# Ebolusyon

*Tungkul ya king ebolusyon king larangan ning ciencia ning bye ing artikulung iti. Para kareng aliwang kabaldugan, lon ya ing Evolution (disambiguation).*
I Charles Darwin, ing igpa ning teorya ning ebolusyon kapamilata’ning natural selection.
King biologia, ing **ebolusyon** ing prosesu nung nukarin manikwa lang kauryan
(trait) deng populasyon da reng mabibye at pámana do reti kareng tutuking
henerasyun o dai. I Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ing migmunikala (proposed) king
metung kareng mumunang teorya ning ebolusyon anyang umpisa ning
kalabingsyam a siglu (19th century). Inukul (speculate) nang deng
tunggal-tunggal a organismu o lelangan (individual organisms) manikwa lang
kauryan kabang mabye la, at pamana do reti kareng supling da. Agyang
mipatunayan neng e tutu ing teoryang iti, miyapag ing pekamaulagang dake ning
makabayung teorya ketang artikulung dang adwang Charles
Darwin ampong Alfred Russell Wallace
(1858), ampo ketang libru nang Darwin a
*en:The Origin of Species* (1859).

Agpang king teorya ning evolution kapamilatan ning [[:en:natural
selection|natural selection]] a pepamunikala da ri Darwin at Wallace, malilyari
ing evolution uling lalaganap ya ing metung a kauryan a makaragdag king
pamikatagun (chance) a magparakal ya ing metung a mabibye, kapamilata’ning
pamagmana, kareng tutuking dai o henerasyun. Makanyan murin, lumagad ya ing
metung a kauryan a makabawas king pamikatagun a magparakal ya ing metung a
mabibye. Kanitang dekadang [[:en:1930s|1930], menigobra la reng siyentipiku ba
reng piyabe ing metuklas pasibayung teorya ning puli – a
pepamunikala nang Mendel – ampo ing natural
selection nang Darwin, at milalang ya ing [[:en:modern evolutionary
synthesis|makabayung pamisanib ning teoryang ebolusyon]] , a metung kareng
pekamaulagang (fundamental) teorya ning ciencia ning
makabayung biologia. King makabayung pamisanib a iti, ing “ebolusyon”
mangabaldugan yang pamanaliwa king pangalaganap (frequency) ning metung a
allele kilub ning metung a gene pool kareng
tuki-tuking henerasyun o dai. Myayaliwa la reng kaparalanan a lunto ing
pamanaliwang iti: natural selection, [[:en:genetic
drift|genetic drift]] o pamanaliwa king (gene flow) ning balangkas ning
populasyun (population structure gene flow).

## Teorya king ciencia

Atlu la reng manimuna nang aspetu ning teoryang nung nu ya makabasi ing
makabayung pamisanib”

1. Menibat la king metung mung pipumpunan deng eganaganang

mabibye.

1. The manifestation of novel traits in a lineage.
2. The mechanisms that cause some traits to persist while others perish.

Metung yang teorya ning ciencia ing makabayung pamisanib, kalupa da retang
penibatan nang teoryang ibat kang Mendel ampong Darwin. Ing metung a
teorya ning ciencia, anti neng salamin ning yatu (o metung a dake
na niti). Manibat kaniti, malyaring gawang hypothesis a
malyaring pabulanan o patutwan kapamilatan ning
empirical observation. Nung paglalaweng anti kaniti, e la
misasalungat ding katayang “teorya” (theory) ampong “katutwan” (fact), nun e
anti mong mipaglibe o mipanablas (reciprocal) ing pamiugnayan da reti —
alimbawa, metung a “katutwan” a matulid yang mabaldug papunta king libutad ning
yatu ing metung a mansanas a nikbag ra king gabun, at ing “teorya”
a mag-isplika kaniti, yapin ing salukuyan a teorya ning
gravitation. Ing bayung pamisanib ing peka[[predictive
power|masikan]] a teoryang mag-isplika king pamiyaliwa-liwa da reng mabibye
ampong pamanalto da reng bayung uri da reng mabibye, at kilub ning ciencia ning
biologia, lubusan na nong ayalilan deng minunang pamag-isplika king penibatan da
reng uri da reng mabibye.

