# Lynn Margulis

| Lynn Margulis |
| --- |
| Margulis pada 2005 |
| Kelahiran | Lynn Petra Alexander (1938-03-05)5 Mac 1938 Chicago, Illinois, Amerika Syarikat |
| Meninggal dunia | 22 November 2011(2011-11-22) (umur 73) Amherst, Massachusetts, A.S. |
| Warganegara | Amerika |
| Pusat pendidikan | Universiti Chicago Universiti Wisconsin-Madison UC Berkeley |
| Terkenal kerana | Simbiogenesis Hipotesis Gaia |
| Pasangan | Carl Sagan (1957–65, bercerai) Thomas Margulis (1967–80, bercerai) |
| Anak-anak | Dorion Sagan (1959) Jeremy Ethan Sagan (1960) Zachary Margulis-Ohnuma Jennifer Margulis di Properzio |
| Anugerah | Pingat Sains Kebangsaa (1999) Hadiah William Procter untuk Pencapaian Saintifik (1999) Pingat Darwin-Wallace (2008) |
| **Kerjaya saintifik** |
| Bidang | Biologi |
| Institusi | Universiti Brandeis Universiti Boston Universiti Massachusetts Amherst |
| Tesis | *An Unusual Pattern of Thymidine Incorporation in* Euglena'**(1965)** |
| Penasihat kedoktoran | Max Alfert |
| Pengaruh | Ivan Wallin, Konstantin Mereschkowski |
|  |

**Lynn Margulis** (lahir **Lynn Petra Alexander**; 5 Mac 1938 – 22 November 2011) merupakan pakar biologi dan teori, pengarang sains, pendidik, dan pelopor sains Amerika Syarikat, dan merupakan penyokong utama moden untuk kepentingan simbiosis dalam evolusi. Ahli sejarah Jan Sapp telah berkata bahawa "Nama Lynn Margulis adalah sama dengan simbiosis kerana nama Charles Darwin ialah dengan evolusi." Khususnya, Margulis mengubah dan memahami dasar semasa mengenai evolusi sel dengan nukleus-peristiwa Ernst Mayr memanggil "mungkin peristiwa yang paling penting dan dramatik dalam sejarah kehidupan" – dengan mencadangkan ia adalah hasil daripada penggabungan bakteria simbiotik. Margulis juga merupakan pengasas bersama hipotesis Gaia bersama ahli kimia British James Lovelock, mencadangkan bahawa Bumi berfungsi sebagai satu sistem pengawalan kendiri tunggal, dan merupakan pembela utama dari lima klasifikasi kerajaan Robert Whittaker.

## Anugerah dan penghargaan

* Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1975.
* Guggenheim Fellowship in 1978.
* Elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1983.
* Guest Hagey Lecturer, University of Waterloo, 1985
* Miescher-Ishida Prize in 1986.
* 1989, conferred the Commandeur de l’Ordre des Palmes Académiques de France.
* Has her papers permanently archived in the Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
* 1992, recipient of Chancellor's Medal for Distinguished Faculty of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
* 1995, elected Fellow of the World Academy of Art and Science.
* 1997, elected to the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences.
* 1998, recipient of the Distinguished Service Award of the American Institute of Biological Sciences.
* 1998, elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
* 1999, recipient of the William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement.
* 1999, recipient of the National Medal of Science, awarded by President William J. Clinton.
* 2002–05, Alexander von Humboldt Prize.
* 2005, elected President of Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society.
* Profiled in *Visionaries: The 20th Century's 100 Most Important Inspirational Leaders*, published in 2007.
* Founded Sciencewriters Books in 2006 with her son Dorion.
* Was one of thirteen recipients in 2008 of the Darwin-Wallace Medal, heretofore bestowed every 50 years, by the Linnean Society of London.
* 2009, speaker at the Biological Evolution Facts and Theories Conference, held at the Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome aimed at promoting dialogue between evolutionary biology and Christianity.
* 2010, inductee into the Leonardo da Vinci Society of Thinking at the University of Advancing Technology in Tempe, Arizona.
* 2010, NASA Public Service Award for Astrobiology.
* 2012, Lynn Margulis Symposium: Celebrating a Life in Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, March 23–25, 2012
* Honorary doctorate from 15 universities.

