# ਸੁਖਾਵੀਂਆਂ ਔਰਤਾਂ

ਫਰਮਾ:Infobox East Asian

**ਸੁਖਾਵੀਂਆਂ ਔਰਤਾਂ** ਦੂਜੀ ਸੰਸਾਰ ਜੰਗ ਤੋਂ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਉਸ ਦੇ ਦੌਰਾਨ ਕਬਜ਼ੇ ਵਾਲੇ ਇਲਾਕਿਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਇੰਪੀਰੀਅਲ ਜਾਪਾਨੀ ਫੌਜ ਨੇ ਸਧਾਰਨ ਔਰਤਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਕੁੜੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਲਿੰਗੀ ਗੁਲਾਮੀ ਲਈ ਮਜਬੂਰ ਕੀਤਾ ਸੀ।

"ਸੁਖਾਵੀਂਆਂ ਔਰਤਾਂ" ਦਾ ਨਾਮ ਜਪਾਨੀ ਦੇ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਇਆਂਫੁ (慰安婦) ਹੈ, ਦਾ ਅਨੁਵਾਦ, ਜੋ "ਵੇਸਵਾ (ਵੇਸਵਾਵਾਂ)" ਲਈ ਇੱਕ ਸਜਾਵਟੀ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਹੈ। ਅੰਦਾਜ਼ੇ ਇਸ ਗੱਲ ਤੇ ਨਿਰਭਰ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ ਕਿ ਕਿੰਨੀਆਂ ਔਰਤਾਂ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਸਨ, ਜਿੰਨਾ ਦੀ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਘੱਟ ਤੋਂ ਘੱਟ 20,000 (ਜਪਾਨੀ ਰੂੜੀਵਾਦੀ ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕਾਰ ਇਖੁਹੀਕੋ ਹੱਤਾ ਦੁਆਰਾ) ਤੋਂ 360,000 ਤੋਂ 410,000 (ਚੀਨ ਦੇ ਵਿਦਵਾਨ ਦੁਆਰਾ);) ਜਿੰਨੀ ਉੱਚੀ ਸੀ; ਸਹੀ ਸੰਖਿਆ ਬਾਰੇ ਅਜੇ ਵੀ ਖੋਜ ਅਤੇ ਬਹਿਸ ਕੀਤੀ ਜਾ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ। ਜ਼ਿਆਦਾਤਰ ਔਰਤਾਂ ਕੋਰੀਆ, ਚੀਨ, ਅਤੇ ਫਿਲੀਪੀਨਜ਼ ਸਮੇਤ ਕਈ ਕਬਜ਼ੇ ਵਾਲੇ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਸਨ। ਔਰਤਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਬਰਮਾ, ਥਾਈਲੈਂਡ, ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮ, ਮਲਾਇਆ, ਤਾਈਵਾਨ (ਫਿਰ ਇੱਕ ਜਪਾਨੀ ਨਿਰਭਰਤਾ), ਡਚ ਈਸਟ ਇੰਡੀਜ਼, ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲ ਤਿਮੋਰ, ਅਤੇ ਹੋਰ ਜਪਾਨੀ ਕਬਜ਼ੇ ਵਾਲੇ ਇਲਾਕਿਆਂ ਤੋਂ ਮਿਲਟਰੀ "ਆਰਾਮ ਕੇਂਦਰਾਂ" ਲਈ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਸੀ। ਸਟੇਸ਼ਨ ਜਪਾਨ, ਚੀਨ, ਫਿਲੀਪੀਨਜ਼, ਇੰਡੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆ, ਫਿਰ ਮਲਾਇਆ, ਥਾਈਲੈਂਡ, ਬਰਮਾ, ਨਿਊ ਗਿਨੀ, ਹਾਂਗਕਾਂਗ, ਮਕਾਊ ਅਤੇ ਫਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਇੰਡੋਚਿਨਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਥਿਤ ਸਨ।

ਗਵਾਹੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ, ਸ਼ਾਹੀ ਜਾਪਾਨੀ ਸ਼ਾਸਨ ਅਧੀਨ ਮੁਲਕਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਮੁੰਡਿਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੇ ਘਰੋਂ ਅਗਵਾ ਕਰ ਲਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ। ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੇ ਮੁਕੱਦਮਿਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ, ਔਰਤਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਫੈਕਟਰੀਆਂ ਜਾਂ ਰੈਸਟੋਰੈਂਟਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੰਮ ਦੇਣ ਦੇ ਵਾਅਦਿਆਂ ਜਾਂ ਉੱਚ ਸਿੱਖਿਆ ਲਈ ਮੌਕੇ ਪ੍ਰਦਾਨ ਕੀਤੇ ਗਏ; ਇੱਕ ਵਾਰ ਭਰਤੀ ਹੋਣ 'ਤੇ, ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਆਪਣੇ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਰਾਮਦੇਹ ਸਟੇਸ਼ਨਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੈਦ ਰੱਖਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਸੀ।

## ਸੁਖਾਵੀਂ ਔਰਤ ਪ੍ਰਣਾਲੀ ਦੀ ਸਥਾਪਨਾ

ਚੀਨੀ ਅਤੇ ਮਲਾਇਆ ਕੁੜੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ  ਜ਼ਬਰਦਸਤੀ ਪੀਨਾਂਗ ਤੋਂ ਜਪਾਨੀਆਂ ਦੁਆਰਾ 'ਸੁਖਾਵੀਆਂ ਔਰਤਾਂ' ਦੇ ਮਕਸੱਦ ਲਈ  ਲਿਆਇਆ ਗਿਆ
ਜੈਨ ਰੂਫ਼ ਓ'ਹੇਰਨੇ ਦਾ ਸਟੂਡੀਓ ਚਿੱਤਰ, ਅਮਬਰਾਵਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਜਪਾਨੀ ਸ਼ਾਹੀ ਫ਼ੌਜ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਉਸ ਨੂੰ, ਉਸ ਦੀ ਮਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਭੈਣਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਹਜ਼ਾਰਾਂ ਹੋਰ ਡੱਚ ਔਰਤਾਂ ਦੇ ਲੈਕੇ ਜਾਣ ਤੋਂ ਥੋੜੇ ਸਮੇਂ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਦਾ ਹੈ। ਅਗਲੇ ਮਹੀਨਿਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ, ਜਪਾਨੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਜਵਾਨਾਂ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਓ'ਅਰਨ ਅਤੇ ਛੇ ਹੋਰ ਡੱਚ ਔਰਤਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵਾਰ-ਵਾਰ ਬਲਾਤਕਾਰ ਕੀਤਾ ਗਿਆਅਤੇ ਕੁੱਟਿਆ ਗਿਆ।
## ਨਾਮਵਰ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਸੁਖਾਵੀਆਂ ਔਰਤਾਂ

ਕਈ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਸੁਖਾਵੀਆਂ ਔਰਤਾਂ ਅੱਗੇ ਆਈਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸੁਖਾਵੀਂ ਮਹਿਲਾ ਹੋਣ ਦੀ ਹਾਲਤ ਬਾਰੇ ਦੱਸਿਆ ਗਿਆ:

* ਡੱਚ ਈਸਟ ਇੰਡੀਜ਼ – ਜੈਨ ਰੂਫ਼ ਓ'ਹੇਰਨੇ (1923–); ਏਲਨ ਵੈਨ ਡੇਰ ਪਲੋਏਗ
* ਕੋਰੀਆ – ਕਿਲ ਵੋਨ-ਓਕ (1928–); ਕਿਮ ਹਕ-ਸਨ (1924-1997); ਲੀ ਯੋਂਗ-ਸੂ (1929–); ਸੋਂਗ ਸੀਨ-ਡੂ (1922-2017); ਯੂ ਹੀ-ਨਾਮ (1927–)
*
* ਫਿਲੀਪੀਨਜ਼ – ਰੋਸਾ ਹੇਨਸਨ (1927-97); ਰੇਮੇਡਿਓਸ ਫੇਲਿਆਸ (1928–)
* ਤਾਈਵਾਨ – ਲਿਊ ਹੁਆਂਗ ਏ-ਤਾਓ (1923-2011)

