# Tanaman

*Para keng aliwang gamit, lawen ye ing Tanaman (disambiguation).*
* **Deng tanaman king gabun (embryophyte)**
	+ **Deng non-vascular a tanaman (bryophyte)**
		- Hepatophyta – deng liverwort
		- Anthocerophyta – deng hornwort
		- Bryophyta – deng moss
	+ **Vascular plants (tracheophytes)**
		- Lycopodiophyta – deng clubmoss
		- Equisetophyta – deng horsetail
		- Pteridophyta – deng “tutung” pakû ("true" ferns)
		- Psilotophyta - deng whisk fern
		- Ophioglossophyta – deng adderstongue
		- Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - deng seed fern
			* Pinophyta – deng conifer
			* Cycadophyta – deng cycad
			* Ginkgophyta – deng ginkgo
			* Gnetophyta – deng gnetae
			* Magnoliophyta – deng tanaman a manyampaga

Template:Taxobox end

*Adiantum pedatum* (a fern)
Metung la kareng pekamaragul a grupu da reng mabibye reng **Tanaman** (manga
300,000 a species, kayabe no reng balu tamung
organismu anti reng dutung, sampaga, dikut ampong
pakû. Pinitna nong Aristotle deng eganaganang mabibye kareng tanaman, a
keraklan e gagalo at alang dakeng makapanamdam king paligid da (sensory organs),
ampo reng animal. Ketang sistema nang Linnaeus, deni
reng meging Kingdoms a Vegetabilia (a meging Plantae)
ampong Animalia. Manibat kanita, abalu rang detang sadyang
mabibilang kareng Plantae myayaliwa la palang grupung e mikakamaganak, at kewani
do reng fungi at mapilan a grupu da reng alga bang
gawang bayung kingdom. Nanupata, ating kabilyan a mituturing la pa muring
tanaman deti. Ing tutu, e magsilbi ing sanumang tangkang ibili ya king metung a
taxon o grupu ing “tanaman” uling e malino pangalarawan o panga-isplika iti, at
ala yang kaugnayan o pamisuglung kareng konseptung batayan ning makabayung
ciencia ning taxonomy.

## Deng Embryophyte

*Lon ya ing main article king Deng Embryophytes*
Ing kilalang dili ila pin deng multicellular a tanaman
king gabun, a awsan dang embryophyte. Kayabe la kareti deng
vascular plant, tanaman a kumpletu bulung,
tangke, ampong yamut. Kayabe la rin keti reng mapilan
kareng mangalapit dang kamaganak, a awsan dang *bryophyte*, nung nu deng
moss ing pekakilala.

All of these plants have eukaryotic cells with cell walls
composed of cellulose, and most obtain their energy through
photosynthesis, using light and carbon dioxide to synthesize food.
About three hundred plant species do not photosynthesize but are parasites
on other species of photosynthetic plants. Plants are distinguished from [[green
alga]]e, from which they evolved, by having specialized reproductive organs
protected by non-reproductive tissues.
Atin la ngang eukaryotic a celula deng eganaganang kareng tanaman
a reti, a maki cell wall a gawa king cellulose. Keraklan karela, akukwa
ra ing karelang enerhiya king photosynthesis, nung nu la gagamit
salâ at carbon dioxide bang gawang pamangan. Ating manga
atlung dalan a species da reng tanaman a e darapat photosynthesis, nun e
parasitiku la kareng aliwang species da reng tanaman a
photosynthetic. Ing pamiyaliwa da reng tanaman kareng [[:en:green
algage|aluntyan a algae]], nung nu la menibatan, itang atin lang specialized
reproductive organ o dakeng makaparikil king pamiparakal, a mipapaindurutan
(antimong proteksyon) da reng non-reproductive a tissue.

Minuna lang linto reng bryophyte kanitang bandang umpisa ning panaun a
Palaeozoic. Mabibye la mu kareng lugal a mamasa-masa, at
malati la king kabilugan ning karelang bye. Dadalan la king alternation of
generations. Maki haploid a parti ning kayang bye a awsan dang
gametophyte, at atin namang diploid a parti,
itang sporophyte.

