# Balugbug

Ing kayling balugbug ning metung a tau.
Ing **balugbug** metung yang organung gagamitan ning animal bang makaramdam
(detect) sound waves. Malyari yang mangabaldugan ketang
mabilug a sistemang gagamitan king pamangalap (collection) kareti at king
mumunang dake ning pamag-process ning katni (ing umpisa ning
auditory system, o mapalyaring ita mung dakeng mayayakit manibat king kilwal. E para-pareu ing lugal nung nu la makabili deng balugbug da reng animal.

## Ing gagamitan da king pamakiramdam deng e mammal

Atin lang bwak king karelang butit deng babagwa a gagamitan da bang makaramdam
katni (for detecting sound).

Metung la mu butul deng balugbug da reng reptile – itang columella (stages) (lon
ya king lalam).

## Ing balugbug da reng mammal

Ing **kilwal balugbug** (outer ear) ing dake o parti nang makalwal ning
balugbug. Pinna o auricle ing aus da ketang dakeng mayayakit, a
yang a yang gagamitan bang mangalap (collect) at mag-focus kareng sound wave.
Malyari reng ikimut deng dakal kareng mammal ing pinna ba reng aturu ing
karelang pamakiramdam king metung a direksyon anti ing pamangimut da king
karelang mata. Agyu rang gawan iti deng keraklan kareng tau. Manibat king
pinna, maglakbe la papunta king
ear canal, metung a simpling
tubong papunta king kalibudtan balugbug, deng sound
pressure wave. Papasikan no ning tubong deti deng frequency king
pilatan ning 3 kHz ampong 12 kHz.

Ating lang pingul deng balugbug da reng tau. Agyang vestigial
la reti, gagamitan do reng dakal a tau anting pitusukan tingga.
Keraklan, makakawani ya king gilid ning lupa ing pingul, at anti ya mong
makasabit king balugbug, dapot neng kayi, makapekat ya king lupa ing balugbug, a
alang pingul, uling king metung a recessive a gene. Atyu king pekakilwal nang
gilid ning kilwal balugbug ing helix
.

Kayabe ya king **kapitna ning balugbug** (middle ear) ing
salamin ning balugbug (eardrum, tympanum o tympanic membrane),
deng ossicle (atlung mangalatiktik a butul), adwang muscle
tendon (dareng muscle a stapedius ampong tensor tympani), at adwang kaptas a
nervios (nerve bundles, itang makabakle nang dake ning nervios ning lupa [facial nerve] ampong metung pang sanga ning nervios ning lupa a yausan dang chorda
tympani). King Latin, malleus, incus, at stapes ing lagyu da retang
ossicle, dapot awsan da la rin king Ingles a *hammer*, *anvil*, at
*stirrup*.

Makabukud (*unique*) la reng mammal uling atlu la butul king balugbug. Ibat la
kareng butul ning panga deng incus ampong stapes; lalung maging malino at pinu
ing pamakiramdam kareng katni uling kareti. Deng butul a reti ing magsilbing
mangituglung king salamin o timpano ketang oval window a
papunta king kakilub-kiluban ning balugbug. Ing timpano ing magsilbing manalili
kareng kalugkug king angin ketang tubo ning balugbug (*ear canal*) ba lang maging
kalugkug da reng ossicle. Deta namang ossicle, padalan do reting kalugkug
ketang membrane ning oval window papunta king likidu ning kakilub-kiluban ning
balugbug. Ing ratio (proporsion o dake) king leparan ning timpano king oval
window babye yang pamipasikan o amplification a migit-kumulang
14 dB, at pekamatas ya king frequency a manga 1 kHz. Uli
ning piyabeng transfer function ning kilwal balugbug ampo ning kapitnang
balugbug, pekamatas ing pamakiramdam kareng frequency king pilatan ning between
1 kHz and 3 kHz. Mumurung la reng muscle a tensor tympani at
stapedius ning kapitnang balugbug neng maki masikan a katni, at uli na niti,
mababawas ing pamagdala (transmission) king katni king kakilub-kiluban ning
balugbug. acoustic reflex ing aus kaniti.

Guwang (alang laman o *hollow*) ya ing libutad ning kapitnang balugbug. Nung
munta ya king matas a lugal o sumungab ya king danum ing metung a animal, mika
pamiyaliwa ing prisyun king kapitna ning balugbug ampo king kilwal ning animal.
Nung e milako ing prisyung iti, mapalyaring matdas ya o masira ing timpano. Ini
ing metung kareng gamit da reng trompa de eustaquio – a
menibat kareng asang agpang king ebolusyon – at ilang mangituglung king akmulan.
Keraklan, makatakap la reng trompa de eustaquio ba lang e mibarang
plema, oneng malyari lang ibusni kapamilata’ning pamagbaba at
pamibuklo (protruding) king panga. Ini ing sangkan ot makabawas king prisyun
kareng balugbug ing manuyab neng sasake eruplanu.

Kayabe la king kakilub-kiluban ning balugbug deng cochlea, a
yang peka organu ning pamakiramdam, ampo ing [[labyrinth (inner
ear)|labyrinth]] o vestibular apparatus, ing
organu ning pamagbalansi, a bibilugan da reng atlung [[:en:semicircular
canal|semicircular canal]] ampo ing vestibule.