### Ing penibatan (ancestry) da reng mabibye

|  |
| --- |
| Pre-Cambrian
Deng stromatolite king Siyeh Formation,
Glacier National Park. Kanitang 2002, milimbag yang kontrobersyal a artikulu i William Schopf ning UCLA king peryodikung *Nature* nung nu na sasabyang maki idad nong 3.5 bilyung banwa katwa deng formations a anti kaniti
Deng fossil a mikrobyung lumut.
 Nung tutu
iti, ila ing mumunang diling balu tamung lelangan king yatu. |
| Metung a
phylogenetic tree da reng eganaganang mabibye, a basi kareng datos a ibat king pamanyuri king rRNA gene. Papakit na ing
pamikawani da reng atlung domains, deng bacteria, archaea,
ampong eukaryotes agpang king pamaglarawan nang Carl Woese. Keraklan,
kawangis no murin deng phylogenetic tree a migulis kapamilatan da reng aliwang
genes, oneng malyaring aliwa lang lunto deng minunang grupung minyanga,
mapalyaring uli king malagwang pamanaliwa (rapid evolution) ning tRNA. Ala pang
pamikasundu nung nanu ing eksaktung rang relasyun o pamisuglungan. |
| Pepakit ning genetic
testing a milulupa ing keraklan king en:DNA da reng tau ampong chimpanzee.
King metung a pamanigaral kareng syam a pulung libung (90,000) base pair,
abalu nang Morris Goodman ning Wayne State
University a pareu ing 99.4% ning DNA da reng tau ampo reng
chimpanzee.
. |
|
ning NASA ketang kilalang eksperimentung
Miller-Urey. Kanitang 1953, piyaben-abayan do ri Stanley Miller ampong
Harold Urey deng sangkap a panibatan ning bye (chemical precursors to life)
king metung a lulanan a selyadu, at kine ro king kabilyan a kalupa ning anti
king yatu kanitang minuna.]] |

*Para kareng karagdagang detalye tungkul king this topic, lon ya ing Common descent.*
Malyaring masabing metung ya penibatan ing metung a grupu da
reng mabibye nung para-pareu la pipumpunan. Sasabyan ning theory of universal
common descent ning biologia a ibat la king metung a pipumpunan
o metung a gene pool kanitang minuna deng eganaganang mabibye king yatu.

Patune lang metung la mu penibatan deng eganaganang mabibye detang kauryan
(traits) a atyu kareng eganagana kareti. Kanitang panaun nang Darwin, makabasi
mu king pamagumasid kareng pamilupa ning [[:en:morphology
(biology)|pangabalangkas]] da reng mabibye, antimo itang deng ayup —
agyang e la makasulapo — atin lang pakpak. Ngeni, mika masikan a
pamipatune para king ebolusyon ibat king ciencia ning DNA genetics.
Alimbawa, gagamit yang nucelic acid antimong genetic
material (itang sangkap a magdala kareng kauryan anti ing itsura o kule tamu
kareng tutuking henerasyun o dai). Deta muring adwang pulung [[:en:amino
acid|amino acid]] ing gagamitan dang building block da reng protina. Metung
ya mung genetic code ing genetic code a gagamitan da reng
eganaganang mabibye (bukud mu kareng mangalagad a alimbawa) ba rong
ilikas deng pamituki-tuki da reng nucleic acid
papunta kareng protina. Uling antimong mikatagun ing pamamili kareng kauryan a
reti, mapalyaring tanda ne ning metung la mu penibatan deng eganaganang mabibye
itang pangkabilugan lang mayayakit deti.

abiogenesis — ing pamaglalang king bye manibat king
sangkap a e mabye — a mangabaldugang misnang lagad ing pamaglalang ning
bye ibat king kayalang-bye, o malilyari mu iti lalam da reng kabilyan a aliwang-
aliwang kareng atyu king yatu tamu ngeni. Anti na mong sasabyan ning
eksperimentung Miller-Urey a malilyari ing
abiogenesis lalam ning kabilyan kanitang minunang panaun king yatu.

Uling misna yang lambat ing prosesu ning ebolusyun, kaylangan a matwa neng tutu
ing yatu bang lunto ing e mu nanung pamiyaliwa-liwa at panga-komplikadu ning bye
ngening panaun tamu; mapalyaring bilyun-bilyun neng banwa katwa. Makabage iti
king katibayan ibat king geologia a migit-kumulang [[:en:Age of
the earth|4.6 neng bilyung banwa]]. Lon ya ing [[:en:Timeline of
evolution|Timeline of evolution]].)

Kayabe king balu tamu tungkul king ebolusyun itang datos ibat kareng larangan
ning geologia ampong planetary science. Babye lang
impormasyun tungkul king kasalesayan ning Yatu ampo reng pamanaliwang bunga ning
bye. Dakal king impormasyun tungkul king Yatu kanitang minuna ing mewala uling
kareng geological processes king pangalabas ning panaun.