## Karya

### Buku

* Margulis, Lynn (1970). *Origin of Eukaryotic Cells*, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-01353-1
* Margulis, Lynn (1982). *Early Life*, Science Books International, ISBN 0-86720-005-7
* Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (1986). *Origins of Sex : Three Billion Years of Genetic Recombination*, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-03340-0
* Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (1987). *Microcosmos: Four Billion Years of Evolution from Our Microbial Ancestors*, HarperCollins, ISBN 0-04-570015-X
* Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (1991). *Mystery Dance: On the Evolution of Human Sexuality*, Summit Books, ISBN 0-671-63341-4
* Margulis, Lynn, ed. (1991). *Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation: Speciation and Morphogenesis*, The MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-13269-9
* Margulis, Lynn (1991). "Symbiosis in Evolution: Origins of Cell Motility". Dalam Osawa, Syozo; Honzo, Tasuku (penyunting). *Evolution of Life: Fossils, Molecules and Culture*. Japan: Springer. m/s. 305–324. doi:10.1007/978-4-431-68302-5\_19. ISBN 978-4-431-68304-9.
* Margulis, Lynn (1992). *Symbiosis in Cell Evolution: Microbial Communities in the Archean and Proterozoic Eons*, W.H. Freeman, ISBN 0-7167-7028-8
* Sagan, Dorion, and Margulis, Lynn (1993). *The Garden of Microbial Delights: A Practical Guide to the Subvisible World*, Kendall/Hunt, ISBN 0-8403-8529-3
* Margulis, Lynn, Dorion Sagan and Niles Eldredge (1995) *What Is Life?*, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 978-0684810874
* Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (1997). *Slanted Truths: Essays on Gaia, Symbiosis, and Evolution*, Copernicus Books, ISBN 0-387-94927-5
* Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (1997). *What Is Sex?*, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 0-684-82691-7
* Margulis, Lynn, and Karlene V. Schwartz (1997). *Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth*, W.H. Freeman & Company, ISBN 0-613-92338-3
* Margulis, Lynn (1998). *Symbiotic Planet : A New Look at Evolution*, Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-07271-2
* Margulis, Lynn, *et al.* (2002). *The Ice Chronicles: The Quest to Understand Global Climate Change*, University of New Hampshire, ISBN 1-58465-062-1
* Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (2002). *Acquiring Genomes: A Theory of the Origins of Species*, Perseus Books Group, ISBN 0-465-04391-7
* Margulis, Lynn (2007). *Luminous Fish: Tales of Science and Love*, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN 978-1-933392-33-2
* Margulis, Lynn, and Eduardo Punset, eds. (2007). *Mind, Life and Universe: Conversations with Great Scientists of Our Time*, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN 978-1-933392-61-5
* Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (2007). *Dazzle Gradually: Reflections on the Nature of Nature*, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN 978-1-933392-31-8
* Margulis, Lynn (2009). "Genome acquisition in horizontal gene transfer: symbiogenesis and macromolecular sequence analysis". *Horizontal Gene Transfer:Genomes in Flux*. **532**. Humana Press. m/s. 181–191. doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-853-9\_10. ISBN 978-1-60327-852-2. PMID 19271185. Unknown parameter `|editors=` ignored (bantuan)

