# Panas

*Para keng aliwang gamit, lawen ye ing Panas (pamaglino).*

| Panas |
| --- |
|  *Formica rufa* worker |
| Scientific classification |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Kaarian: | Animalia  |
| Division: | Rhopalocera  |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda  |
| Subphylum: | Hexapoda  |
| Pinduan: | Insecta  |
| Subclass: | Pterygota  |
| Infraclass: | Neoptera  |
| Superorder: | Endopterygota  |
| Orden: | Hymenoptera  |
| Suborder: | Apocrita  |
| Superfamily: | Vespoidea  |
| Familia: | **Formicidae** Latreille 1809 |

 |
| Subfamilies |
| * Aenictinae
* Aenictogitoninae
* Aneuretinae
* Apomyrminae
* Cerapachyinae
* Dolichoderinae
* Dorylinae
* Ecitoninae
* Formicinae
* Leptanillinae
* Leptanilloidinae
* Myrmeciinae
* Myrmicinae
* Nothomyrmeciinae
* Ponerinae
* Pseudomyrmecinae
 |

Deng **panas** ing metung kareng matagumpeng diling grupu da reng
insektu. Lalu lang intresanti uling
social insect la, at mititikdo lang asnang ka-organisadung colony o tuknangan, a keraklan bibilugan da reng milyun-milyung indibidwal. Neng kayi, miugne-ugne la reng colony a mikakamag-anak, at bumilug lang supercolony, a tutung maleparan sasakupan a gabun.

Tutuknangan dang panas ing halus eganaganang labwad king yatu.
Bibilugan da ing labinglimang porsyentu (15%) ning eganaganang
biomass da reng animal king metung a kakewan a tropical
rainforest. Anyang banwang 2006, miras nong 11,844 deng kikilalanan dang species da reng panas. Karen lang lugal a mangapali keraklan mayayakit deti.

## Penibatan

Tuturing dong metung a family deng panas, itang Formicidae, a
kayabe king order a Hymenoptera. Miyapse o menibat la reti king
lahi da reng en: vespoid wasp.

Template:Sectstub

## Pamibalangkas ning katawan

Makikilala la reng panas a yaliwa kareng aliwang insektu kareting
kayuryan a makatuki: antenna, metung a kadwang dake o pakling
(segment) misnang kaskup a bibilug tangkeng balamu node; uring worker o
talapagobra a alang pakpak; at ing presensya ning metapleural gland.
Atilan lang organung panyalat kareng karelang butit, antenna, thorax o
salu, at buntuk, a makakilala kareng (vibration) a maglakbe king gabun.
Makisabi la murin kapamilatan da reng kemikal. E la
dumitak keng apulu anggang adwang pulung klasing paralan ning
pamakisabi kapamilatan da reng kemikal.

Atin lang pakpak deng keraklan kareng queen ampong lalaking panas,
at mawawala kaybat ning karelang nuptial flight; nanupata, ating
malyaring luntong queen a yalang pakpak (ergatoid), ampong lalaking
alang pakpak.

## Pamanalkus (Development)

Holometabolous la reng panas, at dadalan la king
ganap o kumpletung metamorphosis. Ing buri
nang sabyan, dadalan la king panaun a magi lang larva ampong
pupa bayu la miras king idad. Potang larva la, e la makakimut dili
ra, uling ala lang bitasang bitis, uli ning ating maningat at papakan
karela. Itang pamangan da potang panaun a larva la ing panibatan ning
pamiyaliwa da reng queen ampong worker, at saka deng myayaliwang ranggu
(caste) da reng worker. Pakanan da la reng larvae kapamilata’ning
metung a paralan a awsan dang trophallaxis, nung nu yapsa nang
pasibayu ning panas ing pamangan a misimpan ketang kayang buksi (crop)
para king mabilug a kolonya. Makanini da muring bibye king metung at
metung deng panas a mangaragul na ing pamangan. Uling kaylangang e
mamalis ing pali o temperatura ning paligid da reng larva at pupa,
marlas dong piyalis-alis deti kareng myayaliwang brood chamber o silid
a pipaningatan.

Karas na king edad ning bayung worker, gamitan na ing mumunang mapilan
a yaldo king pamaningat ning queen ampo reng ának a panas. Kaybat,
malis ya king pamangulkul at aliwa pang obra king sale o pugad. Potang
kayi, ita namang pamangalap pamangan ampong pamamingwa (defense) ning
sale ing kayang maging obra. Malagwang lang malilyari deng
pamanaliwang deti, at ila ing awsan dang temporal caste o ranggung
basi king panaun. Agpang king metung a teorya, malilyari iti uling
dakal lang mamamate king pamangalap pamangan, anya mitotoka la mu
kaniti reng panas ustung matwa na la at malapit na muring mate. Kareng
mapilan a uri da reng panas, atin muring “physical caste,” nung nu la
myayaliwa dagul deng panas – detang minor, median ampong major. Mumuna
lang mangalap pamangan detang tawli. Keraklan, asnong karagul buntuk
detang mas mangaragul a panas kumpara king katawan da, anya mas masikan
la en:mandible o panga. Neng kayi, “soldier” ing aus da kareng
panas a reti uling mas masikan la reng karelang panga king pamakilaban,
dapot worker la pa murin deti, at e maragul ing pamiyaliwa ning
karelang obra kareng worker a minor o median. Kareng mapilan a
species, ala nang median worker, anya tutung maragul pamiyaliwa da reng
ninor ampong major.