#### Deng katibayan para king ebolusyon

##### Ing katibayan ibat king pangabalangkas da reng mabibye

Maulaga la reng fossil neng tatantyan tamu nung kapilan la linto
reng myayaliwang lahi. Uling e karaniwang malilyari ing fossilization, a
mangaylangang mangasyás a parti (antimo ing butul) at ing pangamate lele ning
metung a lugal nung nukarin mititipun ing banlik, e kumpletu at
malagad ing impormasyun a bibye na niti tungkul king ebolusyun ning bye.
Malagad mu ing katibayan para kareng sadyang mabibyeng alang mangasyas a dake
antimo reng kapsa, talukab, butul ampong ipan, pero ating ditak kaniti, alimbawa
itang kareng microfossil o mangalatiktik a fossil ibat kanitang minuna pang
panaun, ampo ing pamagi rang fossil deng kilkulan da reng minunang animal
(ancient burrows) ampo reng ditak a mabibye kanitang mangalambut katawan.

Nanupata, ating katibayan tungkul kareng mabibye kanitang minunang panaun kareng
fossil a mayayakit king mabilug a Yatu. Keraklan, malyari yang ulan ing katwa
da reng fossil king kabilyan da at kauryan deng batu (geologic context) nung nu
la meyakit; at ita mismung idad da malyari yang makwa kapamilata’ning
radiometric dating. Kawangis do reng aliwang fossil
deng mabibye ngeni, samantalang atin namang aliwang-aliwa. Gagamitan do reng
fossil ba rang abalu nung kapilan ya linto ing metung a lahi, at gagamitan do
reng *transitional fossil* ba rang ipakit ing
pamisuglung o pamiugnayan da reng adwang lahi. Panigaralan da reng
paleontologist ing ebolusyun, keraklan king kapamilatan
ning pamanyuri kareng fossil.

Agpang king phylogeny o pamanigaral kareng species (uri da
reng mabibye), malyari lang mika myayaliwang gamit deng dake ning katawan a
milulupa pangabalangkas (similar internal organization). Malyaring mika
vestigial organ a ditak o alang silbi king metung a
mabibye, agyang malino ing kayang gamit kareng aliwa. Alimbawa la kareti deng
wisdom teeth ampong appendix da reng
tau.

##### Katibayan ibat king genetic sequence

Papakit ning metung a pamiyanti da reng genetic sequence da reng mabibye a mas
milulupa la sequence deng mabibyeng mikanlapit basi king phylogeny
kesa karetang mikandayu. Alimbawa, manga 1.2% ing pamiyaliwa (basi king
substitution) ning neutral DNA sequence da reng tau kareng pekamalapit dang
kamaganak, deng chimpanzee, 1.6% kareng
gorilla
[
act&list\_uids=11170892], at 6.6% kareng
baboon Archived Oktubri 28, 2005 at the Wayback Machine. Mituturing yang
masikan (robust enough) a panyukad ing sequence comparison a malyari yang
gamitan ba lang samasan deng pamagkamali king phylogenetic tree nung kulang la
reng aliwang katibayan.

Atin pang karagdagang katibayan para king metung mung penibatan da reng mabibye
ibat kareng genetic detritus (detang “basurang” gene) atni reng
pseudogene, o rehiyon ning DNA a orthologous king metung
a gene king aliwang klasing mabibye, dapot e no magagamit at anti lang taglus-
taglus a mimina at mababawas (degeneration)
[
act&list\_uids=10833048].

Uling e la maglakwan fossil deng prosesung metaboliku, mararapat
ing pamanyaliksik kareng pekamaulagang kaparalanan da reng cell kapamilatan ning
pamiyanti (comparison) kareng lelangan a mabibye ngeni. Uling myayaliwa lang
panaun mikawa-kawani deng lahi, malyari tamung abalu nung kapilan ya linto ing
metung a prosesung metaboliku nung piyanti (o ikumpara) ta la reng kauryan da
reng paliping (descendant) ibat king metung a pipumpunan (common ancestor).

#### Ing penibatan ning bye

Ditak mu ing balu tamu tungkul king pamagumpisa ning bye. Nanupata, atin lang
pamilupa king kauryan deng eganaganang mabibye ngeni, kayabe no reng
pamibalangkas ning cell (cellular structure) ampo ing genetic
code. Para kareng keraklan kareng siyentipiko, mangabaldugan iting metung la
mu pipumpunan deng eganaganang mabibye ngeni, at atyu no king pipumpunan a ita
deng pekamaulagang prosesu ning cell. Nanupata, ala lang pamikasundu deng
siyentipiku king pamisuglung-suglung da reng atlung domain ning bye, deng
(Archea, Bacteria, at
Eukaryota), o ing penibatan ning bye.
Keraklan, makatutuk king pamangimut (behavior) da reng
macromolecule, lalu na ing RNA, ampo kareng
komplikadung sistema, deng tangkang manigaral king mumuna
nang kasalesayan ning bye.

