Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ

View across a dock in the Gulf of Naples at night
 **ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ**  ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱧᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱨᱫᱮᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱒᱔ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱒ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱒ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱵ ᱯᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱚᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱵᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱭ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩᱨᱚᱜ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ- ᱟ ᱾ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱘ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱫᱩᱜᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱺᱭᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱤᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱓ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱢ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱜᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱔-᱕ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ ᱪᱤᱯᱨᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱖ ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱩᱱ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱛᱱᱚ

ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱵᱷᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
# ᱫᱷᱤᱱᱟᱺᱝ

Dusk in Delhi, India.
Evening in Parambikkulam, Kerala, India
View on the bay of Naples, overlooking Mount Vesuvius at 7:30 p.m. local solar/standard time
**ᱫᱷᱤᱱᱟᱺᱝ** ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ᱾ ᱫᱷᱤᱱᱟᱺᱝ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱣ ᱜᱚᱫᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩᱨ ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱩᱲᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱨᱫᱤᱥᱴᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱥᱟᱵ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ‌ ᱦᱩᱭᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱹᱞ ᱕ ᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱣᱨᱤ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ᱾

## ᱥᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ

ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱤ **ᱯᱷᱟᱱᱚᱝ** ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ **ᱫᱜᱤᱱᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ** ᱚᱱᱟᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩᱨ ᱫᱚ᱾ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱧᱩᱛ ᱜᱚᱫᱚ-ᱟ᱾ ᱧᱩᱦᱩᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱫᱤᱜ-ᱟ᱾

## ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ

* ᱠᱨᱮᱯᱟᱥᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨ
* ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱥᱩᱨ

## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

## ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱟᱛ

* Quotations related to ᱫᱷᱤᱱᱟᱺᱝ at Wikiquote
* Media related to [[commons:ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:If then show|ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:If then show]] at Wikimedia Commons
# ᱡᱤᱣᱤ

| ᱡᱤᱣᱤ (Life) ᱢᱮᱥᱨᱮᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ: ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Long fossil range ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱟᱱ – ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ (possibleᱦᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ origin) |
| --- |
|  |
| ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱩᱸᱜᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ |
| ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ  |
| ᱰᱳᱢᱮᱱ, ᱥᱩᱯᱟᱨᱜᱨᱩᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ |
|
ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ:
* ᱥᱮᱞᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ
	+ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱟ
	+ ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ
	+ ᱤᱣᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱳᱴᱟ
		- ᱟᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱤᱭᱟ (ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ)
		- ᱥᱤ.ᱟᱨ.ᱭᱩ.ᱮᱢ.ᱮᱥ
		- ᱰᱤᱥᱠᱳᱵᱟ
		- ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱢᱳᱱᱟᱰᱟ
		- ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱣᱤᱢᱳᱱᱟᱰᱤᱰᱟ
		- ᱮᱱᱥᱟᱭᱨᱳᱢᱳᱱᱟᱰᱤᱰᱟ
		- ᱦᱮᱢᱤᱢᱟᱥᱴᱤᱜᱳᱯᱷᱳᱨᱟ
		- ᱯᱨᱳᱵᱷᱳᱨᱟ
		- ᱰᱟᱭᱟᱯᱷᱳᱨᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ
			* ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱯᱞᱟᱥᱴᱤᱰᱟ (ᱫᱟᱨᱮ-ᱱᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ)
			* ᱠᱨᱤᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴᱟ
			* ᱦᱮᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴᱟ
			* TSAR?
				+ ᱴᱮᱞᱳᱱᱮᱢᱤᱭᱟ
				+ SAR
					- ᱥᱴᱨᱟᱢᱮᱱᱳᱯᱤᱞᱥ
					- ᱮᱞᱵᱷᱤᱭᱳᱞᱟᱴᱟ
					- ᱨᱟᱭᱡᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ
	+ *ᱯᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱳᱱ* (*incertae sedis*)
		- *Parakaryon myojinensis*
* ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱥᱮᱞᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ
	+ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ
 |

