# Talibatab

*Para keng aliwang gamit, lawen ye ing the mammal.*

| Talibatab Fossil range: Late Paleocene - Recent |
| --- |
|  "Chiroptera" from Ernst Haeckel's *Artforms of Nature*, 1904 |
| Scientific classification |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Kaarian: | Animalia  |
| Phylum: | Chordata  |
| Pinduan: | Mammalia  |
| Orden: | **Chiroptera** Blumenbach, 1779 |

 |
| Suborders |
|
Megachiroptera
Microchiroptera
See text for families. |

Deng **talibatab**, mammal lang kayabe king order a **Chiroptera**, nung nu ring pekagamat na megamit la
bilang pakpak. Kabang ating aliwang mammal, antimo reng flying squirrels o gliding phalanger, a makapag-glide kareng mangakuyad a
distansya, den mung talibatab a maki kagiwan king tuneng pamanyulagpo. Ibat
ya king amanung Griego para king *Gamat a Pakpak* ing lagyung *Chiroptera*,
uling kawangis ne ning gamat a makabusni itang pakpak a makaladlad, angga ketang
pekabalat (membrane o patagium) king pilatan da reng taliri, a
makayatyat murin king pilatan ning gamat ampo ning katawan.

Lipat ning insektu ing kakanan da reng keraklan, o maragul a mayorya (manga 70%)
da reng talibatab, ating maragul a dake da reng adwang suborder, deng
Megachiroptera at Microchiroptera (lon ya king lalam), a mamangan kareng
prutas at king karelang katas. Ating atlung species a mamangan daya, dapot
ating mamangan kareng vertebrate o animal a maki galudgud. Kayabe la kareti
deng Leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) ning Central at South America, ampo itang kamaganak dang pamilya da
reng Noctilionidae (Bulldog bat) a mamangan asan. Metung
yang alimbawa ning metung a talibatab a mamangan laman ing Ghost Bat ning
Australia – angga reng aliwang talibatab, kakanan na. Maulaga lang
en:pollinator da reng sampaga kareng mangapaling lugal (tropics) deng mas
mangalating species. King kamatutwanan, halus lubus ing pamagdependi ra kareti
deng tanaman a tropikal, e mu bilang pollinator, nun e angga king pamamangan
kareng karelang bunga, a magsilbi ba lang mikalat deng karelang bini. Uli
na niti, aintindian tamu ing kapigaganakan king kapaligiran neng midadala ya
king aliwang lugal ing metung a bayung talibatab. Metung yang bayu-bayu at
intresanting alimbawa kaniti ing Tenerife, maki tanaman at animal a karin mu
mayayakit (a dakal kareti, deta pang mitatagan ibat ketang matwang kontinenti
ning Gondwana. King alimbawang iti, Egyptian Bat (Roussettus
aegyptiacus) 1 ing
bayung talibatab a yang sangkan nung bakit magigisan la ring tubung uri o
species.

## Klasipikasyun

Lipat ning mayayaus lang "flying rodents" o "flying mice" (dagis a susulagpo)
deng talibatab, e la dagis (o rodent) deti. Adwa la reng suborder da:

1. Megachiroptera (megabats o fruit bats)
2. Microchiroptera (microbat, echolocating bat o talibatab a mamangan

insektu)

Prutas, nectar o pollen ing kakanan da reng megabat, samantalang insektu, daya
(ditak-ditak a daya da reng animal) mangalating mammal, at asin naman ing
kakanan da reng microbat. Mamasa la reti king [[animal
echolocation|echolocation]] ba lang miras king pupuntalan da at bang manintun
kareng animal a magsilbing pamangan da.