#### Ing kasalesayan ning bye

Agyang e malino ing penibatan ning bye, balu ta lang mayap deng aliwang
maulagang milyari king kasalesayan ning bye. Malyari ta yang tukyan ing
pamanalto ning photosynthesis a gagamit king oxygen
(manga atlung bilyung banwa na ing milabas) ampo ing pamaniral ning atmosperang
dakal oxygen (lipat ning “reducing” a atmospera) kapamilatan ning pamanalkus
(formation) da reng depositu ning banded iron, at
kaybat deng mangalutung sapin a gawa king iron oxide.
Kaylangang dumalan king anti kaniti bayu mika [[:en:aerobic
respiration|aerobic]] en:cellular respiration, a paniwalan dang linto
adwang bilyung banwa na ing milabas. Ketang milabasan a metung a bilyung banwa,
linto la kareng kadayatan deng simpling tanaman at animal a multicellular (gawa
king dakal a cell). E miglwat kaybat ning pamanalto da reng minunang animal,
milyari ing Cambrian explosion (metung a panaun ning
alang kapante at makapagmulala, dapot saguli mung, pamanalto da reng asnang
karakal a uri da reng mabibye a mitatak kareng fossil ning [[:en:Burgess
shale|Burgess shale]]), nung kapilan la milalang deng eganaganang balangkas ning
katawan, o phylum, da reng mabibye ngeni; paniwalan dang ing
pamanalto ning Box gene ing megi nang sangkan ning pamikatagung
iti. Manga limang dalan a milyun (500 million) a banwa ing milabas, sekupan de
reng tanaman ampong fungi ing gabun, at e miglwat,
tikyan do reng en:arthropod ampo reng aliwang aniamal. Ini ing pigmulan
ning pamanalkus (development) ning ecosystem king gabun a balu
tamu ngeni.

### Ing pamanalto da reng bayung kauryan

#### Ing mutation

E na balung Darwin ing panibatan da ning pamanaliwa (variations) kareng
indibidwal a mabibye, pero apansinan nang balamu mikatagun mu iti. Kalabas ning
panaun, ing mutation ing tiru rang sangkan king keraklan kareti. Deng mutation,
permanenti lang pamanaliwa king genetic material
(keraklan ing DNA o RNA ning metung a [[:en:cell
(biology)|cell]]. Malyari lang manibat king pamagkamali king pamangopya
(copying error) king genetic material neng mararapat ing [[:en:cell
division|cell division]], ampo king “pangabilad” king
radiation, at kareng chemical, kareng [[:en:virus
(biology)|virus]], o malyaring sasaryan a lunto lalam ning pamanibala ning cell
neng meiosis o hypermutation. Kareng lelangan a multicellular, malyari
lang uryan deng mutation kareng *germline mutation,* a malyaring mipamana
kareng supling, ampo reng *somatic mutation*, a (nung e la sasaryan) keraklan
mumuli king pangasira na palakad o pangamate ning cell, at malyari nang
panibatan ning kanser.

Mágsilbi lang magdalang pamanaliwa kareng gene (genetic variation) deng
mutation, a malyari nang impluwensyan ning natural selection (o mapalyaring ali;
lon ya ing Neutral mutations). Ala
lang epektu king tsansa o pamikatagun nang kumabye ning lelangan king kayang
paligid deng neutral mutations, at
malyari lang mitipun deti king pangalabas ning panaun.

### Ing pamanatili da reng kauryan (traits)

#### Deng kaparalanan ning pamagmana (Mechanisms of inheritance)

Kanitang panaun nang Darwin, e la mikakasundu reng siyentipiku nung makananu
lang amamana deng kauryan. Ngeni, yugne ta la reng kauryan a
amamana (inherited traits) kareng makakawani (discrete) at lulwat (persistent) a
bageng awsan dang *gene,* tuglung-tuglung kareng tela-gulis
(linear) a molecule a awsan dang *DNA*. Lipat ning keraklan eksaktu ing
pamamgopya kaniti, atin yang pamiyaliwa ing DNA ning balang metung a mabibye, at
dadalan ya king prosesu ning pamanaliwa o mutation a ma-isplika
king lalam.