**ᱡᱤᱣᱤ** ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱜᱽᱱᱟᱞᱤᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱳᱢᱤᱭᱳᱥᱴᱮᱥᱤᱥ, ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ, ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱵᱳᱞᱤᱡᱚᱢ, ᱦᱟᱨᱟ, ᱟᱹᱨᱩ-ᱵᱟᱹᱨᱩ, ᱩᱥᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱞᱟ ᱮᱢ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ-ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ᱾ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱽᱨᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ - ᱦᱚᱭ, ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱥᱯᱷᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱴ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱮᱠᱥᱴᱨᱮᱢᱳᱯᱷᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱮᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ **ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱴᱟ** ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱮᱢᱯᱮᱰᱳᱠᱞᱮᱥ-ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱨᱤᱥᱴᱳᱴᱚᱞ-ᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱭᱞᱳᱢᱳᱨᱯᱷᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱓.᱕ ᱵᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱨᱤᱥᱴᱳᱴᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗᱔᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱟᱭᱚᱥ-ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱱᱳᱢᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱱᱳᱢᱮᱱᱠᱞᱮᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱱᱤᱠ ᱢᱚᱞᱤᱠᱭᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱠᱨᱳᱢᱚᱞᱤᱠᱭᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱣᱠᱞᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱰᱤ.ᱮᱱ.ᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ.ᱮᱱ.ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ: ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ᱾ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱛ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱨᱳᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱳᱴ (ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱟ), ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱤᱣᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱳᱴ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱽᱨᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱱᱤᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

## ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ

* Vitae (BioLib)
* Wikispecies – ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨᱤ
* Biota (Taxonomicon) (archived 15 July 2014)
* Entry on the *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*
# ᱨᱤᱛᱩ

**ᱨᱤᱛᱩ** ᱵᱟ **season** ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱸᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱽ ᱚᱪᱩᱭᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱚᱦᱟᱣᱩᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ, ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ, ᱦᱮᱢᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱨᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱛᱩᱜᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ, ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱫᱮᱥ, ᱟᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾

## ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱮᱜᱟᱨ

ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱸᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱨᱟᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱲᱦᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱵᱷᱟᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱟᱜᱮᱱᱟ, ᱥᱚᱡᱟᱨᱩ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱤᱫᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱮᱵᱚᱱ ᱵᱩᱡᱼᱟ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

## ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ

ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾

* ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ
* ᱦᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ

ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾

* ᱯᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱰᱮ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ
* ᱯᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱦᱮᱢᱟᱞ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ

## ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱠᱚᱛ

ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱤᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾
ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟ᱾
ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱺ

## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

## ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱟᱛ
# ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ

|  |
| --- |
| ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ
 |
|  |
|  |

**ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ** ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱞᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ **ᱵᱟᱱᱰᱷᱮᱡ** (Device) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱴᱟ (Data) ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ **ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱱᱰᱷᱮᱡ** ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ CPU (Central Processing Unit), ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit), CU (control unit) ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ CPU ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱸᱨ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱞᱟ ᱾ ALU ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱵᱟᱺᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱤᱱᱯᱩᱴ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱣᱩᱴᱯᱩᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾
ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱛ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱜᱟᱭ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱱᱛᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱱᱟᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱜᱮᱭ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱵᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ, ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱾

## ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ

ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱚᱜ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ :- ᱦᱟᱰᱣᱮᱨ, ᱥᱚᱯᱴᱣᱮᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱤᱡ ᱾ **ᱦᱟᱰᱣᱮᱨ** ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ **ᱥᱚᱯᱴᱣᱮᱨ** ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱜᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱪᱩᱜ ᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱾

## ᱧᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱷᱟᱛ

ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ "**ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴ**" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱢᱟᱪᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ "ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱱᱰᱷᱮᱡ" ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑᱖᱑᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ Richard Brathwait ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ **The Yong Mans Gleanings** ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ

## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* Warhol & The Computer
# ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ

| ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠ |
| --- |
| **íslenska** |
| ᱨᱟᱹᱲ | ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:IPA-is |
| ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ |
| ᱡᱟᱹᱛ | ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹ |
| ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ  | ᱓᱑᱔,᱐᱐᱐ (᱒᱐᱑᱕) |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ | Indo-European
* ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ
	+ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ
		- ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱠᱮᱱᱰᱮᱱᱮᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ
			* ᱤᱱᱥᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱥᱠᱮᱱᱰᱮᱱᱮᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ
				+ **ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠ**
 |
| ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ | ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱱᱟᱨᱥ
* ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱱᱚᱨᱥ
	+ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠ
 |
| ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ | ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ (ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ) ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠ ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱭᱤᱞ |
| ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ |
| ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱮᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ |  ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ |
| ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ | Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies in an advisory capacity |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱳᱰ |
| ISO 639-1 | `is` |
| ISO 639-2 | `ice (B)` `isl (T)` |
| ISO 639-3 | `isl` |
| ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ | `icel1247` |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | `52-AAA-aa` |
| ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ |
|

**ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠ** (ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠ: íslenska) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱓᱑᱔,᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱨᱣᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱚᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱩᱨᱼᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠ ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾

## ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

## ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ

## ᱢᱟᱹᱱ

## ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ

## ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ

## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* The Icelandic Language Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱔-᱐᱗-᱐᱓ at the Wayback Machine., an overview of the language from the Icelandic Ministry for Foreign Affairs.
* BBC Languages – Icelandic, with audio samples
* Icelandic: at once ancient and modern Archived ᱒᱐᱐᱗-᱐᱖-᱑᱕ at the Wayback Machine., a 16-page pamphlet with an overview of the language from the Icelandic Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, 2001.
* The *New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures* in Icelandic, the modern bible translation, published by Jehovah's Witnesses, both printed and online versions, 2019.
* Íslensk málstöð (The Icelandic Language Institute) Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱔-᱐᱒-᱐᱓ at the Wayback Machine.
* (ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠ ᱛᱮ) Lexicographical Institute of Háskóli Íslands / Orðabók Háskóla Íslands Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱔-᱐᱒-᱑᱙ at the Wayback Machine.

### ᱰᱤᱠᱥᱤᱱᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ

* Icelandic-English Dictionary / Íslensk-ensk orðabók Sverrir Hólmarsson, Christopher Sanders, John Tucker. Searchable dictionary from the University of Wisconsin–Madison Libraries
* Icelandic – English Dictionary: from Webster's Rosetta Edition.
* Collection of Icelandic bilingual dictionaries Archived ᱒᱐᱒᱐-᱑᱐-᱒᱓ at the Wayback Machine.
* Old Icelandic-English Dictionary by Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
# ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ

| ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ |
| --- |
| *Englisc* |
| A detail of the first page of the *Beowulf* manuscript, showing the words "ofer hron rade", translated as "over the whale's road (sea)". It is an example of an Old English stylistic device, the kenning. |
| ᱨᱟᱹᱲ | ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:IPA-ang |
| ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ | ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ (ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ), ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ |
| Era | ᱑᱓ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ | ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ
* ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ
	+ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱠ
		- ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ
			* ᱮᱝᱞᱳᱼᱯᱷᱨᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ
				+ ᱮᱝᱞᱤᱠ
					- **ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ**
 |
| ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ | ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳᱼᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ
* ᱯᱨᱳᱴᱳᱼᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ
 |
| Dialects | * ᱠᱮᱱᱴᱤᱥ
* ᱢᱮᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ
* ᱱᱚᱨᱛᱷᱩᱵᱽᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ
* ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱟᱱ
 |
| ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ | ᱨᱩᱱᱤᱠ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ (ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ). |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱳᱰ |
| ISO 639-2 | `ang` |
| ISO 639-3 | `ang` |
| ISO 639-6 | `ango` |
| ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ | `olde1238` |
|

**ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ** (Old English), **ᱮᱝᱞᱳᱼᱥᱮᱠᱥᱟᱢ** (Anglo-Saxon) ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱮᱱᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱮᱝᱞᱳᱼᱥᱮᱠᱥᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

## ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ

## ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ

## ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ

## ᱚᱨᱛᱷᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ

## ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ

## ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ

## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* Old English/Modern English Translator
* Old English (Anglo-Saxon) alphabet
* Old English Letters Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱔-᱐᱘-᱒᱒ at the Wayback Machine.
* Downloadable Old English keyboard for Windows and Mac at the Wayback Machine (archived ᱒᱓ ᱡᱩᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱐)
* Another downloadable keyboard for Windows computers
* Guide to using Old English computer characters Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱖-᱐᱒-᱒᱕ at the Wayback Machine. (Unicode, HTML entities, etc.)
* The Germanic Lexicon Project
* An overview of the grammar of Old English at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived ᱑᱖ ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱑)
* The Lord's Prayer in Old English from the 11th century (video link)
* Over 100 Old English poems are edited, annotated and linked to digital images of their manuscript pages, with modern translations, in the *Old English Poetry in Facsimile Project*: DM

