# Mikhail Gorbachev

| Mikhail Gorbachev |
| --- |
|  |
|  Vuċi |
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| President tal-Unjoni Sovjetika |
| --- |

 15 Marzu 1990 - 25 Diċembru 1991 ← no value - no value →

| President tas-Sovjet Suprem tal-Unjoni Sovjetika |
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 25 Mejju 1989 - 15 Marzu 1990 ← no value - Anatoly Lukyanov (en)  →

|  11. Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (en)  |
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 1 Ottubru 1988 - 25 Mejju 1989 ← Andrei Gromyko (mul)  - no value →

|  6. Segretarju Ġenerali tal-Partit Komunista tal-Unjoni Sovjetika |
| --- |

 11 Marzu 1985 - 24 Awwissu 1991 ← Konstantin Chernenko (en)  - Volodymyr Ivashko (en)  →

| Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (en)  |
| --- |

 27 Novembru 1978 - 11 Marzu 1985 ← Fyodor Kulakov (en)  - Viktor Nikonov (en)  → |
| Ħajja |
| Twelid |
Привольное (mul) , 2 Marzu 1931 |
| Nazzjonalità |
Russja Unjoni Sovjetika |
| L-ewwel lingwa |
Russu |
| Mewt |
Kremlin Medicine (mul) u Moska, 30 Awwissu 2022 |
| Post tad-dfin |
Ċimiterju ta’ Novodevichy |
| Kawża tal-mewt |
kawżi naturali (insuffiċjenza tal-kliewi) |
| Familja |
| Missier |
Sergey Gorbachev |
| Omm |
Maria Gorbacheva |
| Konjuga/i |
Raisa Gorbacheva (en)   (23 Settembru 1953 -  20 Settembru 1999) |
| Ulied |

uri
* Irina Virganskaya (en)
 |
| Edukazzjoni |
| Alma mater | Fakultà tal-Liġi tal-Università Statali ta' Moska 1955) Università Agrarja Statali ta' Stavropol 1967) Università Statali ta’ Moska |
| Livell tal-edukazzjoni |
Dottorat fix-Xjenza |
| Lingwi |
Russu |
| Okkupazzjoni |
| Okkupazzjoni |
politiku ġurist ambjentalist ekonomista avukat attur ċinematografiku |
|

Parteċipant
* 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (en)  24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (en)  25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (en)  26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (en)  27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (en)  28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (en)  Visiting Dmitry Gordon (en)  Mikhail Gorbachev Pizza Hut commercial (en)  19th All-Union Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (en)
 |
| Impjegaturi | Komsomol The Gorbachev Foundation (en)  |
| Premjijiet |