Nanupata, atin muring paralan ning pamagmana ning pamiyaliwang e makabasi king
DNA. E miyayapektwan ing impormasyun kareng gene kareting prosesung deti, at
keraklan, malyari lang ibalik king sadya (reversible). [[:en:epigenetic
inheritance|Epigenetic inheritance]] ing aus kareti, nung nu la kayabe deng
alimbawang anti ing DNA methylation, prion, ampong [[structural
inheritance| structural inheritance]]. Taglus-taglus pa murin ing pamanyaliksik
nung malyari kareti ing “specific heritable variation” antimong ablas kareng
sinyal ibat king paligid. Nung ini pin ing mararapat, mapalyaring ating
mapilang alimbawa ning ebolusyon a e na sakup ning karaniwan a balu tamung
balangkas ning teorya nang Darwin, a lilisya king pamiugne kareng sinyal ibat
king paligid ketang pamipalyari ning pamiyaliwang amamana (production of
heritable variation).

Ating mapilan a sangkan a mamapektu king frequency da reng allele a atyu na.
Uli da reng sangkan a reti, malyari lang mas marlas lunto deng mapilan a
kauryan, kabang mabawas no man o taglus-taglus nong mawala detang aliwa. Atlu
la reng balu tamung prosesung mamapektu king pamanatili ning metung a kauryan;
o, bang lalung partikular, ing frequency na ning allele:

* Natural selection
* Gene flow
* Genetic drift

#### Ing natural selection

Ing natural selection ing pangabye (survive) pamiparakal uling king kapaligiran.
Ing differential mortality ing kaugnayan ning dalas ning pangabye da reng
lelangan king karelang idad a malyari nong mikasupling (reproductive age) Ing
differential fertility ing pangkabilugan a ambag a amamana (total genetic
contribution) king tutuking dai o henerasyun. Uli ning pekamaulaga nang papil
(central role) ning natural selection king teorya ning ebolusyon, mika maragul a
pamisuglung king larangan a ita ampo ing pamanigaral king
ecologia.

Malyari yang pitnan ing natural selection kareng adwang kategorya:

* Malilyari ing ecological selection neng

miraragdagan la reng gene da reng lelangan a mabibye at darakal kumpara karetang
e ra ikwang kinabye .

* Malilyari naman ing sexual selection neng mas daragul

la ambag king gene pool deng lelangan a mas abuburi da reng kasumangid a
kasarian (opposite sex) uling king karelang itsura o kauryan, at uli na niti,
mas masikan lang dakal.

Kikimut ya murin ing natural selection king myayaliwang paralan:

* Ing pamaglinis (purifying) o [[:en:background

selection|background selection]] lalako no reng mutation a makasira king
populasyon.

* Ing positive selection dadagdagan ne ing dalas o

frequency ning metung a mutation a makasaup.

* Ing balancing selection panatilyan na ing

pamiyaliwa (variation) kilub ning metung a populasyon, kapamilatan ning mapilan
a kaparalanan (mechanism), alimbawa:

* + Ing overdominance o [[:en:heterozygote

advantage|heterozygote advantage]], nung nu ing
heterozygote mas masikan ya o bage (fit) kesa king sanuman
kareng anyung puru (homozygous forms) (alimbawa king [[:en:sickle cell
anemia|sickle cell anemia]] kareng tau a babye resistensya king
malaria)

* + Ing frequency-dependent selection, nung

nu mas matas la “fitness” o pangabage deng uring malagad mu (rare variants).

* Ing stabilizing selection, a papabor kareng

uryan a karaniwan king populasyun, anya mibabawasan ing pamiyaliwa at manatili
ya ing mean o kasantingan

* Ing directional mutation, a papabor ketang

metung a sepu o sikoti ning metung a uryan; uli na niti, dudusug ya ing mean o
kasantingan papunta ketang sepung ita.

* Ing disruptive selection, papabor kareng

misusumangid o mingatbang sikoti, at magbunga king bimodal distribution ning
gene frequency. Malyari yang malis o malyari yang ali ing mean o kasantingan.

neutral mutations ing aus da
kareng mutation a e na tatalaban ning natural selection. Bukud mung ing genetic
drift ampong gene flow ing mamapektu king karelang dalas o frequency king
populasyun. Paniwalan dang nung alang selection, ala lang patugut miraragdagan
deng neutral mutation. Agpang king probable mutation effect, siran de reng
mitipun-tipun a mutation ing gene a e miyayapektwan king selection o pamamili.
Aspetu ne ning genome degradation iti.

* Ing Baldwinian evolution yapin ing paralan nung makananung deng tau,

antimong animal a maki kalinangan o kultura, agyu rang mabyasa
[symbolic (extrasomatic) learning], at uli na niti, agyu reng alilan ing
karelang paligid, o ing paligid ning sanumang aliwang uri ning lelangan, at iti
panibatan da reng bayung selective forces o sangkan a mamapektu king pamamili.

