# Archaea

| Archaea Fossil range: Archean - Recent |
| --- |
|  *Deng Halobacteria* sp. strain NRC-1, a 5 μm king kaba. |
| Scientific classification |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Sakup: | **Archaea** Woese, Kandler & Wheelis, 1990 |

 |
| Phyla |
|
Crenarchaeota
Euryarchaeota
Korarchaeota
Nanoarchaeota
ARMAN |

Metung lang maragul a dake da reng organismung mabibye deng
**Archaea** (a awsan da muring Archaebacteria). E man makaing malino ing
eksaktu rang penibatan (w:phylogeny) deng grupung deti, deng Archaea,
Eukaryotes at Bacteria ing manimunang pamipitna-pitna da reng mabibye
king awsan dang w:three-domain system. Kalupa da reng bacteria, tunggal la
cell deng archaea, at ala lang mucleus, anya iyabe ra la
kareng prokaryote antimong Monera king
taxonomy a maki limang kingdom. Minuna lang meyakit
kareng kapaligiran a extreme, dapot manibat kanita, abalu
rang mabibye la pala kareng myayaliwang klima at paligid.

## Kasalesayan

Kinilala nong Carl Woese deng Archaea kanitang 1977 agpang king karelang
pamikawani kareng aliwang prokaryote kareng
w:phylogenetic tree a 16S
rRNA. Anyang purmeru, Archaebacteria at Eubacteria ing dareti, at tuturing
da lang kingdom o subkingdom. Ing pamangaintuliran
nang Woese, aliwa lang aliwang sanga da reng mabibye deng adwang deti. Kaybat,
pemalagyuan na lang Archaea at Bacteria bang ipalto it, at sinabi nang dapat
lang dapat lang bumilug deti kareng
three domains da
reng mabibye.

## Deng Archaea, Bacteria ampong Eukaryotes

Kalupa do reng archea deng aliwang prokaryote karing keraklan kareng aspetu ning
pamibalangkas ning w:cell ampo king w:metabolism. Nanupata, karas
king genetic transcription at
translation — deng adwang prosesu nung nu
makabasi ing w:molecular biology — ala lu reting katangyan nung nu
la makikilala deng bacteria, nun e kalupa rong kalupa deng eukaryote karas
keti. Alimbawa, anti la karetang kareng eukaryote deng initiation ampong
elongation factor a magagamit king translation da reng archaean, kabang itang
karelang transcription, gagamit yang TATA-binding proteins (protinang tataid
king DNA sequence o pamituglung-tuglung a “TATA”) at TFIIB anti kareng
eukaryote.

Atin pang aliwang katangyan a mangawani kareng Archaea. E anti kareng keraklan
kareng bacteria, tunggal la mu w:cell membrane a alang peptidoglycan
wall. Karagdagan pa kaniti, pareu lang ating membrane a gawa king glycerol-
ester lipid deng eukaryote ampong reng bacteria, kabang glycerol-
*ether* lipid no man deng kareng archaea. Mapalyaring pamakibage da reng
archaea iti king hyperthermophily o paligid a mapaling
tutu. Metung pa, aliwa yang aliwa king sangkap at pamanalkus (develoopment) ing
flagellum o tela-latigu da reng archaea nung pakiyanti (ikumpara) ya iti
ketang kareng bacteria (agyang balamu milulupa la reti king mumunang lawe).

Metung a phylogenetic tree a basi
king impormasyun ibat king rRNA, a magpalto king pamikawani da lahi deng
bacteria, archaea, at eukaryote.
## Tuknangan

Dakal la reng w:extremophile kareng archaean. Deng aliwa kareti, karen
lang misnang katas a temperatura, a keraklan maygit king 100 °C, antimo
kareng w:geyser ampong w:black smoker. Den namang aliwa, mayayakit
la kareng lugal a asna namang karimla o king danum a misnang kalat, asidu, o
alkaline (anting lihiya). Nanupata, mesophile no man deng aliwang archaea,
at mayayakit la reti kareng kapaligiran a yanti kareng w:marshland,
w:sewage, at gabun. Dakal a archaea a methanogen (gagawang
methane]] a mayayakit king daralanan ning pamangan da reng animal antimo reng
w:ruminant, ane at tau. Keraklan, e la makaperwisyu kareng aliwang
mabibye, at agpang king balu tamu, alang magdalang sakit kareti.