List
* Premju Nobel tal-Paċi  (1990)  Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres‎  (29 Settembru 1997) honorary citizen of Berlin  (9 Novembru 1992)  Order of Honour  (28 Frar 2001)  Order of the October Revolution  (22 Frar 1978)  Collar of the Order of the White Lion  Order of the Badge of Honour  (22 Marzu 1966) Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation  (1989)  Philadelphia Liberty Medal Free Your Mind  (2008) North–South Prize Alexander Men Prize  Ronald Reagan Freedom Award Delta Prize for Global Understanding Champions of the Earth  (2006)  Order of the Red Banner of Labour  (16 April 1949)  Medal "For Labour Valour"  (11 Jannar 1957)  Medal "For Strengthening of Brotherhood in Arms"  (2 Ġunju 1980) Harvey Prize  (1992) Otto Hahn Peace Medal  (1989)  Medal "In Commemoration of the 1500th Anniversary of Kyiv"  (1982) Golden Plate Award Global Economy Prize  (2015) Grawemeyer Awards  (1994)  Order of St. Andrew the Apostle the First-Called  (2 Marzu 2011)  Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"  (23 April 1985)  Order of Christopher Columbus  Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany  (7 Novembru 1999) Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children  (2004) honorary doctor of the University of Madrid Complutense  (1990) honorary citizen of Košice  (2018)  Order of Saint Agatha Honorary doctor of the University of Liège honorary doctor of the University of Münster honorary doctor of the University of Tromso Point Alpha Prize  (2005) German Environmental Prize  (2010) Franz Josef Strauss Award  (2011)  Grand cross of the Order of the White Lion  (1999)  Grand Cross of the Order of Liberty  (6 Settembru 1995)  Order of Lenin  (28 Frar 1981)  Order of Lenin  (7 Diċembru 1973)  Order of Lenin  (27 Awwissu 1971) Osgar  (2005) Osgar  (2009) Financial Times Person of the Year  (1985) Dr. Friedrich Joseph Haass-Preis  (2007)  Order of the White Lion  Ordre des Arts et des Lettres  Order of Liberty  Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Princess of Asturias Awards Grammy Awards Acqui Award of History Marion Dönhoff Award Indira Gandhi Peace Prize  (1987) Golden Doves for Peace  (Novembru 1989) Albert Einstein Peace Prize  (Ġunju 1990) honorary doctor of the University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne  (12 Diċembru 2001)  [[]] Financial Times Person of the Year  (1989)
 |
| Influwenzat minn |
Antonio Gramsci Louis Aragon (mul)  Roger Garaudy (mul)  Giuseppe Boffa (mul)  Sun Myung Moon (en)  |
| Sħubija |
International Academy of Sciences San Marino (en)  Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (en)  Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (en)  Club of Rome (en)  Komsomol |
| Grad |
kurunell |

**Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev** (bir-Russu: Михаи́л Серге́евич Горбачёв; twieled fit-2 ta' Marzu 1931 – miet fit-30 ta' Awwissu 2022) kien politiku Russu. Hu serva bħala t-tmien u l-aħħar mexxej tal-Unjoni Sovjetika bejn l-1985 u l-1991. It-tentattivi tiegħu għar-riformi wasslu għat-tmiem tal-Gwerra l-Bierda, kif ukoll ikkawżaw tmiem is-supremazija politika tal-Partit Komunista tal-Unjoni Sovjetika (PKUS) u x-xoljiment tal-Unjoni Sovjetika. Fl-1990 ingħata l-Premju Nobel għall-Paċi.

## Gorbachyov u t-tmiem tat-tmexxija Komunista

Mikhail Gorbachyov, li tela' fil-poter f'Marzu ta' l-1985, fl-età ta' 54 sena, kien l-aktar mexxej b'talent u dinamiku li r-Russja kienet rat għall-ħafna snin. Kien determinat li jbiddel u jerġa' jagħti l-ħajja lil pajjiż wara s-snin sterili wara l-waqgħa ta' Krushchev. Hu kellu f'moħħu li jagħmel dan billi jimmodernizza lil Partit Komunista bl-ideat ġodda ta' *glasnost* (ftuħ) u *perestroika* (ristrutturar - ekonomiku u soċjali).

Dan il-ħsieb ġdid mal-ewwel ħalla impatt fuq il-politika barranija, b'inizjattivi ġodda għal ''dètente'', relazzjonijiet maċ-Ċina, tluq mill-Afganistan u fl-aħħar it-tmiem tal-Gwerra Bierda lejn l-aħħar ta' l-1990.

Gorbachyov wera biċ-ċar x'kien ħażin fl-Unjoni Sovjetika, f'diskors li għamel waqt Konferenza tal-Partit fl-1988. Hu qal li s-sistema kienet wisq ċentralizzata u għalhekk ma ħallietx spazju għall-inizzjattiva individwali lokali. Kienet ibbażata kompletament fuq kontroll u tmexxija mill-istat u indirizzata wisq lejn id-difiża u industriji kbar u b'hekk kien hemm nuqqas ta' ġid lejn il-konsumatur.

Gorbachyov ma riedx itemm il-Komuniżmu; ried ibiddel is-sistema preżenti, li kienet għada wisq Stalinista, ma waħda soċjalista li kienet umana u demokratika.

## Ħoloq esterni

* (RU, EN)  Il-Fondazzjoni Gorbachev