Ating katibayan a kontrobersyal dapot maki masikan a suporta para king teoryang
mikakawaning linto ing pamanyulagpo kareng Megachiroptera ampo kareng
Microchiroptera. Nung tutu iti, e malino ing kuneksyun da kareng aliwang animal
deng Microchiroptera. Nung e dinan ulaga itang pamanyulagpo, maki kaugnayan la
kareng primate deng Megachiroptera uling kareng mapilan a pamilupa king karelang
katawan, a e ra kawangis deng Microchiroptera. Nanupata, ating katibayan a
genetic para king paniwalang metung la mu pipumpunan deng Megachiroptera ampo
reng mapilan a Microchiroptera. Ating pang katibayan para king Chiroptera
diphyly microbat polyphyly. Ing buri nang sabyan niti, adwa lang mikakawaning
pipumpunan deng Chiroptera, at dakal lang myayaliwang pipumpunan deng microbat.
Lilisya la king isyung iti deng keraklan kareng manigaral king grupu. Tambing
dong tuturing a metung la mu penibatan monophyly deng Chiroptera.

Ditak mu ing balu tamu nung makananu lang linto (ebolusyon) deng talibatab,
uling keraklan e la maging fossil deng kalanse rang mangalati at malagwang
masisira. Nanupata, ating mekwang ipan ibat king tawli nang dake ning panaung
Cretaceous king Mawling America (South America) a balamu king metung kareng
mumunang talibatab a microchiropteran. Ibat la king mumuna nang dake ning
panaun a Eocene deng pekamatwang fossil a siguradung kareng talibatab,
alimbawa, deng *Icaronycteris*, *Archaeonycteris*, *Palaeochiropteryx* at
*Hassianycteris*, (manga limampulung milyun nang banwa ing milabas), dapot
kalupa da no reng modernung microbat. Ita namang *Archaeopteropus*, a sadya
rang tuturing a ya kanung mumunang diling megachiropteran, sasabyan da ngening
microchiropteran ya.

Keraklan, gugrupu do reng talibatab kayabe da reng tree shrew (Scandentia),
colugo (Dermoptera), ampo reng primate king superorder Archonta
uling king pamiyawig da reng Megachiroptera ampo reng mammal a reti.

* **ORDER CHIROPTERA**
	+ **Suborder Megachiroptera (megabats)**
		- Pteropodidae
	+ **Suborder Microchiroptera (microbats)**
		- Superfamily *Emballonuroidea*
			* Emballonuridae (Sac-winged or Sheath-tailed bat)
		- Superfamily *Rhinopomatoidea*
			* Rhinopomatidae (Mouse-tailed bats)
			* Craseonycteridae (Bumblebee Bat or Kitti's Hog-nosed Bat)
		- Superfamily *Rhinolophoidea*
			* Rhinolophidae (Horseshoe bats)
			* Nycteridae (Hollow-faced or Slit-faced bats)
			* Megadermatidae (False vampires)
		- Superfamily *Vespertilionoidea*
			* Vespertilionidae (Vesper bats or Evening bats)
		- Superfamily *Molossoidea*
			* Molossidae (Free-tailed bats)
			* Antrozoidae (Pallid bats)
		- Superfamily *Nataloidea*
			* Natalidae (Funnel-eared bats)
			* Myzopodidae (Sucker-footed bats)
			* Thyropteridae (Disk-winged bats)
			* Furipteridae (Smoky bats)
		- Superfamily *Noctilionoidea*
			* Noctilionidae (Bulldog bats or Fisherman bats)
			* Mystacinidae (New Zealand short-tailed bats)
			* Mormoopidae (Ghost-faced or Moustached bats)
			* Phyllostomidae (Leaf-nosed bats) *This family contains (among*

others) the Vampire bats

Neng bengi o sisilim la makagising deng keraklan kareng microbat, anya e la
makaing masala deng mata da reng keraklan kareng species da reng talibatab a
reti. Nanupata, masikan ing karelang pamamau ampong pamakiramdam (hearing).
Apapaintun do reng talibatab deng animal a karelang darakpan ampo reng bageng
malapit karela kapamilatan ning karelang mangatarling a gaga, nung nu ro
pamakiramdam deng kablas (echo) da reti.