## Itsura

Manibat king 0.1 angga king maygit 15 μm ing lapad ning balang metung a
archaean. Deng aliwa kareti, pakasapunggul la o tuglung-tuglung a balamu tali,
at miraras la reti king anggang 200 μm king kaba. Myayaliwa la alkus (shape)
deti – mabilug, anting tukud, balikungkung, anting balugbug, o rektangulo.
Myayaliwa la murin paralan metabolismu o pamamangan at pamaglaso pamangan at
prosesu king katawan. Alimbawa, gagamit lang sala deng halobacteria
(bacteria a mabibye king malat) bang gawang ATP,
dapot alang Archaea a magpagana king photosynthesis kapamilatan ning
electron transport chain, anti ing malilyari kareng aliwang grupu.

## Ebolusyon ampong pamipitna-pitna

Mapipitna la reng archaea kareng adwang mangaragul a grupu basi kareng rRNA tree
(pamisanga-sanga agpang king rRNA), deng Euryarchaeota ampong
Crenarchaeota. Bukud kareti, atin pang adwang grupu melalang para kareng
mapilan a mekwa kareng espesyal a paligid, ampo itang alang kalupang species a
*Nanoarchaeum equitans*, a atuklasan nang by Karl Stetter
kanitang 2002, dapot e malino ing karelang kaugnayan kareng aliwang archaea.

Agpang kang Woese, balang metung kareng atlung grupu – ding bacteria, archaea,
at eukaryotes – metung yang metung yang manimuna at makayaliwang lahi dareng
mabibye, a maranun kinawani ketang pipumpunan a *w:progenote* a e pa
makaing makabayu o masalese (poorly developed kaparalanan ning pamiparakal
(genetic machinery). Mababakas ya ing palageng iti ketang lagyung Archaea, a
ibat king amanung Griegung *archae* o misnang katwa.

Metung ya pa muring maragul a prublema ing pamiugne ning Archaea ampo ning
Eukarya. Bukud kareng pamilupang mebanggit na king babo, miyayabe la reng adwa
kareng aliwang genetic tree. Agpang kareng mapilan, mas malapit la reng
eukaryote king Eurarchaeota kesa king Crenarchaeota, agyang aliwa ing sasabyan
ning membrane chemistry. Nanupata, maging masakit ing pamanigaral king karelang
pamiugnayan uling king pangatuklas da reng gene a balamu karetang kareng archaea
kareng mapilan a bacteria, antimo ing *Thermotoga*. Ating sasabing
mapalyaring linto la reng eukaryote kapamilatan ning pamisanib (fusion) ning
metung a archaean ampo ning metung a eubacterium, a meging nucleus ampong
cytoplasm, a yang penibatan dareng pamilupa-lupa king gene da reti. Nanupata,
mikaka prublema king teorya iti karas king pamipalino king pamibalangkas ning
cell.

Manibat king w:sequencing da reng tunggal tunggal a gene, para king
w:systematics, miras na king sequencing ning kabilugan ning
w:genome. King salukuyan, adwa nong pulu’t apat (24) a uri da reng archaea
deng me-sequence, at adwa lang pulu’t adwa la reng e pa kumpletu
.

## Suglung a palwal

* Archaea Archived Juliu 20, 2006 at the Wayback Machine
* [ ArchaeaWeb - by UNSW - Information about

Archaea] Archived Pebreru 11, 2007 at the Wayback Machine

* [ Introduction to the

Archaea, ecology, systematics and morphology]

* [ Extremophiles Bioprospecting for

antimicrobials, Dr Sarah Maloney] Citat: "...Ground breaking research on
extremophiles continues to this day, with the recently discovered 22nd
genetically encoded amino acid – pyrrolysine – from the
archaeon, *Methanosarcina barkeri*, (Hao et al., 2002; Srinivasan et al.,
2002)...."

* [ BBC News July 21, 1999:

Toughest bug reveals genetic secrets] Citat: "...It [*Pyrococcus abyssi*]
likes conditions that the vast majority of other organisms would find impossible
to live in. It thrives best at temperatures of about 103 degrees [Celsius] and
under pressures of about 200 atmospheres...."

* Pyrococcus abyssi Home page at Genoscope

## Pikwanan

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