# Amphibian

*Para keng aliwang gamit, lawen ye ing Amphibian (disambiguation).*

| Amphibians Fossil range: Carboniferous - Recent |
| --- |
|  White's Tree Frog (*Litoria caerulea*) |
| Scientific classification |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Kaarian: | Animalia  |
| Phylum: | Chordata  |
| Subphylum: | Vertebrata  |
| Pinduan: | **Amphibia** Linnaeus, 1758 |

 |
| Subclasses and Orders |
|
Order Temnospondyli - *extinct*
Subclass Lepospondyli - *extinct*
Subclass Lissamphibia
  Anura
  Caudata
  Gymnophiona |

Deng **amphibian** (class **Amphibia**) metung lang
taxon (grupu king klasipikasyun) da reng animal nung nu la kayabe reng
eganaganang tetrapod (vertebrate a maki apat a bitis) a alang ebun a
amniotic. Keraklan, ating panaun a king gabun la manuknangan, oneng e
la kumabyeng laganas king gabun anti kareng aliwang makabayung tetrapod (deng
amniote). Manga lima lang libu pitung dalan (5,700) deng mabyeng species
da reng amphibian. Herpetology ing aus da king pamagaral kareng amphibian
ampong reptile. Herpetophobia naman ing aus ketang takut kareng amphibian
ampong reptile.

## Ing kasalesayan da reng amphibian

Linto la reng amphibian a maki kauryan anti reng pharyngeal slit/gills,
nerve cord king gulut, notochord, ampong king gulut ning buldit (post-anal tail)
kareng myayaliwang panaun king karelang bye. Mabibye na la manibat pa kanitang
lalto la pamu deng tetrapod atlung dalan syam a pulung (390) milyun nang banwa
ing milabas, kanitang panaun a Devonian, nung kapilan ila ing minunang
animal a apat bitis a mika baga. Anyang tutuking panaun, ing Carboniferous,
mika kagiwan lang lumakad king gabun ba rang lisyan ing kumpitensya king danum
ampo reng darakap, kabang maglakbe la manibat king pilatan da reng danuman.
Menatili lang dominanting animal anting metung a grupu kilub ning pitumpulu’t
limang (75) milyung banwa. King kabilugan ning karelang kasalesayan, maragul ing
pamiyaliwa ning karelang degulan, manibat ketang Ichthyostega kanitang
Devonian a atlung pie kaba ampo itang maragul bagyang Eryops kanitang
Permian, a limang pie kaba, angga kareng pekamalati, itang misnang latiktik a
*Brachycephalus didactylus* o (Brazilian Gold Frog) ampo ing
*Eleutherodactylus iberia* ibat Cuba, a maki pangkabilugang kabang
9.6 anggang 9.8 a millimeter.

* Solomon Berg Martin, *Biology*
* Duellman/Trueb, *Biology of Amphibians*

## Pamag-grupu (Classification)

Sadya-sadya, yabe la kareng amphibian deng eganaganang tetrapod (animal a apat a
bitis) a e amniote (maki telasuput lang mitmung likidu deng karelang embryo).
Keta lang mas malating grupu kayabe deng amphibian ngening panaun tamu, a yawsan
dang Lissamphibia. Deta namung kayabe keting Lissamphibia ilang tuturing
dang Amphibia ngeni. Ing buri nang sabyan, e no kayabe deng tetrapod a e mas
malapit kareng modernung amphibian kesa kareng modernung reptile, ayup ampng
mammal.

There are two ancient, extinct, subclasses:
Adwa la reng subclass a ala na ngeni at mebye kanitang minunang panaun.

* Subclass Labyrinthodontia (paraphyletic)
* Subclass Lepospondyli

Itang mitatagan a modernung subclass, ing **Lissamphibia**, atlu ya [[Order
(biologia)|order]]:

* Order Anura (tugak ampong karag) (king Superorder Salientia):

5,228 a species

* Order Caudata o Urodela (salamander): 552 a species
* Order Gymnophiona o Apoda (caecilians): 171 a species

E la mikasundu deng siyentipiku nung Superorder ya ing Salientia nung nu ya
kayabe ing Anura, o nung sub-order ne ning order Salientia ing Anura. Ing
malilyari, deng kayanib king Salientia, ila ring Anura ampo ing metung a species
a proto-frog (pipumpunan da reng tugak) kanitang panaun a Triassic, ing
*Triadobatrachus massinoti*. Balamu mas praktikal yang tukyan ngeni itang
mumunang pamag-grupu.

## Ing pamiparakal

Karas king pamiparakal, o la midadayu king danum a tabang deng keraklan kareng
amphibian. Lipat ning ating mapilan a mabibye king danum a brackish (malat-
alat), alang taganang amphibian a mabibye king danum a malat. Nanupata, ating
pilang dalan a species da reng tugak kareng adaptive radiation (alimbawa, deng
Eleutherodactylus, Pacific Platymantines, Australo-Papuan microhylids, at dakal
pang aliwang tugak kareng lugal a tropical) a e bitasang gagamit danum para
kaniti. Darakal la kapamilatan ning tambing o diretsung pamanalkus (direct
development), metung a pamakibage king paligid ampo king ebolusyon nung nu la
mitimawa o milibri king danum a e mamagus. Mabibye la kareng tropical rainforest
a mabasa deng keraklan kareng species a reti, at potang miyapsa la reng ebun da,
tambing da nong kalupa da reng mangaragul a tugak, at e no maging butiti. Ating
muring mapilan a species a mekibage na kareng kapaligiran a malangi o malangi-
langi, dapot mangaylangan la pa muring danum a pipangebunan. Mangisnawa la reng
butiti kapamilatan da reng asang. Kayapsa ra, bagya-bagya lang manaliwa deti
anggang akalupa do reng mangatwa, metung a prosesung awsan dang [[metamorphosis
(biologia)|metamorphosis]]. Keraklan, mamako no reti potang dagul la, dapot dakal a e tutuki
king paralan a iti.

Itang pamanalto da reng apat a bitis bang mitikdo king gabun ing kapansin-pansin
diling dake ning metamorphosis da reng amphibian. Nanupata, atin pang aliwang
manaliwa kareti:

* Miyayalilan lang aliwang organu ning pamangisnawa deng asang, alimbawa

bagas.

* Manaliwa ya ing balat at mikaka en:gland ya iti ba yang e lalangi
* Mikaka talukab la reng mata at babage la king kilwal ning danum
* Mikaka en:eardrum ba yang misara ing libutad ning balugbug
* Mawawala ya ing iki kareng tugak ampong karag (toad).

## Lon la murin deti

* Ing pangagisan da reng populasyun da reng tugak
* Ing zoologia da reng tugak
* Deng amphibian kanitang minuna
* Deng tetrapod

## Deng pikwanan king lwal

Template:Dichotomouskey

* [ American Museum of Natural History:

Department of herpetology]

* The Global Amphibian Assessment Archived Abril 12, 2011 at the Wayback Machine
* AmphibiaWeb
* Amphibian