Dictionaries
* Bosworth and Toller, *An Anglo-Saxon dictionary*
* Old English – Modern English dictionary at the Wayback Machine (archived ᱒ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ ᱒᱐᱐᱕)
* Old English Glossary at the Wayback Machine (archived ᱒᱒ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱒᱐᱑᱒)
* Dictionary of Old English

Lessons
* Old English Online by Jonathan Slocum and Winfred P. Lehmann, free online lessons at the Linguistics Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin
* The Electronic Introduction to Old English at the Wayback Machine (archived ᱗ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱕)
* Learn Old English with Leofwin
* *Old English Made Easy* at the Wayback Machine (archived ᱓ ᱢᱮ ᱒᱐᱐᱙)

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
# ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ

**ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ** (German: Deutsch or (die) deutsche Sprache) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱤᱣᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱩᱭᱡᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱞᱮᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥᱮᱱ, ᱞᱚᱠᱥᱢᱵᱚᱨᱜᱽ ᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱣᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱞᱡᱤᱭᱟᱢ, ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ, ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱚᱪ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾

## ᱪᱤᱠᱤ

ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ (CAPS) ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱞᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

## ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ

ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ :-

* **ᱜᱚᱭᱛᱷᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ** -- ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫᱼᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ-ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

* **ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱤᱱ ᱰᱚᱪ ᱥᱯᱨᱮᱪ** -- ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱑᱑᱗ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

* **ᱰᱚᱪ ᱣᱮᱞᱤ** -- ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾

## ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ

ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ :

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **null** | ᱯᱷᱟᱝ, ᱥᱩᱱ |
| **eins** | ᱢᱤᱫ |
| **zwei** | ᱵᱟᱨ |
| **drei** | ᱯᱮ |
| **vier** | ᱯᱩᱱ |
| **fünf** | ᱢᱚᱬᱮ |
| **sechs** | ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ |
| **sieben** | ᱮᱭᱟᱭ |
| **acht** | ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ |
| **neun** | ᱟᱨᱮ |
| **zehn** | ᱜᱮᱞ |
| **elf** | ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱤᱫ |
| **zwölf** | ᱜᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱨ |
| **dreizehn** | ᱜᱮᱞ ᱯᱮ |
| **vierzehn** | ᱜᱮᱞ ᱯᱩᱱ |
| **fünfzehn** | ᱜᱮᱞ ᱢᱚᱬ |
| **sechzehn** | ᱜᱮᱞ ᱛᱩᱨ |
| **siebzehn** | ᱜᱮᱞ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ |
| **achtzehn** | ᱜᱮᱞ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ |
| **neunzehn** | ᱜᱮᱞ ᱟᱨᱮ |
| **zwanzig** | ᱵᱟᱨᱜᱮᱞ, ᱵᱟᱜᱮ |
| **ja** | ᱦᱮᱸ |
| **nein** | ᱵᱟᱝ |
| **ich** | ᱤᱧ |
| **du** | ᱟᱢ (ᱜᱟᱛᱮ) |
| **er** | ᱩᱱᱤ (ᱠᱚᱲᱟ) |
| **sie** | ᱩᱱᱤ (ᱠᱩᱲᱤ) |
| **es** | ᱱᱚᱣᱟ |
| **wir** | ᱟᱵᱚ |
| **ihr** | ᱟᱹᱵᱤᱱ (ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ, ᱢᱟᱹᱱ) |
| **Sie** | ᱟᱹᱵᱤᱱ (polite) |
| **sie** | ᱩᱱᱠᱩ |
| **Schweiz** | ᱥᱩᱭᱡᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ |
| **Österreich** | ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟ |
| **Deutschland** | ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ |
| **wer** | ᱚᱠᱚᱭ |
| **wie** | ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ |
| **wo** | ᱚᱠᱟᱨᱮ |
| **was** | ᱪᱮᱫ |

