# ਗਰਮੀ

ਹੀਟ ਜਾਂ **ਗਰਮੀ**, ਪਦਾਰਥ ਦੀ ਇੱਕ ਵਸਤੂ ਤੋਂ ਕਿਸੇ ਦੂਜੀ ਤੱਕ ਦੋਵਾਂ ਦਰਮਿਆਨ ਤਾਪਮਾਨ ਅੰਤਰ ਕਾਰਨ ਵਹਿ ਰਹੀ ਊਰਜਾ ਦੀ ਮਾਤਰਾ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ।

## ਹਵਾਲੇ

### ਕਥਨ

### ਹਵਾਲਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸੂਚੀ

* Adkins, C.J. (1968/1983). *Equilibrium Thermodynamics*, (1st edition 1968), third edition 1983, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, ISBN 0-521-25445-0.
* Atkins, P., de Paula, J. (1978/2010). *Physical Chemistry*, (first edition 1978), ninth edition 2010, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK, ISBN 978-0-19-954337-3.
* Bacon, F. (1620). *Novum Organum Scientiarum*, translated by Devey, J., P.F. Collier & Son, New York, 1902.
* Baierlein, R. (1999). *Thermal Physics*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65838-6.
* Bailyn, M. (1994). *A Survey of Thermodynamics*, American।nstitute of Physics Press, New York, ISBN 0-88318-797-3.
* Born, M. (1949). *Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance*, Oxford University Press, London.
* Bryan, G.H. (1907). *Thermodynamics. An।ntroductory Treatise dealing mainly with First Principles and their Direct Applications*, B.G. Teubner, Leipzig.
* Callen, H.B. (1960/1985). *Thermodynamics and an।ntroduction to Thermostatistics*, (1st edition 1960) 2nd edition 1985, Wiley, New York, ISBN 0-471-86256-8.
* Carathéodory, C. (1909). "Untersuchungen über die Grundlagen der Thermodynamik". *Mathematische Annalen*. **67**: 355–386. doi:10.1007/BF01450409. A translation may be found here. A mostly reliable translation is to be found at Kestin, J. (1976). *The Second Law of Thermodynamics*, Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg PA.
* Chandrasekhar, S. (1961). *Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability*, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK.
* Clark, J. O. E. (2004). *The Essential Dictionary of Science*. Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 0-7607-4616-8.
* Clausius, R. (1854). *Annalen der Physik* (*Poggendoff's Annalen*), Dec. 1854, vol. xciii. p. 481; translated in the *Journal de Mathematiques*, vol. xx. Paris, 1855, and in the *Philosophical Magazine*, August 1856, s. 4. vol. xii, p. 81.
* Clausius, R. (1865/1867). *The Mechanical Theory of Heat – with its Applications to the Steam Engine and to Physical Properties of Bodies*, London: John van Voorst, 1 Paternoster Row. MDCCCLXVII. Also the second edition translated into English by W.R. Browne (1879) here and here.
* De Groot, S.R., Mazur, P. (1962). *Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics*, North-Holland, Amsterdam. Reprinted (1984), Dover Publications।nc., New York, ISBN 0486647412.
* Denbigh, K. (1955/1981). *The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium*, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, ISBN 0-521-23682-7.
* Greven, A., Keller, G., Warnecke (editors) (2003). *Entropy*, Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, ISBN 0-691-11338-6.
* Guggenheim, E.A. (1967) [1949], *Thermodynamics. An Advanced Treatment for Chemists and Physicists* (fifth ed.), Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company. `{{citation}}`: Cite has empty unknown parameter: `|other=` (help)
* Jensen, W.B. (2010). "Why Are q and Q Used to Symbolize Heat?" (PDF). *J. Chem. Educ*. **87** (11): 1142. Bibcode:2010JChEd..87.1142J. doi:10.1021/ed100769d. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 23 Mar 2015. `{{cite journal}}`: Unknown parameter `|deadurl=` ignored (`|url-status=` suggested) (help)
* J. P. Joule (1884), *The Scientific Papers of James Prescott Joule*, The Physical Society of London, p. 274, Lecture on Matter, Living Force, and Heat. 5 and 12 May 1847.
* Kittel, C. Kroemer, H. (1980). *Thermal Physics*, second edition, W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, ISBN 0-7167-1088-9.
* Kondepudi, D. (2008), *।ntroduction to Modern Thermodynamics*, Chichester UK: Wiley, ISBN 978-0-470-01598-8 `{{citation}}`: Cite has empty unknown parameter: `|other=` (help)
* Kondepudi, D., Prigogine,।. (1998). *Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures*, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, ISBN 0-471-97393-9.
* Landau, L., Lifshitz, E.M. (1958/1969). *Statistical Physics*, volume 5 of *Course of Theoretical Physics*, translated from the Russian by J.B. Sykes, M.J. Kearsley, Pergamon, Oxford.
* Lebon, G., Jou, D., Casas-Vázquez, J. (2008). *Understanding Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics: Foundations, Applications, Frontiers*, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, e-ISBN 978-3-540-74252-4.
* Lieb, E.H., Yngvason, J. (2003). The Entropy of Classical Thermodynamics, Chapter 8 of *Entropy*, Greven, A., Keller, G., Warnecke (editors) (2003).
* Maxwell, J.C. (1871), *Theory of Heat* (first ed.), London: Longmans, Green and Co. `{{citation}}`: Cite has empty unknown parameter: `|other=` (help)
* Partington, J.R. (1949), *An Advanced Treatise on Physical Chemistry.*, vol. volume 1, Fundamental Principles. The Properties of Gases, London: Longmans, Green and Co. `{{citation}}`: `|volume=` has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: `|other=` (help)
* Perrot, Pierre (1998). *A to Z of Thermodynamics*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-856552-6.
* Pippard, A.B. (1957/1966). *Elements of Classical Thermodynamics for Advanced Students of Physics*, original publication 1957, reprint 1966, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.
* Planck, M., (1897/1903). *Treatise on Thermodynamics*, translated by A. Ogg, first English edition, Longmans, Green and Co., London.
* Planck. M. (1914). *The Theory of Heat Radiation*, a translation by Masius, M. of the second German edition, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia.
* Planck, M., (1923/1927). *Treatise on Thermodynamics*, translated by A. Ogg, third English edition, Longmans, Green and Co., London.
* Reif, F. (1965). *Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics*. New York: McGraw-Hlll,।nc.
* Shavit, A., Gutfinger, C. (1995). *Thermodynamics. From Concepts to Applications*, Prentice Hall, London, ISBN 0-13-288267-1.
* Truesdell, C. (1969). *Rational Thermodynamics: a Course of Lectures on Selected Topics*, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
* Truesdell, C. (1980). *The Tragicomical History of Thermodynamics 1822–1854*, Springer, New York, ISBN 0-387-90403-4.

### ਹੋਰ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸੂਚੀ

* Beretta, G.P.; E.P. Gyftopoulos (1990). "What is heat?" (PDF). *Education in thermodynamics and energy systems*. AES. **20**. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
* Gyftopoulos, E. P., & Beretta, G. P. (1991). *Thermodynamics: foundations and applications.* (Dover Publications)
* Hatsopoulos, G. N., & Keenan, J. H. (1981). Principles of general thermodynamics. RE Krieger Publishing Company.

## ਬਾਹਰੀ ਲਿੰਕ

* Heat on *In Our Time* at the BBC. (listen now)
* Plasma heat at 2 gigakelvins – Article about extremely high temperature generated by scientists (Foxnews.com)
* Correlations for Convective Heat Transfer Archived 2012-02-05 at the Wayback Machine. – ChE Online Resources