Kawangis do reng kareng en:insectivore deng ipan d areng microbat.
Mangataram la reti ba lang taglus king chitin a babalut kareng insektu, o
king balat da reng prutas.

Kabang kareng uyat a vein (uyat a magdalang daya pabalik king pusu) la mu maki
one-way valve (balbulang metung mu direksyun) deng aliwang mammal, bang e
mamagus pabalik ing daya, atin la muring anti kaniti kareng uyat a artery (deng
uyat a magdalang daya ibat king pusu).

Mas ababaluktut la reng butul dang taliri deng talibatab kesa kareng aliwang
animal. Ing sangkan na niti, kulang la calcium at aliwa pang mineral king
bandang sepu deng taliri da reng talibatab, anya mas malagwa karela ing
mibaluktut a e mapapakli. Pitpit ya rin imbes na pabilug (anti kareng tau) ing
cross section (dake binangal) ning butul dang taliri, anya lalu yang malagwang
ibaluktut. Mas mayayatyat ya murin ing balat king membrane (telabalat) da reng
karelang pakpak, anya mas ayayabit me kumpara kareng aliwang animal.

Uling mas maimpis la pakpak kesa kareng ayup, mas malagwa la at eksaktung
makakorba-korba deng talibatab kesa kareng ayup.

## Pamiparakal

Ing piapunan
nang anak ning Common Pipistrelle
Keraklan, tunggal la mu king pabanwa manganak deng gaindung talibatab.
Keraklan, lalakwan do king pipanyesen deng anak neng e la sususu. Nanupata,
malyari lang tumaid king bulbul ning gaindu, at ituki ne neng mamako ya, dapot e
maglwat at masyadu neng dagul para kaniti. Magkasakit yang mangilik maygit king
metung a anak ing metung a talibatab a maragul na, oneng keraklan, tunggal la mu
reng mibabayit. Agyu rong apaintun deng gaindung talibatab deng karelang ának
agyang atyu la reti kareng kolonyang nung nu maki milyun-milyun a aliwa pang
ának. Atin lang adwang súsu deti king pilatan ning salu ampo reng pago. Nung
ala neng gatas itang inda ra, ikit dang agyang kareng aliwang gaindu sususu la
reng ának a talibatab. Bukud mung ing gaindu ing maningat kareng ának, at
kabait da reti, ala nang kaugnayan ketang tata.

Lipat ning amamana ing kagiwan a sulagpo, masyadu la pang mangalati reng pakpak
da kabait da reng talibatab. Agyu ra nang magsarili deng ának a microbat
karas dang anam anggang walung duminggu, samantalang e malilyari iti kareng
megabat anggang e la miraras apat a bulan. Malyari nong mikayanak deng
talibatab karas dang adwang banwa.

## Kaugalyan at Pangimut

Myayaliwang uri ing pamakyabe da reng talibatab kareng kalupa ra. Ating
magdilidiling mabibye, kabang atin namang manuknangan kareng kweba o lukib nung
nu maygit lang metung a milyun deng talibatab a manuknangan.

Mayayakit ya ing awsan dang fission-fusion social structure kareng pilang
species da reng talibatab. Itang “fusion” (pamisanib) mangabaldugan ya ketang
metung a lugal nung nu la abe-abeng mamapund deng talibatab. Ita namang
“fission” o pamibangal, ing buri nang sabyan, itang pamibangal da at pamisamut
deng mangalating grupu kapamilatan ning pamakilibeng piyapunan kareng aliwang
talibatab, anya ing lulwal, miraras la reng talibatab kareng aliwang dutung,
nung nu aliwa la murin deng magi rang kayabe.

Agpang kareng pamagaral, myayaliwa lang klasing inge o gaga reng gagawan da reng
talibatab ba lang misabi-sabi deti. Ababalu da reng siyentistang makiramdam
kareng talibatab nung nanung kimut ing gagawan da kaybat ning partikular a gaga
o inge.