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* Online German Language Course An online German language course that includes lessons covering pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar.
* German phrasebook at Wikivoyage
* Learn to Speak German Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱓-᱐᱖-᱐᱘ at the Wayback Machine. Student Resource
* Free German Language Course Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱓-᱐᱒-᱑᱗ at the Wayback Machine.
* German Thesaurus Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱘-᱐᱓-᱓᱑ at the Wayback Machine.
# ᱰᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ

| ᱰᱮᱱᱤᱥ |
| --- |
| *dansk* |
| The first page of the Jutlandic Law originally from 1241 in Codex Holmiensis, copied in 1350. **The first sentence is:** "*Mæth logh skal land byggas*" **Modern orthography:** "Med lov skal land bygges" **English translation:** "With law shall a country be built" |
| ᱨᱟᱹᱲ | ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:IPA-da |
| ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | * ᱰᱮᱱᱢᱟᱨᱠ
* ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱱᱞᱮᱱᱰ
* ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱳ ᱫᱤᱯᱠᱚ
* ᱥᱞᱮᱥᱣᱤᱠ-ᱦᱳᱞᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ (ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ)
 |
| ᱡᱟᱹᱛ | ᱰᱮᱱᱤᱥ |
| ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ  | ᱖�0 ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ | ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ* ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ
	+ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ
		- ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱠᱮᱱᱰᱮᱱᱮᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ
			* **ᱰᱮᱱᱤᱥ**
 |
| ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ | Old Norse
* Old East Norse
	+ Early Old Danish
		- Late Old Danish
 |
| Dialects | * ᱵᱳᱨᱱᱦᱳᱞᱢᱮᱭᱤᱱ (ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱰᱮᱱᱤᱥ)
* ᱡᱤᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠ
* ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱡᱤᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠ
* ᱤᱱᱥᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱰᱮᱱᱤᱥ
 |
| ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ | ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱯᱷ: ᱰᱮᱱᱳ-ᱱᱳᱨᱳᱡᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ |
| ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ |
| ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱮᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | * Kingdom of Denmark
* ᱰᱮᱱᱢᱟᱨᱠ
* ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱳ ᱫᱤᱯᱠᱚ
* *ᱨᱮᱫ:Flag of Nordic Council.svg ᱱᱚᱨᱰᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱭᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ*
* *ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱚ ᱤᱣᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ*
 |
| ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱢᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | * ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱱᱞᱮᱱᱰ
* ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ
 |
| ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ | Dansk Sprognævn (ᱰᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ) |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱳᱰ |
| ISO 639-1 | `da` |
| ISO 639-2 | `dan` |
| ISO 639-3 | Either: `dan` – Insular Danish `jut` – Jutlandic |
| ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ | `dani1285`  Danish `juti1236`  Jutish |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | `5 2-AAA-bf & -ca to -cj` |
|   ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
  ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱱᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ
  ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ |
|

**ᱰᱮᱱᱤᱥ** (ᱰᱮᱱᱤᱥ : dansk;  /ˈdeɪnᵻʃ/; ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ : Danish) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱠᱮᱱᱰᱮᱱᱮᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱖᱐ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱮᱱᱢᱟᱨᱠ, ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱱᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱮᱱᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ

## ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

## ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱪᱷᱮᱨ

## ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ

## ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ

## ᱚᱞ

## ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ

## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* "Sproget.dk" (ᱢᱤᱫ ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢ ᱰᱮᱱᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱞᱟ, ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ (ᱰᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ))

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
# ᱥᱩᱭᱰᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ

| ᱥᱩᱭᱰᱤᱥ |
| --- |
| *svenska* |
| ᱨᱟᱹᱲ | [ˈsvɛ̂nːska] |
| ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | ᱥᱣᱤᱰᱮᱱ, ᱯᱷᱤᱱᱞᱟᱸᱰ, ᱮᱥᱛᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟ |
| ᱡᱟᱹᱛ | ᱫᱩᱭᱰᱤᱥ, ᱯᱷᱤᱱᱥ |
| ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ  | ᱑᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ: ᱓.᱒ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ | ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ
* ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ
	+ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ
		- ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱠᱮᱱᱰᱮᱱᱮᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ
			* **ᱥᱩᱭᱰᱤᱥ**
 |
| ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ | ᱞᱛᱤᱱ (ᱥᱩᱭᱰᱤᱥ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ) ᱥᱩᱭᱰᱤᱥ ᱵᱨᱮᱭᱤᱞ |
| ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ | Swedish Sign Language Tecknad svenska (falling out of use) |
| ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ |
| ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱮᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ |  ᱥᱣᱤᱰᱮᱱ  ᱯᱷᱤᱱᱞᱟᱸᱰ  ᱟᱞᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ  *European Union* *ᱨᱮᱫ:Flag of Nordic Council.svg Nordic Council* |
| ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ | Swedish Language Council (in Sweden) Swedish Academy (in Sweden) Institute for the Languages of Finland (in Finland) |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱳᱰ |
| ISO 639-1 | `sv` |
| ISO 639-2 | `swe` |
| ISO 639-3 | `swe` |
| ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ | `swed1254` |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | `52-AAA-ck to -cw` |
|  |
|

**ᱥᱩᱭᱰᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ** (ᱥᱩᱭᱰᱤᱥ ᱺ svenska [ˈsvɛ̂nːska] (); ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ : Swedish) ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱣᱤᱰᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱱᱞᱟᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ (᱒᱐ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ) ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱓᱐ ᱞᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ ᱾

## ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱝ

## ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

## ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱝ

## ᱨᱚᱱᱚᱲ

## ᱚᱞ

## ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ

ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:NIE Poster

* Swadesh list of Swedish basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
* Swedish-English/Swedish-Arabic/Swedish-Russian/Swedish-Spanish Dictionaries from Språkrådet – Institute for Language and Folklore
* People's dictionary
* Online version of *Svenska Akademiens ordbok* (Swedish)

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
# ᱰᱟᱪ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ

| ᱰᱟᱪ |
| --- |
| *Nederlands* |
| ᱨᱟᱹᱲ | ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:IPA-nl |
| ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱱᱰᱮᱨᱥ |
| ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ | ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ, ᱵᱮᱞᱡᱤᱭᱟᱢ, ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ, ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ; ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱨᱩᱵᱟ, ᱠᱤᱭᱩᱨᱟᱥᱟᱣ, ᱥᱮᱸᱱᱴ ᱢᱟᱨᱛᱷᱮᱱ, ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱯᱷᱞᱟᱱᱰᱮᱨᱥ |
| ᱡᱟᱹᱛ | * ᱰᱟᱪ
* ᱯᱷᱮᱢᱤᱝᱥ
* ᱤᱱᱫᱳ
* ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱢᱤᱥ
 |
| ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ  | ᱒᱔ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ (L1 plus L2 speakers): ᱒᱙ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ (᱒᱐᱑᱘) |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ | ᱤᱱᱫᱳ-ᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ* ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱚ
	+ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱚ
		- ᱠᱤ ᱯᱷᱨᱝᱠᱟᱱᱤᱭᱚ
			* **ᱰᱟᱪ**
 |
| ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ | ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱰᱟᱪ
* ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱰᱟᱪ
 |
| ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ | * ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ (ᱰᱟᱪ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ)
* ᱰᱟᱪ ᱵᱨᱮᱭᱤᱞ
 |
| ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ | Signed Dutch (*NmG*) |
| ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ |
| ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱮᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ |  ᱵᱮᱞᱡᱤᱭᱟᱢ  ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ  ᱥᱩᱨᱤᱱᱟᱢ

Dependent entities
* ᱟᱨᱩᱵᱟ
* ᱠᱤᱭᱩᱨᱟᱥᱟᱣ
* ᱥᱮᱸᱱᱴ ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱ

ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ
* Benelux
* European Union
* South American Union
* Caribbean Community
 |
| ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱽᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ | Nederlandse Taalunie (Dutch Language Union) |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱳᱰ |
| ISO 639-1 | `nl` |
| ISO 639-2 | `dut (B)` `nld (T)` |
| ISO 639-3 | `nld` Dutch/Flemish |
| ᱜᱽᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ | `mode1257` |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | `52-ACB-a` |
| Dutch-speaking world (included are areas of daughter-language Afrikaans) |
| Distribution of the Dutch language and its dialects in Western Europe |
|

**ᱰᱟᱪ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ** ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱔ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱮᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱟᱪ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱞᱡᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱰᱟᱪ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

## ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ

## ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

## ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱝ

## ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ

## ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱝ

## ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

* ᱰᱟᱪ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ at Curlie
* The Nederlandse Taalunie, Dutch language union
* The Dutch Learner's Grammar Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱙-᱐᱙-᱒᱙ at the Wayback Machine., from The University of Sheffield)

## ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