## ਇਹ ਵੀ ਦੇਖੋ

## ਹਵਾਲੇ

### ਪੁਸਤਕ ਸੂਚੀ

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Cite journalLast nameMinisterie van Buitenlandse zakenSource dateJanuary 24, 1994TitleGedwongen prostitutie van Nederlandse vrouwen in voormalig Nederlands-Indië [Enforced prostitution of Dutch women in the former Dutch East Indies]JournalHandelingen Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal [Hansard Dutch Lower House]LanguageDutchVolume23607Issue1ISSN0921-7371Lay sourceNationaal Archief (Dutch National Archive)Lay dateMarch 27, 2007RefCITEREFMinisterie\_van\_Buitenlandse\_zaken1994
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* WCCW (2004). "Comfort-Women.org FAQ". Washington Coalition for Comfort Women Issues. Archived from the original on June 15, 2007. Retrieved June 20, 2007. `{{cite web}}`: Unknown parameter `|dead-url=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help) (archived on 2007-06-15).
* Dudden, Alexis (April 25, 2006), *US Congressional Resolution Calls on Japan to Accept Responsibility for Wartime Comfort Women*, www.japanfocus.org, archived from the original on ਮਾਰਚ 30, 2014, retrieved March 30, 2014.
* Nelson, Hank (May 17, 2007), *The Consolation Unit: Comfort Women at Rabaul* (PDF), The Australian National University, archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-10, retrieved November 26, 2007.
* *Lawsuits against the Government of Japan filed by the survivors in Japanese Courts*, archived from the original on December 9, 2006, retrieved March 23, 2007 `{{citation}}`: Unknown parameter `|deadurl=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help).
* *History of Comfort Women by the Washington Coalition for Comfort Women Issues – History*, archived from the original on July 24, 2008, retrieved May 28, 2008 `{{citation}}`: Unknown parameter `|deadurl=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help).
* Asian Women's Fund (1996), *Letter from Prime Minister to the former comfort women, since 1996*, archived from the original on May 16, 2007, retrieved March 23, 2007 `{{citation}}`: Unknown parameter `|deadurl=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help), archived from on 2007-05-16.
* Nozaki, Yoshiko (August 1, 2005), *The Horrible History of the "Comfort Women" and the Fight to Suppress Their Story*, History news Network, retrieved July 4, 2008.

**ਹੋਰ ਵੀ ਪੜ੍ਹੋ Drinck, Barbara and Gross, Chung-noh. *Forced Prostitution in Times of War and Peace*, Kleine Verlag, 2007. ISBN 978-3-89370-436-1978-3-89370-436-1.
* Hayashi, Hirofumi. "Disputes in Japan over the Japanese Military 'Comfort Women' System and Its Perception in History," *Annals of the American Academy of Political & Social Science,* May 2008, Vol. 617, pp 123–132
* Henson, Maria Rosa "Comfort woman: Slave of destiny", Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism: 1996. ISBN 971-8686-11-8971-8686-11-8.
* Henson, Maria Rose (1999). *Comfort Woman: A Filipina's Story of Prostitution and Slavery Under the Japanese Military*. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8476-9149-4.
* Hicks, George (1997), *The Comfort Women: Japan's Brutal Regime of Enforced Prostitution in the Second World War*, W W Norton & Company Incorporated, ISBN 978-0-393-31694-0
* Howard, Keith; Hanʼguk Chŏngsindae Munje Taechʻaek Hyŏbŭihoe; Research Association on the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan (1995). *True stories of the Korean comfort women: testimonies*. Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-33262-5.
* Keller, Nora Okja "Comfort Woman", London, Penguin: 1998. ISBN 0-14-026335-70-14-026335-7.
* Kim-Gibson, D. *Silence Broken: Korean Comfort Women*, 1999. ISBN 0-931209-88-90-931209-88-9.
* Levin, Mark, Case Comment: Nishimatsu Construction Co. v. Song Jixiao Et Al., Supreme Court of Japan (2d Petty Bench), April 27, 2007, and Ko Hanako Et Al. V. Japan, Supreme Court of Japan (1st Petty Bench), April 27, 2007 (January 1, 2008). American Journal of International Law, Vol. 102, No. 1, pp. 148–154, January 2008. Available at SSRN:
* Molasky, Michael S. *American Occupation of Japan and Okinawa*, Routledge, 1999. ISBN 0-415-19194-70-415-19194-7, ISBN 0-415-26044-20-415-26044-2.
* Przystup, James (July 2007). Glosserman, Brad; Namkung, Sun (eds.). "Japan-China Relations: Wen in Japan: Ice Melting But." (PDF). *Comparative Connections, A Quarterly e-Journal on East Asian Bilateral Relations*. **9** (2): 131–146. ISSN 1930-5370. Archived from the original (PDF) on ਅਪ੍ਰੈਲ 2, 2012. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
* Schellstede, Sangmie Choi; Yu, Soon Mi (2000). *Comfort Women Speak: Testimony by Sex Slaves of the Japanese Military: Includes New United Nations Human Rights Report*. Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8419-1413-1.
* Tanaka, Yuki. *Japan's Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery and Prostitution During World War II and the US Occupation*, London, Routledge: 2002. ISBN 0-415-19401-60-415-19401-6.
* Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashii "Comfort Women: Beyond Litigious Feminism"