Minuna lang linto reng vascular a tanaman kanitang panaun a Silurian.
Anyang datang ing Devonian, merakal nong uri deti at mikalat no kareng dakal
a myayaliwang kapaligiran king gabun. Atin lang mapilan a pamakibage
(adaptation) king paligid a sinaup karelang magtagumpe laban karetang kakulangan
da reng bryophyte. Kayabe ya kareti ing cuticle (pekabalat) a magsilbing sabat
king pangalangi, at vascular tissue a magdalang danum king kabilugan ning
tanaman. Marlas, mabibye ya antimong aliwang tanaman ing sporophyte, kabang
manatili yang malati ing gametophyte.

Ing penibatan (phylogeny) da remg
makabayung Spermatophyta (tanaman a maki butul) ampo reng kamaganak dang grupung
vascular. Pansinan mung deng spore-bearing vascular plants paraphyletic la
nung kareng tanaman a maki butul, at mas malapit la reng pakú o fern
(Pteridophyta) kareng tanaman a maki butul kesa kareng clubmoss
(Lycopodiophyta).

Linto la kanitang tawli nang dake ning panaun a Devonian deng minunang diling
tanaman a maki butul (seed plants), deng Pteridosperms (seed ferns) ampong
Cordaites (a pareu nang ala o extinct), minyupling lang myayaliwa kanitang
Carboniferous, at lalu la pang migbayu anyang panaun a Permian ampong
Trisassic. Kareng tanaman a reti, taglus taglus neng melati ing gametophyte
(completely reduced), at migumpisa ya ing sporophyte king kilub ning makakulung
a lulanan a awsan dang butul, a daragul kabang atyu king pengaring
tanaman, kaybat ning fertilization kapamilatan da ring butil ning pollen.
Kabang darakal la kapamilatan da reng spore deng aliwang tanaman a vascular, at
uli na niti, mangaylangan lang danum bang dagul, agyu rang mye at dákal deng
mapilan a tanaman a maki butul agyang malanging malangi ing paligid.

Gymnosperm (“lubas a butul” o “naked seed”)ing aus kareng minunang tanaman a
maki butul uling e ya makabalut takap a proteksyon ing embryo ning butul neng
pollination, at deretsu yang durugpa ing pollen ketang embryo. Maleparan la pa
murin deng lugal nung nu la mabibye reng apat a mitatagan a grupu da reti, lalu
na reng conifer, a ilang manimuna o dominanting dutung kareng mapilan a
biome. Deta namang angiosperm, a tanaman a manyampaga, ila pin deng
tawling maragul a grupu da reng tanaman a linto. Menibat la kareng gymnosperm
kanitang panaun a Jurassic, at malagwa lang minyupling myayaliwang uri
kanitang Cretaceous. Ing aliwa da reti, makatakap ya ing seed embryo, anya
kaylangan yang magpalwal tubo ing pollen ba neng luban ing takap ning butul
(protective seed coat). Ila ring tanaman a keraklan mayayakit kareng alus
eganaganang biome ngeni.

## Deng Algae ampong Fungi

Bibilugan dong mapilan a myayaliwang grupu reng algae, a e kayanib king Kingdom
Plantae nun e king Kingdom Protista. Gagawa lang enerhiya kapamilatan ning
photosynthesis. Ing peka kapansin-pansin kareti ila reng seaweed.
Multicellular lang algae deti a pekamalapit kareng tanaman king gabun
(terrestrial plants), oneng e la tanaman; kayabe la reti kareng [[green
alga|green]], red, ampong brown algae. Kayabe la murin kareti
reng myayaliwang mabibyeng maki tunggal celula ampo retang kabud namu mitipun a
celula, a yalang myayaliwang tissue. Makakimut la reng
dakal kareti, at atin pa ping e na makarapat king photosynthesis. Anyang minuna
lang metuklas deti, tuturing dong pareung tanaman ampong animal deti. Ngeni, e
no kayabe king sanuman kareng adwa, nun e kayabe la kareng protist.

Menibat la kareng green algae deng embryophyte; Viridiplantae ing aus da kareng
adwang deti. Karaniwan, ini na mung monophyletic a grupu ing tuturing dang
kayanib king kingdom a Plantae, anti ing mayayakit king babo. Liban kareng
mapilan a green algae, atin lang cell wall a maki cellulose deti, ampong
chloroplast a maki adwang klasing chlrophyll, *a* ampong *b*, at
sasalikut da ing pamangan bilang starch. Daralan la king closed mitosis
a alang centriole, at keraklan, ating lang mitochondria a
maki patag (flat) a cristae.

