# Tictile Alphabet

Sisitemu esheshatu zingenzi zubwoko bukoreshwa c. 1900: Haüy, Gall, Howe, Ukwezi, Braille, Tegereza
**Tactile Alphabet** ni uburyo bwo kwandika ndetse no gusoma bukoreshwa n'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona . Mugihe kuri ubu sisitemu ya Braille niyo izwi cyane kandi ibikoresho bimwe byateguwe muburyo bwukwezi, mumateka, izindi nyuguti nyinshi zifite ubundi buryo bwinshi bwo kugirango uzisobanukirwe:

## Sisitemu ishingiye ku nyuguti z'Abaroma

* Ubwoko bw'ukwezi
* Sisitemu ya Valentin Haüy (muburyo bwitondewe )
* "Inyuguti ya mpandeshatu" ya James Gall, akoresheje inyuguti nkuru n’inyuguti nto, yakoreshejwe mu 1826 mu bitabo bya mbere bishushanyije byasohotse mu Cyongereza
* Sisitemu ya Edmund Frye (inyuguti nkuru gusa)
* Sisitemu ya John Alston (inyuguti nkuru gusa)
* Sisitemu ya Jacob Snider, Jr., akoresheje inyuguti zegeranye zisa na sisitemu ya Haüy, yakoreshejwe mu gusohora Ivanjili ya Mariko mu 1834, igitabo cya mbere cyanditsweho muri Amerika .
* Samuel Gridley Howe ' Boston Line ukoresheje inyuguti ntoya, yatewe na sisitemu ya Gall ariko isa cyane ninyuguti zisanzwe z'Abaroma
* Umurongo wa Philadelphia wa Julius Reinhold Friedlander, ukoresheje inyuguti nkuru zose, zisa na sisitemu ya Alston, zikoreshwa mu kigo cya Pennsylvania gishinzwe kwigisha abatabona (ubu ni ishuri rya Overbrook ry’abatabona) muri Philadelphia
* Sisitemu ya William Chapin (no mu kigo cya Pennsylvania), ahuza inyuguti nto z'umurongo wa Boston n'umurwa mukuru wa Philadelphia, agakora "sisitemu ihuriweho" (yakoreshejwe mu 1868 mu bitabo byacapwe na NB Kneass, Jr. )
* Elia Chepaitis 'ELIA Frame tactile alphabet / imyandikire yimyandikire ikubiyemo ibintu byingenzi biranga inyuguti yikiromani murwego. Ikadiri yerekana aho inyuguti itangirira kandi ikarangirira kandi ikemerera ubushakashatsi buri gihe. Gukoresha imiterere yinyuguti yikiromani mubishushanyo bifasha abantu babonaga mbere kubyiga. Kandi ibisa nayo nimyandikire isanzwe yabaroma ifasha abarezi bareba kwiga no gusangira inyuguti nabantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona.
* Decapoint - Uburyo butagikoreshwa bwimyandikire yikilatini

## Sisitemu ishingiye ku kadomo

* Kwandika nijoro
* Braille
* New York Point, sisitemu yamanota yahimbwe na William Bell Wait, yarushanwe na braille mugihe runaka mbere yuko braille itsindira

## Sisitemu ishingiye ku bimenyetso uko bishakiye

* Sisitemu ya Thomas Lucas, ishingiye ku magambo ahinnye na fonetike
* Sisitemu ya James Hatley Frere, isa na Lucas kuko yari ishingiye ku magambo ahinnye, ariko yanditswe muburyo bwa boustrophedon
* Vibratese

## Reba kandi

* Igishushanyo mbonera
* Sisitemu y'ibimenyetso bifatika

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* . p. 79. `{{cite book}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)[Original from Columbia University Digitized Aug 18, 2009][GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LD., ST JOHN'S HOUSE, CLERKENWELL ROAD, LONDON, E.C.]
* A Critical Evaluation of the Historical Development of the Tactile Modes and Reading and an Analysis and Evaluation of Researches Carried out in Endeavors to make the Braille code Easier to Read and to Write
* chapter 3: Early British Codes
* Virtual Exhibition "Signs - Books - Networks" of the German Museum of Books and Writing: Braille

Inyandikorugero:BrailleAmashakiro