# Glires

| Glires Firxa tal-fossili: Kmieni fil-Palejoċen - Reċenti |
| --- |
|  |
| Lemming tan-Norveġja *Lemmus lemmus* |
| Klassifikazzjoni xjentifika |
| Renju: | Animalia  |
| Klassi: | Mammalia  |
| Sottoklassi: | Eutheria  |
| Superordni: | Euarchontoglires  |
| Ordnijiet |
| * Lagomorpha
* Rodentia
 |

Pika Amerikana *Ochotona princeps* membru tal-klad Glires u speċi tal-ordni Lagomorpha
**Glires** huwa klad ta' mammiferi plaċentati li jiġbor fih ir-rodituri u l-lagomorfi. Dan il-klad qiegħed ikklasifikat, fil-klassi Mammalia, fis-sottoklassi Theria, fl-infraklassi Eutheria u fis-superordni Euarchontoglires.

Glires jiġbor fiħ żewġ ordnijiet Lagomorpha u Rodentia u flimkien ma' klad ieħor, l-Euarchonta, jiffurmaw is-superordni Euarchontoglires.

L-ipoteżi li dawn iż-żewġ ordnijiet jiffurmaw grupp monofiletiku bbażat fuq evidenza morfoloġika, kienet ilha f'dibattitu għal żmien twil. Dati reċenti tal-2001 ibbażati fuq DNA nukleari jsostnu li Glires u Euarchonta huma gruppi jew aħjar kladi aħwa u li flimkien jiffurmaw is-superordni Euarchontoglires, għalkemm dati ġenetiċi oħrajn, kemm DNA nukleari kif ukoll DNA mitokondrijali kienu jsostnu inqas dawn il-gruppi.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Euarchontoglires |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Glires** |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Rodentia (ġrieden) |
|  |
|  |
Lagomorpha (fniek, liepri u piki) |
|  |

 |
|  |
| Euarchonta |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Scandentia (tupaji) |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Dermoptera (kolugi) |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
†Plesiadapiformes |
|  |
|  |
Primates (xadini) |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

## Klassifikazzjoni

* Klassi Mammalia
	+ Sottoklassi Theria
		- Infraklassi Eutheria
			* Superordni Euarchontoglires
				+ Klad **Glires**
					- Ordni Lagomorpha
					- Ordni Rodentia

## Referenzi

* Madsen O., M. Scally, C. J. Douady, D. J. Kao, R. W. DeBry, R. Adkins, H. M. Amrine, M. J. Stanhope, W. W. de Jong, M. S. Springer, 2001 Parallel adaptive radiations in two major clades of placental mammals *Nature* 409:610-614.
* Murphy W. J., E. Eizirik, W. E. Johnson, Y. P. Zhang, O. A. Ryder, S. J. O'Brien, 2001a. Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals *Nature* 409:614-618.
* Ulfur Arnason, et al. Mammalian mitogenomic relationships and the root of the eutherian tree. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Science* 99: 8151-8156.
* R. M. Nowak, Walker's Mammals of the World (Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, MD, ed. 6, 1999).
* F. S. Szalay, M. J. Novacek, M. C. McKenna, Eds., Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1993).
* W. W. de Jong, Trends Ecol. Evol. 13, 270 (1998).
* P. J. Waddell, N. Okada, M. Hasegawa, Syst. Biol. 48, 1 (1999).
* A. G. Kluge, Syst. Zool. 38, 7 (1989).
* M. J. Sanderson, A. Purvis, C. Henze, Trends Ecol. Evol. 13, 105 (1998).
* A. Purvis, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 348, 405 (1995).
* O. R. P. Bininda-Emonds, J. L. Gittleman, A. Purvis, Biol. Rev. 74, 143 (1999).
* In cases of more than one MP solution, a strict consensus tree can serve to summarize the agreement among these alternatives (8, 32).
* O. R. P. Bininda-Emonds, M. J. Sanderson, Syst. Biol., in press.
* A. Graybeal, Syst. Biol. 47, 9 (1998).
* A. Mitchell, C. Mitter, J. C. Regier, Syst. Biol. 49, 202 (2000).
* G. G. Simpson, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 85, 1 (1945) [ISI].
* M. C. McKenna, S. K. Bell, Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level (Columbia Univ. Press, New York, 1997).
* J. Shoshani and M. C. McKenna, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 9, 572 (1998).
* F.-G. R. Liu and M. M. Miyamoto, Syst. Biol. 48, 54 (1999).
* J. Gatesy, M. Milinkovitch, V. Waddell, M. Stanhope, Syst. Biol. 48, 6 (1999).
* M. Nikaido, A. P. Rooney, N. Okada, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 10261 (1999).
* M. J. Stanhope, et al., Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 9, 501 (1998).
* M. J. Stanhope, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 9967 (1998).
* The other representative of Afrosoricida (Tenrecidae) was excluded from the molecular analysis because of its extensive missing data (only 100 scored binary characters for this partition).
* E. C. Teeling, et al., Nature 403, 188 (2000).
* S. J. O'Brien et al., Science 286, 463 (1999).
* P. J. Waddell, Y. Cao, J. Hauf, M. Hasegawa, Syst. Biol. 48, 31 (1999).
* M. S. Springer, H. M. Amrine, A. Burk, M. J. Stanhope, Syst. Biol. 48, 65 (1999).
* O. R. P. Bininda-Emonds, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 16, 113 (2000).
* D. L. Swofford, PAUP\*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (\* and Other Methods), version 4 (Sinauer, Sunderland, MA, 1998).
* B. R. Baum, Taxon 41, 3 (1992).
* M. A. Ragan, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 1, 53 (1992).
* A. Purvis, Syst. Biol. 44, 251 (1995).
* D. E. Wilson, D. M. Reeder, Eds., Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1993).
* K. Bremer, Evolution 42, 795 (1988)

## Ħoloq esterni

* Molecular and Morphological Supertrees for Eutherian (Placental) Mammals