#### Ing gene flow

Ing gene flow (o gene admixture o pamisamut da reng gene) ing
bukud o magdilidiling kaparalanan o mechanism nung nukarin malyari lang
mikanlapit (king aspetung genetic o king puli/pamamuli) deng populasyun kabang
daragul ya la reng gene pool. Ing gene flow ing magbunga nung malis ya ing
metung a populasyun da reng lelangan king lugal nung nukarin atin nang sadyang
makatuknang a aliwang populasyun. Malilyari ing gene flow operates nung e la
sumbagal deng geografia (lugal) o kalinangan/kultura.

#### Ing genetic drift

Lalarawa’na ning genetic drift ing pamanaliwa king dalas o frequency ning metung
a allele manibat king metung a henerasyun o dai papunta king tutuki uli ning
sampling variance. Manaliwa ya ing dalas ning metung a allele kareng supling
agpang king probability distribution ning frequency ning allele king dai da reng
pengari.

Magdependi la deng dakal a aspetu ning genetic drift king sukad (size) ning
populasyun (a keraklan papakuyad da king N). Lalu maulaga iti kareng
mangalating mating population (grupu da reng malyaring magparakal o mamalipi),
nung nu maragul ing chance fluctuation (o mikatagun a pamanaliwa manibat king
metng a henerasyun/dai papunta king tutuki). Malyaring magbunga king pangawala
ning allele king populasyun ining pamanaliwa king dalas ning allele king
pangalabas da reng tuki-tuking henerasyun.

Ing ulaga da ring natural selection ampong genetic drift kumpara king
pangkabilugan magdependi mu naman king sukad ning populasyun ampo king sikan
ning selection: alimbawa, nung malati ya ing N times s (population size times
strength of selection), ing genetic drift ing mimiral (predominates). Nu namang
maragul ya ing N times s, ing selection ing mimiral. Uli na niti, ‘mas matalab’
ya ing natural selection kareng mangaragul a populasyun, samantalang ing genetic
drift ing mas masikan kareng mangalating populasyun. Katatawlyan, magdependi
king sukad ning metung a populasyun ing kaba ning panaun bayu ya manatili kaniti
ing metung a allele (fixation) kapamilata’ning genetic drift (ing buri nang
sabyan, bayu la magdala king allele deng balang metung a kayanib ketang
populasyun); mas malagwa ing fixation nung malati ya mu ing populasyun.

### Pamakibage

Lalu lang mibabage king karelang paligid deng species o uri da reng lelangan
kapamilatan ning prosesu ning natural selection. [[Adaptation
(biology)|Adaptation]] ing aus king sanumang prosesu ning ebolusyun a makaragdag
king pangabage ning balang metung (individual), o neng
kayi, ing kauryan (trait) a babye karagdagang pamibage (fitness), alimbawa ing
mas masikan a iking agagamit king pamanalan (prehensile tail), o mas malinong
panakit (greater visual acuity). Dapat linawan a magdependi ya ing pamibage
king kontekstu o paligid (context-sensitive); mapalyaring ing metung a kauryan a
makaragdag king pamibage king metung a lugal, makabawas ne man king aliwa.

Maniwala la reng keraklan kareng biologist a malilyari ing adaptation o
pamakibage kapamilatan’ning pamitipun kareng dakal a mutation a balang metung
kareti malati mu epektu. Nanupata, metung yang prosesung kaliwas o alternatibu
king adaptation ing macromutation, nung nukarin metung ya
mu dapot maragul yang maragul ing metung a mutation.

### Ing pamanalto da reng bayung uri ampo ing pangawala da reti

Ing speciation ing pamaglalang kareng adwa o migit pang uri o
species manibat king metung. Myayaliwa la reng kaparalanan nung makananun
malyari iti. Malilyari ing place ing allopatric
speciation neng mikakawani la lugal deng subpopulation (dake ning
pangkabilugan a populasyun) king metung at metung, alimbawa uli ning
habitat fragmentation o pamipitna-pitna ning
karelang tutuknangan o pamanalis king aliwang lugal (migration). Malilyari
naman ing sympatric speciation neng ating laltong
bayung uri king pareung lugal. Atyu king pilatan da reng misusumangid a
allopatry ampong sympatry ing awsan nang peripatric
speciation Ernst Mayr. Ing peripatric speciation ing
maulagang (critical) pun o batayan ning teorya ning [[:en:punctuated
equilibrium|punctuated equilibrium]].

Ing extinction o pangawala malilyari neng magisan ne ing
metung a uri o species (alimbawa, gene pool). Keraklan,
tuturing deng pinandit ning pangawala (moment of extinction) itang pangamate
ning tawling kayanib o indibidwal ning species. E malagad o katakatakang
pamikatagun king geological time — lalto la reng
species uli ning speciation, at mawawala la uli ning extinction.