## ਬਾਹਰੀ ਲਿੰਕ

* Thinking about the comfort women issue, Look squarely at essence of 'comfort women' issue. on August 22, 2014 Asahi Shimbun
	+ Testimony about 'forcible taking away of women on Jeju Island': Judged to be fabrication because supporting evidence not found on August 22, 2014 Asahi Shimbun
* Asian Women's Fund web site (archived from the original on 2007-02-02)
* Comfort-Women.org Archived 2009-11-03 at the Wayback Machine.
* Digital Museum of The Comfort Women Issue and the Asian Women's Fund(in Japanese)
* Jugun Ianfu Indonesia at the Wayback Machine (archived October 27, 2009)Wayback MachineJugun Ianfu Indonesia at the Wayback Machine (archived October 27, 2009)
* Korea Dutch Indies Sex Slavery Translation Project
* 121 Coalition Archived 2019-01-26 at the Wayback Machine.
* "The Victims" (from the South Korean Ministry of Gender and Family Equality)
* Japanese Military Sex Slaves on ਯੂਟਿਊਬ, CBS Report featuring Mike Honda and Nariaki Nakayama's infamous comment comparing "comfort houses" and cafeterias
* Japan forced women to work as sex slaves during World War II on ਯੂਟਿਊਬ
* Photo gallery at the Seoul Times.
* A Public Betrayed – Comfort Women—The Asian Sex Slaves of World War II
* "*Allies in adversity, Australia and the Dutch in the Pacific War: Comfort women*" (Web page). Australian War Memorial. 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2017. – describes the experience of Jan O'Herne in Java
* Nakamura, Akemi; Ikuhiko Hata; Yoshiaki Yoshimi (March 20, 2007). "Comfort Women: Were they teen-rape slaves or paid pros?". *The Japan Times*. Archived from the original on July 4, 2007. Retrieved March 23, 2006. `{{cite web}}`: Unknown parameter `|dead-url=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help)
* Friends of “Comfort Women” Australia (FCWA) – not-for-profit organisation focusing on the plight of the Japanese military “Comfort Women” of World War II.
* *Mourning* on ਯੂਟਿਊਬ, song about comfort women composed by Mu Ting Zhang and directed by Po En Lee
* House of Sharing Archived 2019-02-17 at the Wayback Machine. The "House of Sharing" is a South Korean home for surviving comfort women and incorporates "The Museum of Sexual Slavery".
* Justice For Comfort Women Archived 2018-11-17 at the Wayback Machine.

**ਅਕਾਦਮਿਕ ਖੋਜ "The Comfort Women project". Archived from the original on 2006-12-09. Retrieved 2005-04-22. `{{cite web}}`: Unknown parameter `|dead-url=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help)

Cite webURL Comfort Women projectArchive URL date2006-12-09Dead URLyesURL access date2005-04-22
* Hayashi Hirofumi's papers on comfort women
* Responsibility Toward Comfort Women Survivors Archived 2012-06-28 at Archive.is: Japan Policy Research Institute Working Paper 77.
* Japan's Comfort Women, Theirs and Ours Archived 2018-09-01 at the Wayback Machine.: Book review, Japan Policy Research Institute *Critique* 9:2.
* Journal of Asian American Studies 6:1, February 2003, issue on American studies of comfort women, Kandice Chuh, ed.

**ਜਪਾਨੀ ਅਧਿਕਾਰੀ ਬਿਆਨ Statement by Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama on the occasion of the establishment of the "Asian Women's Fund" (1995, Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs)
* Letter from Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi to the former comfort women (2001, Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs)

**ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕ ਦਸਤਾਵੇਜ਼ House Concurrent Resolution 226 Archived 2004-11-06 at the Wayback Machine. (June 23, 2003, 108th United States Congress), introduced by Rep. Lane Evans (Illinois 17), referred to House Committee on International Relations; not passed.
* Japanese Comfort Women (1944, United States Office of War Information)
* Korea official website for sex slaves victims