## Deng Kalaban

Neng kayi, darakpan dong kulayu at w:falcon deng mangalating
talibatab. Ditak la mu reng animal a makapandakap talibatab. King Asia, ating
metung a ayup, a awsan dang en:bat hawk, a partikular a makabage king
pamandakap talibatab. Kareng syudad o lugal a matau, deng pusa ing marlas
mandakap kareti; darakpan do reng talibatab kabang palub la o palwal king
piapunan, o king gabun. Malyaring tuklu la king gabun deng talibatab neng
mamangan la, o uling kareng aksidenti neng manigaral lang sulagpo.

Deng parasitiku ilang marok dang diling kalaban deng talibatab. Buri-buri
rong pikwanan kanan da reng pulgas ampong apsang deng membrane o
telabalat, a mitmung uyat a maki daya. Ating grupu da reng insektung bukud mung
daya da reng talibatab ing karelang kakanan, alimbawa ing bat fly. Malagwa
lang malis kareng bayung talibatab deng parasitiku kareng kweba nung nu la sigi-
sigî o mikakanlapit deti.

Den sigurung tau ing makasirang dili kareng kalaban da reng talibatab.
Katakutan do reng tau deti uling king arihiya o e ustung paniwala, o uling
king rabies. Maragul ing epektu kareng talibatab ning pangasira da reng
karelang tutuknangan, ampo ing pangawala da reng pikukwanan dang pamangan, lalu
na reng insektu.

## Magdalang rabies

Lalapit ya king wax moth (*Galleria mellonella*) ing metung a big brown bat (*Eptesicus fuscus*), a magsilbing control species kareng manigaral kareng tiger moth. "Semi-tethered" (maki makaba yang tali) itang kambubulag (moth), anya makasulagpo ya ba yang milisya.
*Para karen ya mung lugal nung nu dakal a rabies ing makatuking usuk o abisu*

Kapitna mung porsyentu da reng talibatab ing magdalang rabies. Metung ne karin ing amanwan dang Parot-Kabag. Nanupata, kareng
ditak mung kasu ning rabies king America balang banwa, itang ket da reng
talibatab ing sangkan kareng keraklan kareti. Agyang ala lang rabies deng
keraklan kareng talibatab, e la matulid kikimut detang maki rabies, anti lang
ala king sarili deti, at e la makasulagpo, anya mas maragul ing pamitagun o
posibilidad a atin lang asaganan a tau. Lipat ning e dapat ing sobrang takut
kareng talibatab, dapat lisyan ing pamanalan kareti, o itang paburen a atyu la
reti kareng pibalebale, anti murin kareng aliwang animal a malyap (wild animal).

Nung ating talibatab king metung a bale at e malyaring lisyan itang posibilidad
a milapit kaniti, kaylangan yang ikawani iti, at tambing maus animal control
officer, ba reng apanigaralan itang talibatab. Makanyan murin nung meakit yang
mete na itang talibatab. Nung siguradung alang mekatagkil ketang talibatab,
dapat yang ilako king bale. Malyaring daptan iti kapamilatan ning pamanyara
kareng eganaganang pasbul at awang papunta king kwartu, liban ketang papunta
king kilwal. E maglambat at mako ya itang talibatab.

Uli ning panganib ning rabies ampo reng prublema king pamikakatawan o kabulasan
(health) uling king karelang guano, e la dapat pabureng miraras kareng dake
rang tutuknangan deng bale deng talibatab. Para king kumpletu at detalyadung
impormasyun kareng myayaliwang aspetu ning pamanibala kareng talibatab, angga
itang paralan nung makananu lang darakpan deti, nung nanu ing gawan nung ating
mekatagkil kareti, at nung makananung lisyan ing pamanuknangan dareng talibatab
king metung a balen, lon ya iti:
[ the Centers for
Disease Control's website on bats and rabies].

Malyari lang ituring a e dilikadu deng mangalating talibatab kareng lugal nung
nukarin e makalat ing rabies. Nanupata, masakít pa murin ing kinis da reng
mangaragul a talibatab. Kaylangang mingat kareti antimo kareng aliwang malyap a
animal.