## Ing evolutionary biology

Ing evolutionary biology dake ne ning
biologia a tungkul king penibatan da at kasalesayan deng
species, ampo ing karelang pamanaliwa king pangalabas ning
panaun. Anti ya mong meta field ing evolutionary biology uling kayabe la keti
deng siyentipiku ibat kareng myayaliwang tradisyunal a dake ning ciencia a maki
kaugnayan king taxonomy. Alimbawa, kayabe la keti deng
siyentipikung espesyalista kareng partikular a mabibye antimo reng manigaral
mammalogy, ornithology, o herpetology, pero gagamitan no reng
mabibyeng deti antimong sistema ba lang pakibatan deng pangkabilugan a kutang
(general questions) tungkul king evolution.

Mekilala yang pormal a paksa ning pamanigaral ing
evolutionary biology kaybat ning
makabayung pamisanib king teorya ning evoluton (modern evolutionary synthesis)
kanitang dekadang 1930 ampong 1940. Nanupata, e la
míka departamentung talagang maki lagyung *evolutionary biology* deng dakal
kareng unibersidad angga kanitang dekadang 1970 ampong
1980.

### Ing evolutionary developmental biology

Metung yang bayung dake (subfield) ning evolutionary biology ing
evolutionary development biology.
Tungkul ya iti kareng gene da reng mabibyeng mikamaganak ampo
retang ali. Malyaring yang abalu at tukyan kapanaunan (trace timelines) ing
pamanalkus ning metung a uri (species development) kapamilata’ning pamag-
eksperimentu nung ikumpara la o piyanti deng pamitukituki da reng
nucleotide (nucleotide sequence) ning
DNA/RNA. Alimbawa, mamayun o susuporta la
reng gene sequence king konklusyon a a deng chimpanzee ing pekamalapit a
kamaganak da reng tau, at saka deng arthropod (alimbawa, deng
insektu) ampo reng vertebrate (deng maki galugud, alimbawa
deng tau) metung la mu pipumpunan.

## Ing kasalesayan ning evolutionary thought

|  |
| --- |
| Ing 1859 edition ning *On
the Origin of Species* |
|  |

Kanita pang minuna (ancient times), ati’nang mekaisip king ideya ning biological
evolution o evolution da reng mabibye. Kayabe ya kareti i
Epicurus, metung a philosopher a Hellenist. Nanupata, e linto
ing makabayung teorya angga kanitang kalabingwalu at kalabingsyam a siglu (18th
and 19th centuries), kapamilatan da reng siyentipikung kalupa da ri [[Jean-
Baptiste Lamarck]] ampo i Charles Darwin. Agyang tatanggapan da ne reng
marakal-dakal a siyentipiku ing pamanaliwa da reng species bayu ing
1859, yapin itang pamilimbag ning *The Origin of Species* ing
minyeng masikan at kapani-paniwalang kaparalanan (cogent mechanism) tungkul king
pangapalyari ning pamanaliwang bunga ning evolution: ing kayang teorya ning
natural selection. Meyagyag yang maglimbag i Darwin king sinulat na anyang
kaybat nang tinanggap sulat kang Alfred Russell
Wallace, nung nu ne pepabalu ing sarili nang pamanuklas king natural
selection. Uli na niti, neng kayi kikilalanan da murin ing inambag nang Wallace
king teorya ning evolution.

Agyang ikwa ning teorya nang Darwin a ugunan ing palage da reng siyentipiku
tungkul king pamanalkus ning bye (development of life), e na agyung isplika ing
panibatan ning pamiyaliwa-liwa kilub ning metung a species, at e makaing
makakumbinsi itang pepamunikala nang Darwin a kaparalanan a
hereditary, itang pangenesis.

Anyang “metuklas yang pasibayu” ing obra nang Gregor
Mendel tungkul king pamagmana kanitang kalabingsyan a
siglu, ya ing penibatan ning gulu pilatan da reng Mendelian (I [[Charles
Benedict Davenport]]) ampo reng biometrician (di Walter Frank Raphael Weldon
ampo i Karl Pearson), a mamilit a e la tutuki king sistema nang Mendel deng
keraklan kareng kauryan (trait), at magpalto la reting continuous variation. E
miglwat, pikasundu da la at pisanib deting adwang teorya, at utak ing keraklan
kaniti king obra ning biologist at statistician a i R.A.
Fisher. Meyaus yang makabayung pamisanib
ning teorya ning evoluton (modern evolutionary synthesis) kanitang dekada
1930 ampong 1940 ining pamisanib a iti, nung nu
gemitanan deng rigorous a statistical model kareng teorya nang Mendel tungkul
king pamagmana, king kapamilatan da reng gene.