Ating adwang membrane a makapadurut kareng chloroplast da reng aluntyan a
tanaman (green plants), at malyaring iti tanda yang menibat la retang
chloroplast kareng endosymbiotic a cyanobacteria. Makanyan la murin deng
red algae; paniwalan da reng keraklan a metung la mu penibatan
deting adwa. Samantala, deta namang aliwang algae, atin lang chloroplast a maki
atlu o apat a membrane. Keraklan kareti, e ro malapit a kamaganak deng aluntyan
a tanaman, at akukwa do reng karelang chloroplast kareng ayayakmul dang green o
red algae.

E anti kareng embryophyte ampong algae, e la photosynthetic deng fungus, nun e
saprophyte la. Ing buri nang sabyan niti, kukwanan da ing karelang pamangan
kapamilata’ning pamaglaso (breaking down) kareng materyal a makapadurut karela
at sisipsipan da iti kaybat. Deng keraklan kareng fungi bibilugan da lang
microscopic a tubong awsan dang hyphae, a malyaring mapipitna o e mapipitna
kareng celula, pero atin lang eukaryotic a nucleus. Deng
fruiting body (ing pekakilalang alimbawa da reti yapin ing payung-payungan) ila
mu reng reproductive structure o dakeng magagamit king pamiparakal kareng fungi.
E ro kamaganak deti ding sanuman kareng grupung photosynthetic, nun e malapit
dong kamaganak deng animal. Atin lang sarili rang kingdom.

## Ulaga

Ing photosynthesis ampong carbon fixation a daraptan da reng tanaman king gabun
ampong algae ila reng peka panibatan nign enerhiya ampong materyal a organic
kareng halus eganaganang tutuknangan da reng mabibye. Ayalilan deng mayap deng
prosesung deti ing sangkap (composition) ning atmosfera ning Yatu, anya pin
asnang karagul a dake na niti ing gawa king oxygen. Aerobic la reng
animal at keraklan kareng organismu - mamasa la king oxygen. Detang ali,
mayayakit la mu kareng mapilang anaerobic a lugal.

Much of human nutrition depends on cereals. Other plants that are eaten
include fruits, vegetables, herbs, and spices. Some vascular
plants, referred to as trees and shrubs, produce woody stems and are
an important source of building material. A number of plants are used
decoratively, including a variety of flowers.
Magdependi la kareng binutil (cereal) deng tau para king keraklan king
kakanan da. Bukud kareti, kayabe la kareng aliwang tanaman a kakanan deng
prutas, gule, dikut, at spice. Maulaga lang pikukwanan
pangawang bale deng mapilan a vascular a tanaman a awsan dang dutung ampong
shrub, a maki tangkeng mala-dutung.

## Pamandagul

Atin lang paralan a pamingwa o
pangdepensa king sarili ra deng aliwang tanaman, antimo reng suksuk king
blackberry
Mangakuyad la mu bye reng simpling tanaman kalupa da reng algae bilang
indibidwal, dapot pana-panaun la reti dung ibasi king pangkabilugan a
populasyun. Den namang aliwang tanaman, gugrupu da la basi king karelang
pamandagul dikil king panaun:

* Annual: mabibye la at darakal kilub ning metung a panaun a

pamananam.

* Biennial: mabibye la kilub ding adwang panaun ning

pamananam; keraklan, magparaka’la keng kadwang banwa.

* Perennial: mabibye la kilub da reng dakal a panaun;

taglus-taglus lang magparakal o manyupling kabud atsu no king edad.

Kareng vascular a tanaman, kayabe la kareng perennial deng evergreen, a maki
bulung king kabilugan ning banwa, ampo reng tanaman a deciduous, a mababalag
bulung king metung a dake ning banwa. Kareng klimang temperate ampong
boreal, keraklan, neng karimlan (winter, o panaun ning dimla) la mababalag
bulung deti; den namang tanaman kareng mangapali o tropical a lugal, neng
kaleldo (dry season) malilyari iti.

Maragul ing pamiyaliwa king bilis ning pamandagul da reng tanaman. Ating moss a
daragul a kulang king 1 μm/h, kabang keraklan kareng dutung daragul lang 25-
250 μm/h. Ating tanaman a kukulate, antimo ing kudzu, a e na kaylangan
gawang makapal a supporting tissue o laman a pangsuporta – iti daragul yang
anggang 12500 μm/h.