Halus pare-pareu ing paralan ning pamiparakal da reng keraklan kareng
karaniwan a uri da reng panas. Potang umpisa, bábai la ngan deng panas
king metung a kolonya, dapot ing queen mu ampo reng babaing paglahi
(breeding fenales) ing malyaring mamalipi (mate). Lindas king
karaniwan a paniwala, ating saleng panas a maki mapilan a queen. Drone
naman ing aus da kareng lalaking panas. Miyayapsa lang maki pakpak
deti kalupa da reng babaing paglahi, at ala lang gagawan deti king
mabilug dang bye nun e mangan, anggang panaun na bang mamalipi. King
panaun a ita, idala ro ngan king kilwal ning kolonya deng eganaganang
panas a paglahi liban king queen, at makanyan murin ing malilyari
kareng aliwang kolonya. Kaybat, susulagpo la reng eganaganang panas a
paglahi. Malilyari ing pamipalipi kabang susulagpo la reng panas, at e
maglwat mate no reng lálaki. Kuldas no man detang bábai at maintun
lang lugal a bageng gawang kolonya. Karas karin, pututan do reng
sarili rang pakpak, mangebun la, at ingatan do reti. Agyang mayna la
at mas malati deng mumunang worker kumpara karetang katuki ra, tanbing
lang magsilbi king kolonya deti. Paragulan de ing sale, mangalap lang
pamangan, at ingatan do reng aliwang ebun. Makanyan yang magumpisa ing
metung a kolonya.

## Pamakisabi (komunikasyun) ampong pangimut

Ing acrobat ant
(*Crematogaster* - Myrmecidinae)
Busbus king punsu - bang e lungub ing danum neng mumuran
Keraklan, misasabi la reng panas kapamilatan da reng chemical a awsan
dang pheromone. Uling makatuklu la king gabun keraklan king panaun
da reng panas, mas dakal la at komplikadu deng mensahi rang chemical
deng panas kesa kareng aliwang kayabe king Hymenoptera. Anya alimbawa
nung manakit yang pamangan ing metung a mangalap pamangan kabang pauli
ya (a akikilala na kareng tanda [landmark] ampo ing pusisyun ning
aldo), maglakwan yang gasgas (trail) king gabun, a e maglwat yang
tukyan da reng aliwang panas. Kauli ra, pasikanan de iti, at
miragdagan la reng panas a dadalan, anggang magisan ing pamangan.
Potang malyari ita, uling e re pasikanan, bagya-bagya yang mabura.
Istung mepitpit ya ing metung a panas, magpalwal yang alarm pheromone,
a maging sangkan ba lang sumugud deng panas a malapit karin. Nung
ditak ne man iti, lumapit la reti. Atin namang panas a magpalwal
karetang amanwan dang propaganda pheromone ba lang mabaligo deng
karelang kalaban.

E malyaring mabalu ing direksyun o nangan da reng gasgas (trail) da
reng panas. Ing buri nang sabyan niti, e na balu ning metung a panas a
lalakad king gasgas a e manyanga nung papunta ya o parayu king sale ra
iti. Anti la mong letrang “Y” manyanga o manyalapung deng gasgas
panas, at 60 degrees ing anggulu da reng gasgas a parayu king sale
(secondary trail), at iti ing babye direksyun kareti. (Jackson *et
al*, 2004)

Kalupa da reng aliwang insektu, gagamitan do reng panas deng karelang
antena (a makaba at maimpis) king pamamau. Agagalo do reti, at atin
lang tela “siku” kaybat ning mumunang at makabang dake o pakli
(elongated first segment). Uling paris la reti, ababalu da ing
direksyun ampong sikan ning sinyal. Mipaglibe lang pheromone deng
panas; makasamut la king pamangan deng sangkap a reti, at ababalu da
reng panas ing tungkul king pamikakatawan at pamamangan ning metung at
metung. Abalu da murin deng panas nung nau ing grupu da king obra deng
asasaganan da (alimbawa, nung mamulut la reti o manyamasan lang sale).
Tungkul kareng pheromone, gagawa yang espesyal a pheromone ing queen, a
nung ala yu iti, magumpisa lang magparagul bayung queen deng worker.