### Pikwanan

* Greenhall, Arthur H. 1961. *Bats in Agriculture*. A Ministry of Agriculture

Publication. Trinidad and Tobago.

* Nowak, Ronald M. 1994. " Walker's BATS of the World". The John Hopikins

University Press, Baltimore and London.

Sagradu ya king Tonga ampo king Albugang Africa ing talibtab, at keraklan,
paniwalan dang tanda (manifestation) ne ning metung a kaladwa. Maki
kaugnayan la kareng vampira deng talibatab, a sasabyan dang malyaring malis
itsura bang maging talibatab. Sagisag da la murin da reng maglage,
kamatayan at sakit. Kareng aliwang katutubu ning America, antimo reng
Creek, Cherokee at Apache, metung yang ispiritung
mapagloku (trickster) ing talibatab. Agpang naman king paniwala king China,
metung yang sagisag ning makabang bye at saya ing talibatab. Suwerti murin ing
paglalawe ra kaniti king Poland at Macedonia, ampo kareng Kwakiutl
at Arabu.

King kultura ning Albugan (Western culture), mangabaldugan yang bengi (at deng
bageng makatakut tungkul kaniti) ing talibatab. Metung yang manimunang animal
iting maki kaugnayan kareng tauan a pikudta (fictional character) ning bengi,
kontrabida man kalupa nang Dracula, o bida antimo i Batman.
Tinuring neng amun Kenneth Oppell ining pamiugnayan ning animal a iti king
takut king bengi, at ginawa yang serye da reng nobela, manibat king
*Silverwing*, nung nu la bida deng talibatab antimo reng kuneu king ]]
*Watership Down*. Agpang king metung a matwang paniwala, mibubuknul-
buknul la king bwak ning tau deng talibatab. Mapalyaring ing penibatan ning
paniwalang iti, itang malagad at e sassaryang pamanyunggab da kareng tau deng
talibatab a mamangan insektu (uling lalapitan dong insektu deng tau), anya
pamiwalan da reng taung gad maririring susubukan dang munta king bwak da deng
talibatab.

King Britania, poprotektan da no reng talibatab king lalam da ring [[Wildlife
and Countryside Act]]. Angga ita mung pamanistorbu king metung a talibatab o
king kayang tuknangan, maki parusang mabayat a multa.

King Austin, Texas ya ing tuknangan da neng kaleldo (summer home) ning
maragul diling kolonya da reng talibatab king syudad, nung nu ating manuknangan
a tatantyan dang metung at kapitnang milyung Mexican free-tailed bat.
Tatantyan dang apulung libu (10,000) anggang atlung pulung libung (30,000) libra
o pound da reng insektu ing kakanan da reti balang bengi. Metung a ralan a
libung (100,000) turista banwa-banwa ing daratang ba rong alben deti.

## Pikwanan

* [ John D. Pettigrew's summary on

Flying Primate Hypothesis]

## Lon la murin deti

* en:European Bat Night
* en:Bat bomb
* en:Batman
* en:Bat World Sanctuary
* Fictional bats

## Suglung a palwal

Template:Dichotomouskey

* [ United States Bat

Rescue] Archived Pebreru 19, 2006 at the Wayback Machine

* Bat Conservation International website
* Bat World Sanctuary
* [ Texas Parks

and Wildlife Bat Page]

* [

University of Michigan Museum of Zoology]

* Tree of Life Archived Juliu 26, 2020 at the Wayback Machine
* Flying Fur Archived Nobyembri 19, 2005 at the Wayback Machine
* Seek My Bowl on bat as symbol. Archived Agostu 25, 2005 at the Wayback Machine
* [ Bats make up 20% of

mammals]

* The Bat Conservation Trust
* Adopt-a-Bat Archived Pebreru 19, 2006 at the Wayback Machine
* Organization for Bat Conservation
* [

Illustrated Identification key to the (micro)bats of Europe] (*see "Recent*
publications"*)*