# मादक पदार्थ

सन् २००४को विश्व भरी मादक पदार्थ सेवन गरेको तथ्यांक (१५ भन्दा माथि)
**मादक पदार्थ** वा **मदिरायुक्त पेय पदार्थ**मा इथानोल नामक इथाइल मदिरा युक्त पेय पदार्थ हो ।

## प्रकार

| Grains | Name of fermented beverage | Name of distilled beverage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| barley | beer, ale, barley wine | Scotch whisky, Irish whiskey, shōchū (mugijōchū) (Japan) |
| rye | rye beer, kvass | rye whiskey, vodka (Poland), Korn (Germany) |
| corn | chicha, corn beer, tesguino | Bourbon whiskey; and vodka (rarely) |
| sorghum | burukutu (Nigeria), pito (Ghana), merisa (southern Sudan), bilibili (Chad, Central African Republic, Cameroon) | maotai, gaoliang, certain other types of baijiu (China). |
| wheat | wheat beer | horilka (Ukraine), vodka, wheat whisky, weizenkorn (Germany) |
| rice | beer, brem (Bali), huangjiu and choujiu (China), Ruou gao (Vietnam), sake (Japan), sonti (India), makgeolli (Korea), tuak (Borneo Island), thwon (Nepal) | aila (Nepal), rice baijiu (China), shōchū (komejōchū) and awamori (Japan), soju (Korea) |
| millet | millet beer (Sub-Saharan Africa), tongba (Nepal, Tibet), boza (the Balkans, Turkey) |
| buckwheat | shōchū (sobajōchū) (Japan) |
| Fruit juice | Name of fermented beverage | Name of distilled beverage |
| juice of grapes, | wine | brandy, Cognac (France), Vermouth, Armagnac (France), Branntwein (Germany), pisco (Peru, Chile), (Grozdova) Rakia (The Balkans, Turkey), singani (Bolivia), Arak (Syria, Lebanon, Jordan), törkölypálinka (Hungary) |
| juice of apples | cider (U.S.: "hard cider"), Apfelwein | applejack (or apple brandy), calvados, cider |
| juice of pears | perry, or pear cider; poiré (France) | Poire Williams, pear brandy, Eau-de-vie (France), pálinka (Hungary), Krushova rakia / Krushevitsa (Bulgaria) |
| juice of plums | plum wine | slivovitz, țuică, umeshu, pálinka, Slivova rakia / Slivovitsa (Bulgaria) |
| juice of apricots |  | Kaisieva rakia (Bulgaria) |
| juice of pineapples | tepache (Mexico), Pineapple Wine (Hawaii) |  |
| junipers |  | borovička (Slovakia) |
| bananas or plantains | Chuoi hot (Vietnam), Cauim (Kuna Indians of Panama), urgwagwa (Uganda, Rwanda), mbege (with millet malt; Tanzania), kasikisi (with sorghum malt; Democratic Republic of the Congo) |
| gouqi | gouqi jiu (China) | gouqi jiu (China) |
| coconut | Toddy (Sri Lanka, India) | arrack, lambanog (Sri Lanka, India, Philippines) |
| ginger with sugar, ginger with raisins | ginger ale, ginger beer, ginger wine |
| *Myrica rubra* | yangmei jiu (China) | yangmei jiu (China) |
| pomace | pomace wine | Raki/Ouzo/Pastis/Sambuca (Turkey/Greece/France/Italy), tsipouro/tsikoudia (Greece), grappa (Italy), Trester (Germany), marc (France), orujo (Spain), zivania (Cyprus), aguardente (Portugal), tescovină (Romania), Arak (Iraq) |
| Vegetables | Name of fermented beverage | Name of distilled beverage |
| cassava |
Saliva-fermented beverages:
* Cauim
* chicha: Throughout the Amazon Basin, including the interiors of Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil, chicha is made most often with cassava). in Peruvian Amazonia chichia is known as *masato*.
* kasiri (Sub-Saharan Africa)
* nihamanchi (South America) aka nijimanche (Ecuador and Peru)
* Parakari (Guyana)
* Sakurá (Brazil, Surinam)
 | tiquira (Brazil) |
| juice of ginger root | ginger beer (Botswana) |
| potato | potato beer | horilka (Ukraine), vodka (Poland and Germany), akvavit (Scandinavia), poitín (poteen) (Ireland) |
| sweet potato | shōchū (imojōchū) (Japan), soju (Korea) |
| juice of sugarcane, or molasses | basi, betsa-betsa (regional) | rum (Caribbean), pinga or cachaça (Brasil), aguardiente, guaro |
| juice of agave | pulque | tequila, mezcal, raicilla |
| Other ingredients | Name of fermented beverage | Name of distilled beverage |
| sap of palm | coyol wine (Central America), tembo (Sub-Saharan Africa), toddy (Indian subcontinent) |
| sap of Arenga pinnata, Coconut, Borassus flabellifer | Tuak (Indonesia) | Arrack |
| honey | mead, horilka (Ukraine), tej (Ethiopia) | distilled mead (mead brandy or honey brandy) |
| milk | kumis, kefir, blaand | arkhi (Mongolia) |
| sugar | kilju and mead or *sima* (Finland) | shōchū (kokutō shōchū): made from brown sugar (Japan) |

## प्रयोग

## स्वास्थ्य

## इतिहास

## सन्दर्भ सूची