Lulusub la reng panas at pamingwa (pagtanggul) de ing sarili ra
kapamilata’ning pamanginis, at kareng dakal a species, kapamilata’ning
pamanasyad (stinging). Sanuman ing gagamitan dang paralan, malyaring
atin lang papalub a sangkap o kemikal ketang biktima ra. Metung ya
kareng pekamaulaga kareti ing formic acid.

Mabibyasa la reng keraklan da reng animal kapamilatan ning
pamakyapus kareng aliwang animal. Nanupata, mapalyaring karen mung
panas mayayakit ing “teaching behavior” (pamanuru) bukud kareng
tau. Ustung ituki ne ning metung a panas ning species a
*Temnothorax albipennis* itang kayang kayabe ketang pikukwanan
pamangan, bagalan na ing kayang pamaglakad nung mitatawli ya itang
metung, at pandalasan na nung masyadu neng malapit itang metung (Franks
and Richardson, 2006).

## Ing pamisaup-saup da at pamikumpitensya deng panas

Ating species a panas a kilala king karelang pamanlusub at pamanyakup
kareng kolonya da reng aliwang panas. Atin namang aliwang e makanyan
kahilig king pamanyakup, dapot agresibu la murin; lulusuban do reng
kolonya bang manakong ebun o larva, a kakanan da o paragulan da bang
maging worker (talapagobra). Malagad, ating kolonyang panas nung nu
adwa lang species deng magobra king metung mung kolonya.

## Uri

 Ing Wikimedia Commons atin yang mediang maki kaugnayan kang/king: Ant
Tutu lang dakal a myayaliwang uri deng panas, at pati na deng karelang
pangimut o “ugali” (behavior). Manibat adwa (2) anggang adwang pulu’t
lima (25) lang milimetru (mmm) ing karelang dagul (0.08 anggang metung
[1] a pulgada). Myayaliwa la mu naman kule. Keraklan, malutu la o
matuling, dapot atin muring aliwang kuleng mayayakit. Ating mapilan a
uring balamu metal kintab, antimo ing genus a *Pheidole* ning
Pangulung Amerika (North America).

Lon ya ing *list of ant genera (alphabetical)* para king listaan
(a alphabetical o makasamasan agpang king alpabetu) da reng genus a
panas king mabilug a yatu, at ing *antbase.org/Hymenoptera Name Server* para king
metung a kumpletung katalugu da reng eganaganang species da reng panas
king yatu a balu tamu ampo deng karelang synonym o katumbas a lagyu.
Ing Antbase.org/Hymenoptera Name Server, atin yang
up to date record of the actual number of species, nung nu la malyaring tukyan deng the description of new taxa Archived Agostu 25, 2006 at the Wayback Machine.

## Ing kaugnayan da reng panas kareng aliwang species

* Magpalwal lang lang mayumung likidung awsan dang honeydew deng

en:aphid. Keraklan, paburen dang mababaldug king gabun iti, pero
nung maki panas, titipunan da iti. Deta namang panas ing mitatabi
kareng lulub. Yalis do murin deng aphid kareng lugal a mas dakal
pamangan.

* Sosoga dong panas deng ulad (caterpillar) a myrmecophilous o malugud kareng panas (a maki kuleng asul/iro, kule tansu, o maki mapinung gulis [hairstreaks]). Dadala do reti kareng pipanganan neng aldo, at lulub do king sale da reng panas panga bengi. Atin lang glandula deng ulad a magpalwal honeydew neng apisan deng panas.
* Anting ulad a myrmecophagous (mamangan panas) a magpalwal pheromone bangkanita bala ra reng panas, metung ya iti kareng sese rang ulad. Uli na niti, idala re iti ketang karelang sale, nung no malyaring kakan deng larva (detang anak) da reng panas.
* Ita namang Allomerus decemarticulatus, gagamitan ne ing tanaman nung nu ya manuknangan ampo ing metung a fungus ba nong siluan deng kayang darakpan.
* Kayabe la king tribe a attini deng panas a magpatubung fungus.

Kayabe la keti deng en:leafcutter ant, a tatanam king metung a
uring fungus a kayabe kareng genus a *Leucoagaricus* o
*Leucocoprinus* ning Agaricaceae family. Kaniting ugnayan
ning panas ampong fungus, magdependi la reng adwang species king metung at metung bang kumabye

* Deng lemon Ant, gagawa la kareng

amanwan dang en:Devil's garden: papaten do ngan deng tanam a
pakapadurut liban mu kareng dutung a lemon ant (lemon ant trees).