## Deng fossil

Kayabe la kareng fossil da reng tanaman deng yamut, dutung, bulung, butul,
bunga, pollen, spores, phytolith, ampong amber (ing fossil a
agta a manibat kareng mapilan a tanaman). Mayayakit la reng fossil a tanamang
gabun kareng banlik (sediment) a menibatan king gabun, dayatan (lacustrine),
ilug ampong bebe dagat. Gagamitan do reng pollen, spores ampng algae
(dinoflagellates ampong acritarchs) ba lang mabalu edad deng tumpak-
tumpak a batung banlik (sedimentary rock sequences). E ro kasindakal deng
fossil a animal deng fossil a tanaman, dapot sagana la reng fossil a tanaman
kareng dakal a lokal a lugal king mabilug a yatu.

Mayayakit angga reng tunggal-tunggal a cell kareng fossil da reng minunang
tanaman. Milyari kanitang panaun a Devonian ing pamanalto ning paniwalan dang
mumunang makabayung tanaman a dutung, ing *Archaeopteris*. Miyayabe
kaniting dutung a lupang paku ing metung a pun a madutung ampo reng bulung ning
paku, oneng ala yang butul.

Fossil a bulung ning Ginkgo king
England anyang panaun a Jurassic
Metung lang manimunang pikukwanan fossil da reng tanaman manibat kanitang
en:Palaeozoic deng en:Coal Measures; mayayakit la reng dakal a grupu da reng
tanaman a mabibye anyang panaun a ita. Masanting diling mangolekta kareng
buntun a piyugsyanan (spoil heaps) kareng minang karbon. Ita mismung karbon
ibat ya ketang pekatanaman, oneng keraklan e mayayakit ing itsura detalye ning
itsura da reng fossil a tanaman king karbon. Ketang Fossil Forest king Victoria
Park king Glasgow, Scotland, mayayakit la reng impun (trunk) da reng
dutung a *Lepidodendron* ketang orihinal a lugal nung nu
la tinubu.

Malyari lang mayakit deng dakal a fossil da reng dakeng mitagan kareng yamut,
tangke ampong sangang conifer ampong angiosperm kareng sedimentary rocks o
batung ibat king banlik a manibat king panaun a Mesozoic ampong Caenozoic.
Marlas lang mayayakit deng Sequoia ampo reng kayang kamaganak,
deng en:magnolia, en:oak, ampong palmeras.

Dakal muring batung kalyus o petrified wood kareng mapilang dake ning yatu.
Marlas mayayakit iti kareng lugal a malangi o desyertu, nung nu ya malagwang
lunto uling king pangatibag (erosion). Keraklan, silicified (miyalilan
silicon dioxide itang materyal a organic) ing batung kalyus, at angga ing
mangalati nang detalye ning dutung manatili ketang dakal miyalilan nang batu.
Malyari lang pututan at pakintaban deng pirasu ning batung kalus a gagamit
kasangkapan a para kareng batung pang-alahas. Mayayakit la reng fossil a
kakewan (fossil forests) kareng eganaganang kontinenti.

Mayayakit la king kabilugan dang dake deng mapilan a kontinenti ning [[southern
hemisphere]] (ing mawli nang kapitna ning yatu) deng fossil da reng seed fern
anti ing *Glossopteris*, at iti migsilbing pamipatune karetang mumuna nang
ideyang Alfred Wegener tungkul king teoryang Continental drift.

## Pikwanan at karagdagan a pamamasa

* Thomas N Taylor and Edith L Taylor. *The Biology and Evolution of Fossil*

Plants*. Prentice Hall, 1993.*

## Lon la murin deti

* Biosphere
* Botany
* Garden
* Flower
* Forest
* Fruit
* Plant cell
* Phytophilia (love of plants)
* Prehistoric plants
* Tree
* Vegetable
* Vegetation Structure

## Suglung a palwal

Template:Dichotomouskey

* Tree of Life Archived Juliu 9, 2011 at the Wayback Machine
* Chaw, S.-M. et al. [

Molecular Phylogeny of Extant Gymnosperms and Seed Plant Evolution: Analysis of
Nuclear 18s rRNA Sequences (pdf file)] *Molec. Biol. Evol*. 14 (1): 56-68.
1997.

* [ Algorithmic Botany at the University of Calgary

led by Professor Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz,]

### Botanical and vegetation databases

* [ e-Floras (Flora of China, Flora of North

America and others)] Archived Nobyembri 5, 2005 at the Wayback Machine

* United States of America Archived Oktubri 5, 2013 at the Wayback Machine
* Flora Europaea
* Australia
* .