱜᱨᱟᱦ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱜᱟᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱔᱑ ᱤ. ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱞᱟᱯᱨᱚᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱫᱟᱨᱛᱷ ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱴᱮᱴᱨᱟᱠᱞᱚᱨᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱴᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ (K) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱨᱤᱰᱟᱠᱥᱚᱱ (reduction) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱛᱩ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾

᱑᱘᱙᱖ ᱤ᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱱᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱠᱣᱚᱨᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱚᱸ ᱮᱠᱴᱤᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱭᱚᱜᱤᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱭᱥᱟᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱛᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱤᱪᱵᱞᱮᱸᱰ ᱟᱭᱥᱟᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾

## ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ

ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱦ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱯᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱵᱷᱟᱜ ᱑᱐᱑᱔ ᱴᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱵᱷᱟᱜ ᱑ ᱜᱨᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱔×᱑᱐-᱖ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ ᱥᱮᱞ (ᱪᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱨᱮᱱᱟᱭᱤᱴ) ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱬᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭ ᱥᱮᱞ (ᱪᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱮᱥᱟᱞᱴ) ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱑/᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱤᱪᱵᱞᱮᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱱᱚᱴᱟᱭᱤᱴ᱾

## ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱢᱮ

• ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱩ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ

• ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱩ ᱵᱟᱢ

## ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱸᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱ Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱒-᱐᱕-᱑᱑ at the Wayback Machine.
# ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ

| ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ |
| --- |
| ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ Central Bodish |
| ᱡᱟᱹᱛ | ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱮᱨᱯᱟ |
| ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱪᱷᱮᱨ | ᱪᱤᱱ (ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱭᱚᱛᱛᱚᱥᱟᱥᱤᱛᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ, ᱪᱤᱝᱦᱟᱭ, ᱥᱤᱪᱩᱣᱟᱱ, ᱜᱟᱱᱥᱩ, ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱱ); ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ (ᱞᱟᱫᱟᱠᱷ, ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱢ, ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨᱟᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ, ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ, ᱚᱨᱩᱱᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ, ᱟᱥᱟᱢ); ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ (ᱜᱤᱞᱜᱤᱛ-ᱵᱟᱞᱛᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ); ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞ; ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ | ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱼᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ* ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱼᱵᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ
	+ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤᱼᱠᱟᱱᱟᱣᱨᱤ?
		- ᱵᱳᱫᱤᱥ
			* **ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ**
 |
| ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱩᱯ | ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ
* ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ
 |
| ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ | * ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ
* ᱟᱢᱫᱳ
* ᱠᱷᱟᱢᱥ
* ᱠᱚᱝᱠᱟᱼᱞᱳᱠᱷᱟ
* ᱞᱟᱫᱟᱠᱷᱤᱼᱵᱟᱞᱛᱤ
* ᱞᱟᱦᱩᱞᱤᱼᱥᱯᱤᱛᱤ
* ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱚᱝᱼᱠᱟᱜᱮᱫ
* ᱥᱮᱨᱯᱟᱼᱡᱤᱨᱮᱞ
* (ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ)
 |
| ᱜᱞᱚᱴᱴᱚᱞᱚᱜᱽ | `oldm1245` |
| ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ |

**ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ** (ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ: བོད་སྐད།, ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ: Tibetic languages) ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱼᱵᱚᱨᱢᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱢᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛ ᱞᱩᱜᱷᱩᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱚᱢᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱦᱮᱢᱟᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛ, ᱪᱤᱝᱦᱟᱭ, ᱜᱟᱱᱥᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ‌ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱫᱟᱠᱷ, ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ, ᱥᱤᱠᱠᱤᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱚᱨᱩᱱᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱥᱢᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱞᱜᱤᱛ-ᱵᱟᱞᱛᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱖᱐ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ

## ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ

## ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ

## ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* Comparative Dictionary of Tibetan Dialects (CDTD) Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱖-᱐᱙-᱑᱗ at the Wayback Machine.
* Languages on the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas Archived ᱒᱐᱐᱗-᱐᱖-᱑᱑ at archive.ph [Error: unknown archive URL] — Nicolas Tournadre
* Overview of Old Tibetan Synchronic phonology Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱓-᱐᱗-᱒᱘ at the Wayback Machine. by Nathan Hill
* L'évolution des langues et les facteurs écolinguistiques : le cas des langues d'éleveurs et des langues d'agriculteurs sur le Haut Plateau tibétain at CNRS-LACITO
* China’s Tibet policy continued attempt at erasing Tibetan language