## Deng tau ampo reng panas

Maragul lang saup deng panas ba lang ilako deng pesting insektu at
payanginan ya ing gabun. Nanupata, malyari lang mameruiciu nung luban
do reng bale, mula, hardin ampong asikan. Manyira lang dutung deng
en:carpenter ant kapamilatan ning pamamusbus king dutung ba reng
gawang sale.
Malyari lang siran deng sale nung tukyan la reng daralanan da reng
panas angga king sale, a malyaring bulusanan bubukal a danum ba yang
mate itang queen. (E makaing tatalab nung tunggal-tunggal la mung paten
deng panas uling king pamagpalwal pheromone anti ing mebanggit king
babo].
Malyaring gamitan ing karaniwan a atisa o chalk ba lang e lalapit deng
panas. Malyari yang gumulis padurut king lugal a poprotektan kareng
panas ba lang e lungub deti.

Ating species a awsan dang *en:killer ants* uling atin lang
ugali deting sasalake kareng animal a maragul a e mu nanu karela neng
manintun pamangan o magbante kareng sale ra. Malagad mung malilyari
kareng tau iti, oneng masakit murin ing ket da, at nung dakal la retang
panas, malyaring e ne makakimut itang meket.

Pane dong babanggitan kareng kwentu kareng anak deng panas anting
alimbawa ning kasipagan at pamisaup-saup, ampo ning pamga-agresibu at
pamanablas (benggansa). Atin namang lugal king Africa nung nu la sugu
da reng dios deng panas. Marlas dang sasabyang makakayap ing ket da
reng panas. Agpang king relihiun da reng mapilan a tubu ning American
(native American), alimbawa king mitolohiya da reng Hopi, deng panas
kanu ing minunang animal. Atin namang gagamit king ket da reng panas
antimong pamanyubuk ning kapibabatan (test of endurance) king
seremonyas ning initiation o pamaglub.

* Ing sale da reng weaver ant
* Deng leaf-cutting ants (Atta sp. o Acromyrmex sp.) a pabalik na king sale ra.Deng leaf-cutting ants (Atta sp. o Acromyrmex sp.) a pabalik na king sale ra.
* Larawan na king electron microscope ning buntuk ning panas
* Deng panas a maneseng aphids
* Mapilan a panas king babo ning punsu
* Deng panas a maglinis king mete ubingan
* Metung a daralanan (trail) da reng panas
* Metung a panas king mosshill

## Lon la murin deti

* en:Ant-hill
* en:Anting (bird activity)
* en:Ants: Standard Methods for Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity
* en:British ants
* *en:Journey to the Ants*
* en:Langton's ant para kareng artikulung tungkul kareng paksang gagamit king katayang "ant"
* en:List of ant genera (alphabetical)
* en:List of notable myrmecologists
* en:List of the common names of British ant species
* en:Myrmecology: the study of ants
* en:Rare ants of the British Isles
* Red Imported Fire Ant
* en:SimAnt
* en:Stigmergy
* *en:The Ants*
* en:Antz

## Deng pikwanan

* Agosti, D., Majer, J.D., Alonso, L.E., Schultz, T.R. (eds.) (2000).

*Ants: Standard methods for measuring and monitoring
biodiversity*. Smithsonian Institution Press. 280 pp.

* Template:Journal reference
* [ Grimaldi, D.,

Agosti, D., Carpenter, J.M. (1997). New and resdiscovered primitive
ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Cretaceous amber from New Jersey, and
their phylogenetic relationships. *American Museum Novitates*
**3208**: 43pp, 24 figs., 1 tab.]

* Jackson DE, Holcombe M, Ratnieks FLW (2004). Trail geometry gives

polarity to ant foraging networks. *Nature* **432**: 907-909.

## Suglung a palwal

* [ Antbase, The complete catalogue of all ants

of the world linked to all available full text systematics publications
(>4,000), links, pictures, etc.]

* [ AntWeb, Images of more than 4,000 specimens

including all ant genera, specfic coverages for California (complete),
Florida and Madagascar.] Archived Oktubri 27, 2014 at the Wayback Machine

* Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society (UK)
* [ Myrmecology Portal:

Everything about ants] Archived Disyembri 19, 2005 at the Wayback Machine

* [

state.edu:210/hymenoptera/tsa.sppcount?the\_taxon=Formicidae Number of
Known Ant Species (Ohio State)]

* [ www.lasius.narod.ru: Russian Ant Site and

Photo Gallery] (Russian language)

* [ Project: How strong are

woodants in reality?] Archived Abril 19, 2006 at the Wayback Machine

* [ Myrmecos.net - an extensive image

gallery of ants in the wild] Archived Abril 18, 2009 at the Wayback Machine

* [ Ants of Arizona - Many photographs of

ants] Archived Disyembri 23, 2005 at the Wayback Machine

* h2g2 article on Ants
* [ Encyclopedia Brittanica

Article (pay site)]

* [ Ant Visions - latest on ant research,

along with an image gallery of ants]