### Jurnal

* Margulis, L (1976). "Genetic and evolutionary consequences of symbiosis". *Experimental Parasitology*. **39** (2): 277–349. doi:10.1016/0014-4894(76)90127-2. PMID 816668.
* Margulis, L (1980). "Undulipodia, flagella and cilia". *Biosystems*. **12** (1–2): 105–108. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(80)90041-6. PMID 7378551.
* Margulis, L; Bermudes, D (1985). "Symbiosis as a mechanism of evolution: status of cell symbiosis theory". *Symbiosis*. **1**: 101–124. PMID 11543608.
* Sagan, D; Margulis, L (1987). "Gaia and the evolution of machines". *Whole Earth Review*. **55**: 15–21. PMID 11542102.
* Bermudes, D; Margulis, L; Tzertzinis, G (1987). "Prokaryotic origin of undulipodia. Application of the panda principle to the centriole enigma". *Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences*. **503**: 187–197. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb40608.x. PMID 3304075.
* Lazcano, A; Guerrero, R; Margulis, L; Oró, J (1988). "The evolutionary transition from RNA to DNA in early cells". *Journal of Molecular Evolution*. **27** (4): 283–290. doi:10.1007/bf02101189. PMID 2464698.
* Margulis, L (1990). "Words as battle cries—symbiogenesis and the new field of endocytobiology". *BioScience*. **40** (9): 673–677. doi:10.2307/1311435. JSTOR 1311435. PMID 11541293.
* Margulis, L (1996). "Archaeal-eubacterial mergers in the origin of Eukarya: phylogenetic classification of life". *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America*. **93** (3): 1071–1076. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.3.1071. PMC 40032. PMID 8577716.
* Chapman, MJ; Margulis, L (1998). "Morphogenesis by symbiogenesis". *International Microbiology*. **1** (4): 319–26. PMID 10943381.
* Margulis, L.; Dolan, M. F.; Guerrero, R. (2000). "The chimeric eukaryote: Origin of the nucleus from the karyomastigont in amitochondriate protists". *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*. **97** (13): 6954–6959. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.13.6954. PMC 34369. PMID 10860956.
* Wier, A.; Dolan, M.; Grimaldi, D.; Guerrero, R.; Wagensberg, J.; Margulis, L. (2002). "Spirochete and protist symbionts of a termite (Mastotermes electrodominicus) in Miocene amber". *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*. **99** (3): 1410–1413. doi:10.1073/pnas.022643899. PMC 122204. PMID 11818534.
* Dolan, Michael F.; Melnitsky, Hannah; Margulis, Lynn; Kolnicki, Robin (2002). "Motility proteins and the origin of the nucleus". *The Anatomical Record*. **268** (3): 290–301. doi:10.1002/ar.10161. PMID 12382325.
* Margulis, L (2005). "Hans Ris (1914–2004). Genophore, chromosomes and the bacterial origin of chloroplasts". *International Microbiology*. **8** (2): 145–8. PMID 16052465.
* Margulis, L.; Chapman, M.; Guerrero, R.; Hall, J. (2006). "The last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA): Acquisition of cytoskeletal motility from aerotolerant spirochetes in the Proterozoic Eon". *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*. **103** (35): 13080–13085. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604985103. PMC 1559756. PMID 16938841.
* Dolan, MF; Margulis, L (2007). "Advances in biology reveal truth about prokaryotes". *Nature*. **445** (7123): 21. doi:10.1038/445021b. PMID 17203039.
* Margulis, Lynn; Chapman, Michael; Dolan, Michael F. (2007). "Semes for analysis of evolution: de Duve's peroxisomes and Meyer's hydrogenases in the sulphurous Proterozoic eon". *Nature Reviews Genetics*. **8** (10): 1. doi:10.1038/nrg2071-c1. PMID 17923858.
* Brorson, O.; Brorson, S.-H.; Scythes, J.; MacAllister, J.; Wier, A.; Margulis, L. (2009). "Destruction of spirochete *Borrelia burgdorferi* round-body propagules (RBs) by the antibiotic Tigecycline". *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*. **106** (44): 18656–18661. doi:10.1073/pnas.0908236106. PMC 2774030. PMID 19843691.
* Wier, AM; Sacchi, L; Dolan, MF; Bandi, C; Macallister, J; Margulis, L (2010). "Spirochete attachment ultrastructure: Implications for the origin and evolution of cilia". *The Biological Bulletin*. **218** (1): 25–35. PMID 20203251.
* Guerrero, R; Margulis, L; Berlanga, M; Bandi, C; Macallister, J; Margulis, L (2013). "Symbiogenesis: the holobiont as a unit of evolution". *International Microbiology*. **16** (3): 133–143. doi:10.2436/20.1501.01.188. PMID 24568029.

## Rujukan

## Pautan luar

* "Lynn Margulis". *Biology*. UMass.
* "Endosymbiotic Theory". *Worksheet*. N100. IUPUI. Jan 14, 2002. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2007-09-08. Dicapai pada 2017-12-01.
* Tischfield, Jay (2004). "Rutgers Interview". Missing or empty `|url=` (bantuan)
	+ Part 1 (2010) di YouTube
	+ Part 2 (2010) di YouTube
	+ Part 3 (2010) di YouTube
* 911: Explosive Evidence, Experts Speak Out (2011, excerpt) di YouTube
* Karya oleh atau mengenai Lynn Margulis di perpustakaan (katalog WorldCat)
* "Lynn Margulis". *San Jose Science, Technology and Society*. Linus Pauling Memorial Lectures. Institute for Science, Engineering, and Public Policy. Mar 10, 2005.