Ing cochlea (ibat ya king katayang Latin para king “susû”),
metung yang silid a makabalibul (spiral), guwang (hollow), at ugis/alcus yang
balisusu (*conical*). Gawa ya iti king butul, at mitmu yang
perilymph, metung a likidung tatanggap kalugkug a ibat king
angin, dinalan king oval window, at dinalan king timpano ampo reng ossicle ning
kapitna ning balugbug (lon ya king babo). Dadalan ya king libutad na niti ing
cochlea duct, nung nu ya atyu ing makabalibul a [[w:organ
of Corti|organu nang Corti]], ing receptor organ a yang sangkan obat makaramdam
ya ing tau. Mapipitna ya ing lukib ning cochlea, a gawa king butul, kareng
atlung silid: ing scala vestibuli, a atyu king babo ning
cochlea duct, at kasiping ning oval window; ing scala media, a
yang cochlea duct a maki membrano at nukarin ating endolymph at organo nang
Corti; ampo ing scala tympani, a atyu king lalam ning
scala media at magwakas king round window. Pareu lang maki perilymph deng
adwang silid a gawa king butul (detang scala vestibuli ampong scala tympani), at
mitutuglung la reti king cochlear apex, metung a lugal a awsan dang
*helicotrema*. Ing *vestibular membrane* ing mangikawani king scala
vestibuli ampong scala media. Samantala, ing *basilar membrane* naman ing
pilatan da reng *scala media* ampong *scala tympani*. Ita namang Organu
nang Corti, makatumpak ya king basilar membrane, a mitatakpang hair cells, a sensory cell a maki mala-bwak a bageng makatumpak karelang
awsan dang stereocilia.

Potang kikimut (oscillates) ya ing stapes king oval window neng ating katni,
kikimut (oscillates) ya murin ing perilymph kilub ning scala vestibuli. Kareng
mangababang frequency (mas mababa king 20Hz), maglakbe la reng alun ning prisyun
(pressure waves) king kekaban ning cochlea – paukyat king scala vestibuli,
padurut king helicotrema, at pababa king scala tympani paras king round window.
Nung anti ya kaniti kababa deng frequency, e “misasalangyan” (activated) ing
organu nang Corti, at mas mababa ya kesa king agyu nang damdaman ning tau. Den
namang mas matas a frequency, e la maglakbe king helicotrema, nun e dadalan la
king endolymph king cochlea duct papunta king perilymph king scala tympani. Uli
na niti, kálugkug ya ing mabilug a basilar membrane. Makabage (tuned) la king
partikular a frequency deng lambal (fiber) ning basilar membrane; makuyad la at
masyas (at makabage la kareng mangatas a frequency) deng malapit king oval
window, at makaba la at malambut (floppy) (makabage kareng mangababang
frequency) detang king lele ning sepu (apex) ning cochlea.

Neng kakatni (resonates) ya ing metung a lugal ning basilar membrane, magparla
lang nerve impulse king utak deng hair
cell king lugal a ita. Karas da king utak deng nerve impulse, damdama’na lang
antimong katni ning sanumang pitch ing kabage ning partikular
a hair cell a ita. Malyari lang mate deng hair cells uling king masikan a
pamangimut ning endolymph uli ning masyadung masikan a inge. Ini ing metung
karing panibatan ning bagyang (partial) a pamangaklak, at ya ing sangkan nung
bakit kaylangan gumamit earmuff o earplug.

Parehu lang mitmung endolymph deng vestibular apparatus ampong cochlea.
Pero imbes na katni ing kayang panamdaman, ing panamdama’na, itang
rotation ning buntuk. Nung gawa kang gulis a taglus king
libutad ning balang metung kareng atlung semicircular canal, a makasalapung
perpendicular king plane nung nukarin ya ing canal,
perpendicular la reng atlung gulis. Anti la mong pekakatawan da reng atlung
axis of rotation. Malyari yang ipalto antimong atlung
agnan-agnan a pamagdurut ing sanumang pamandurut kareng atlung axis.

## Deng sakit at medical condition ning balugbug ampo ing auditory system

Malyari nong panibatan ning pamangaklak deng prublema king balugbug o auditory
processing system king utak.

* Acoustic neuroma
* Balance disorders
* Barotrauma
* Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
* Cholesteatoma
* Ear infections
* Conductive hearing impairment
* Labyrinthine hydrops
* Labyrinthitis
* Ménière's disease
* Meningitis
* Neurofibromatosis Type 1
* Neurofibromatosis Type 2
* Noise-induced hearing loss
* Nonsyndromic hereditary hearing impairment
* Otitis externa
* Otitis media
* Otosclerosis
* Perilymph fistula
* Presbycusis
* Sensorineural hearing loss
* Sudden deafness
* Tinnitus
* Usher syndrome
* Vestibular neuronitis

## Lon la murin deti

* Absolute threshold of hearing
* Acoustic reflex
* Cerumen
* Ear piercing instrument
* Georg von Békésy, winner of the 1961 Nobel Prize for his research on the

cochlea

* Glossary of medical terms related to communications disorders
* Loudness
* Pitch (music)
* Timbre
* Vestibular system

## Suglung a palwal

 Ing Wikimedia Commons atin yang mediang maki kaugnayan kang/king: Ear Protein behind hearing
* 3D Ear page Archived Abril 5, 2020 at the Wayback Machine

Template:Auditory system

**BUNTUK**: Bungu - Kanwan – Mata – Balugbug – Arung – Asbuk – Dila – Ipan – Panga – Lupa – Pisni – Baba

**BATAL**: Akmulan - Larynx – Adam's apple

**SALU**: Pago – Galudgud – Susu – Salu – Tagiang – Atian – Pusad

Sex organs (Clitoris/Puki/Ovary/Uterus/Butu/Scrotum/Bayag) – Awakan – Pitaklan – Buldit
**LIMBS**: Takde – Siku – Forearm – Wrist – Gamat – Taliri (Tindragul/Index/Middle/Palasingsingan/Little) – Leg – Lap – Thigh – Tud – Calf – Heel – Bukungbukung – Bitis – Toe (Hallux)

**BALAT**: Buak