Kaybat ning eksperimentu nang Griffith kanitang
1940, pepatunayan de ri Griffith's experiment, [[:en:Oswald
Avery|Avery]], McCleod at McCarty a
ing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ing “transforming principle” a
magdala king genetic information (impormasyon tungkul king magi rang itsura deng
supling). Ketang en:1953, pepalimbag de ri Francis
Crick ampo i James Watson ing sikat dang artikulu tungkul
king pangabalangkas ning DNA, a makabasi king pamanyaliksik nang [[:en:Rosalind
Franklin|Rosalind Franklin]] ampo I Maurice Wilkins.
Dening pamikatagun a reti ing migumpisa king panaun ning [[:en:molecular
biology|molecular biology]], at pepabayu de ing panintindi tamu king evolution
antimong prosesung molecular: ing mutation da rang dake ning
DNA (lon ya ing molecular evolution.

Tanda ne ning pamidayu king teorya ning group selection papunta ketang
makabayung paglalawe king gene antimong unit of selection ing sinulat nang
George C. Williams a *Adaptation and natural selection: A Critique of some*
Current Evolutionary Thought *kanitang 1966.*

Kanitang kalibudtan ning dekada 1970, pepamunikala neng
Motoo Kimura ing [[:en:neutral theory of molecular
evolution|neutral theory of molecular evolution]], at

Taglus-taglus pa murin ing dibati king pamanigaral a iti. Metung ya kareng
pekamaulagang publikung dibati itang tungkul king teorya ning [[:en:punctuated
equilibrium|punctuated equilibrium]], a pepamunikala da reng
paleontologist a i Niles Eldredge
ampo i Stephen Jay Gould kanitang 1972 ba
yang isplika o ustan ing kakulangan da reng fossil a transitional o atyu king
pilatan da reng myayaliwang phylum.

## Deng pikwanan

* Darwin, Charles November 24 1859. *On the Origin of Species by*

means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle
for Life*. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street. 502 pages. Reprinted:*
Gramercy (May 22, 1995). ISBN 0517123207

* Zimmer, Carl. *Evolution: The Triumph of an Idea*. Perennial (October 1,

2002). ISBN 0060958502

* Larson, Edward J. *Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory*

(Modern Library Chronicles). Modern Library (May 4, 2004). ISBN 0679642889

* Mayr, Ernst. *What Evolution Is*. Basic Books (October, 2002). ISBN

0465044263

* Gigerenzer, Gerd, et al., *The empire of chance: how probability changed*

science and everyday life *(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989).*

* Williams, G.C. (1966). Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of some

Current Evolutionary Thought. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

* Sean B. Carroll, 2005, *Endless Forms Most Beautiful: The New Science of*

Evo Devo and the Making of the Animal Kingdom*, W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN*
0393060160

## Lon la murin deti

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * anagenesis
* argument from evolution
* atavism
* behavioral ecology
* catagenesis
* cladogenesis
* Convergent evolution
* evolutionary medicine
* endosymbiont
* evolutionary algorithm
* Evolutionary art
* evolution of sex
* evolutionary tree
* experimental evolution
 |               | * fitness landscape
* genetic algorithm
* gradualism
* modern evolutionary synthesis
* natural science
* neutral theory of molecular evolution
* niche construction
* Nonhuman animals ethics
* parallel evolution
* quantum evolution
* quasispecies model
* scientific method
* sexual selection
* teratogenesis
 |

Social implications of the theory of evolution

Creation-evolution controversy

## Suglung a palwal

**Pakiramdaman me ining artikulu** (info/dl)

noicon
Spoken Wikipedia
Melalang ya ining simpan a katning (*audio file*) maki petsang 2005-04-18, at e la makasalamin keti deng mas tawling pamagbayu king artikulu. (Audio help)
**Karagdagang siwalang artikulu Talk.Origins Archive — see also talk.origins
* [ National Academies Evolution

Resources]

* EvoWiki Archived Nobyembri 24, 2005 at the Wayback Machine — A wiki whose goal is to

promote general evolution education, and provide mainstream scientific responses
to the arguments of antievolutionists.

* [

selection/introduction.htm Evolution by Natural Selection] — An introduction to
the logic of the theory of evolution by natural selection

* Evolution — Provided by

*PBS*.

* [ International

Journal of Organic Evolution] Archived Abril 25, 2006 at the Wayback Machine

* [ Howstuffworks.com —

How Evolution Works]

* Charles Darwin's writings
* [

Evolution News from Genome News Network (GNN)]

* [ National Academy Press: Teaching

About Evolution and the Nature of Science]

* [ Evolution for

beginners] Archived Juniu 11, 2009 at the Wayback Machine

Template:Evolution