# Ukraine

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|  **Ukraine**  |
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| --- | --- |
|  Mbendera |  Chikopa |

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| **Nyimbo ya utundu**: ' |
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| Chinenero ya ndzika | Chiukrainsa |
| Mzinda wa mfumu | Kyiv |
| Boma | Republic |
| Chipembedzo |  |
| Maonekedwe % pa madzi | 603 550 km² 7% |
| Munthu Kuchuluka: | 41 167 335 (2022) /km² |
| Ndalama | hryvnia, ₴ (UAH) |
| Zone ya nthawi | UTC +2, +3 |
| Tsiku ya mtundu | 24.08. |
| Internet | Code | Tel. | .ua | UA | +380 |

**Ukraine** (uk.: *Україна*) ndi dziko lomwe limapezeka ku Europu. Kyiv ndiye likulu.

## Nkhani

M'zaka za m'ma 5-7, mafuko a Asilavo Kum'maŵa anakhazikika kuno, kuchokera kudera la Ukraine yamakono mpaka kumadzulo kwa Russia yamakono. M'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, mayiko onsewa anali mbali ya ufumu umodzi, womwe likulu lawo linali Kyiv.

M'zaka za zana la 12, Ufumu wa Kyiv unayamba kugawanika kukhala maulamuliro osiyanasiyana. M'zaka za zana la 12, Yuri Dolgoruky, mwana wachisanu ndi chimodzi wa Kyivan kalonga Vladimir Monomakh, analibe ufulu pampando wachifumu ndipo anayamba kugonjetsa madera kumpoto chakum'mawa

Mitundu ya Asilavo isanayambe Chikhristu
Chotero, chapakati pa zaka za zana la 12, mafuko a Asilavo anapezeka ali m’chigawo chapakati cha Russia yamakono. Asanafike, Moscow, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa ndi Dolgoruky monga malo ang'onoang'ono, inkakhala mafuko omwe ali pafupi ndi Finns zamakono. Nkhondo inayambika pakati pa ufumu wa Vladimir-Suzdal (pakati pa Russia) ndi Kiev, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti alekana ndi ufumu wa Kyiv m’chaka cha 1169

Pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Batu mu 1240, mtsogoleri wa maufumu a kumpoto, Alexander Nevsky, anakhala wophunzira wa Batu, ndipo kutenga nawo mbali kwa Alexander pa nkhondo ya mbali ya Batu kunachititsa kuti mwana wake wazaka 16 Daniel kukhala kalonga woyamba wa Moscow, yemwe anaika maziko a chitukuko cha Russia yamakono. Mzinda wina waukulu wa Middle Ages ku Russia yamakono unali Veliky Novgorod, womwe unkamenyana nthawi zonse ndi Moscow ndipo unagonjetsedwa ndi Moscow mu 1478.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 15, gulu la Golden Horde, dziko losamukasamuka, linagawanika kukhala Ufumu wa Crimea, Ufumu wa Astrakhan ndi Kazan, ndi Russia, womwe unamenya nkhondo zingapo motsutsana ndi ogwirizana nawo kale ndi oyandikana nawo, makamaka Lithuania. Kumenyera mzinda wa Smolensk kunali kofala. Anthu aku Russia adachokera ku mafuko akummawa kwa Asilavo ndipo adalengedwa ngati anthu osiyana mu nthawi ya Muscovite ya zaka za zana la 17.

Chipilala kwa ngwazi dziko la Ukraine Bogdan Khmelnitski
M'zaka za 15-16, akuluakulu a ku Ukraine adakhazikitsidwa - Cossacks, ankhondo omwe adateteza dziko ku nkhondo za oyandikana nawo. Anthu a ku Russia amakono anafika ku maiko a Ukraine m’zaka za zana la 17. Panthawi yolimbana ndi anthu a ku Ukraine kuti adzilamulire ndi kukana kuukira kwa Poland, motsogozedwa ndi Bohdan Khmelnytsky mu 1654, mgwirizano wa mgwirizano unatsirizidwa ndi Russia

Anthu aku Ukraine sankaonedwa kuti ndi nzika ndipo nthawi zambiri ankatumizidwa kukagwira ntchito yokakamiza mkati mwa Russia, kuphwanya pangano la 1654. (Anthu a ku Ukraine 10,000 anafa chifukwa cha ukhondo panthawi yomanga Ngalande ya Ladoga.) Izi zinayambitsa kuwukira kwa Ivan Mazepa mu 1708, amene analeka maubwenzi ndi Russia ndipo anafuna kukhala pansi pa chitetezo cha Sweden.

Mu 1775, Russia inawononga linga la Chiyukireniya la Sich, zomwe zinayambitsa ukapolo wa anthu a ku Ukraine ndi ndondomeko ya Russification (Русификация) - kuwonongedwa kwa chinenero cha Chiyukireniya ndi chikhalidwe cha Chiyukireniya. Zitsanzo zodziwikiratu za ndondomeko zotere ndi Ems Decree (Эмский указ) ndi lamulo la Minister Mkati Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), lomwe limaletsa anthu aku Ukraine kugwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo chawon .

Lamulo la Valuev la 1863. “Chiyankhulo cha Chiyukireniya sichinakhalepo, kulibe ndipo sichingakhaleko, ndipo aliyense amene sangagwirizane ndi mawu amenewa ndi mdani wa Russia.”
Mu 1914, Mfumu Nicholas II inaletsa chikondwerero cha zaka 100 za kubadwa kwa wolemba wotchuka wa ku Ukraine Taras Shevchenko mu Ufumu wa Russia.

Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1917, Chipulumutso cha February chotsogozedwa ndi Alexander Kerensky chinagwetsa ufumu wa monarchy ndi kulengeza Russia kukhala lipabuliki, kupatsa anthu ambiri omwe kale anali oponderezedwa mwaŵi wa kumenyera ufulu wawo .

Atayamba kulamulira, Vladimir Lenin analengeza nkhondo yapachiŵeniŵeni m’dziko, mbali yake inali nkhondo yapakati pa Ukraine ndi Soviet Russia, imene inachititsa kuti dziko la Ukraine ligawike pakati pa Poland ndi Russia (kuyambira mu 1922 ndi Soviet Union)

Mu 1932-1933, boma la Soviet Union motsogozedwa ndi Joseph Stalin linachita Holodomor (njala yopangidwa ndi anthu), imene mayiko ambiri ankaiona ngati kupha anthu a ku Ukraine ndikupha anthu okwana 10 miliyoni

Mu 1937, NKVD anawombera ambiri Chiyukireniya intelligentsia, zikhalidwe ndi asayansi, ndipo mabwinja awo anaikidwa mwachinsinsi m'nkhalango Bykivnyansky, kumene chipilala anamangidwa pambuyo kugwa kwa Soviet Union

Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale za njala 1932-1933 ku Kyiv idakhazikitsidwa pambuyo pa kugwa kwa ulamuliro wankhanza mu 1991
Mu 1941-1945, dziko linagwidwa ndi chipani cha Nazi, aliyense 5 okhala ku Ukraine anafa. Kuyambira m’ma 1960 mpaka m’ma 1980, Soviet Union inapondereza otsutsa, kuwatsekera m’ndende ndi kuwaika m’mabungwe amisala; Vasyl Stus ndi wolemba wotchuka waku Ukraine yemwe adamwalira ali m'ndende. Mu 1985-1991, panthawi ya kusintha kwa demokalase, Soviet Union inagwa, ndipo pa August 24, 1991, Ukraine inalengeza ufulu wodzilamulira.

Pambuyo pa nthawi yachitatu ya ulamuliro wa Vladimir Putin mu 2012, dziko la Russia linayamba kusokoneza ufulu wolankhula ndipo linayamba kusonkhanitsa asilikali pafupi ndi kum'mawa kwa Ukraine. Kuti akhalebe pampando, Purezidenti wakale waku Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych adapempha a Putin kuti atumize asitikali kuti akawukire Ukraine mu 2013, zomwe zidatsogolera ku Euromaidan.

Pa February 20, 2014, pamene Yanukovych anali ku Kyiv, dziko la Russia linayamba kulanda Crimea kum’mwera kwa Ukraine ndipo kenako anateteza Yanukovych, yemwe anathawa kwawo. Pa April 12, 2014, dziko la Russia linayambitsa nkhondo kum’maŵa kwa dziko la Ukraine pamene mamembala a bungwe la Igor Girkin mothandizidwa ndi ntchito zanzeru zaku Russia anaukira mzinda wa Slaviansk. Tsiku lotsatira, Epulo 13, Ukraine idayambitsa ntchito yolimbana ndi zigawenga - ATO - kuletsa gulu lankhondo la Russia kuti lisalande mzinda ndi mzinda .

Mabwinja a bwalo la ndege ku Donetsk, lomwe linawonongedwa pa nthawi ya mzinda wa Russia ndi asilikali ake, 2014
Mpaka 2022, Russia, kupyolera mwa chidole cha "Donetsk Republic", yemwe wolamulira wake wosakhalitsa anali wandale wa ku Moscow Alexander Boroday, adachita nkhondo yachinsinsi ndi Ukraine, yomwe inakula kukhala nkhondo yaikulu. Mu 2022, ziwonetsero zingapo zotsutsana ndi nkhondo zidachitika ku Russia konse, zomwe zidaponderezedwa ndi chitetezo
 .

Ku Ukraine, dziko la Russia lachita ziwawa zazikulu zankhondo, monga kuphulitsa madera okhalamo, kuwononga kwathunthu mizinda monga Mariupol, ndi kuzunzidwa kwa anthu wamba chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo cha Chiyukireniya, kuphatikiza kuzunzidwa m'zipinda zapansi za nyumba zogona ku Kherson. Mlandu woopsa kwambiri kwa anthu aku Ukraine ndi kuwombera kwa mzinda wa Buchi, komwe kunachitika mu Marichi 2022..

Ku Mariupoi, yomwe inawonongedwa ndi dziko la Russia, anthu a ku Ukraine anawotchedwa amoyo m’nyumba zawo pophulitsa mabomba usiku, 2022
M'madera omwe adagwidwa, anthu a ku Russia anayamba kuwononga mabuku a Chiyukireniya m'mabungwe a maphunziro, malo osungiramo zinthu zakale ndi malo osungiramo mabuku omwe sanatsatire ndondomeko ya Russia, ndipo adayambitsa misasa "yosankhira" momwe anthu wamba adamangidwa ndikuzunzidwa .

Ndipo nkhani ya wafilosofi waku Russia komanso wasayansi wandale Timofey Sergetsev "Kodi Russia iyenera kuchita chiyani ndi Ukraine?" (m’Chirasha) Wolemba mbiri wina wa ku America, Timothy Snyder, analitcha kuti “bukhu la ku Russia la kupha fuko” .

## Demographics

Chiwerengero cha anthu: 41,167,335 (2022).

## Zokopa alendo

* Kyiv
* Lviv
* Kharkiv
* Kropyvnytskyi
* Odesa
* Kherson
* Mykolaiv

## Zolemba

## Malifalensi

 Ukraine

* Президент України (*uk.*)
* Кабінет міністрів України (*uk.*)
* Верховна Рада України (*uk.*)