# Bahasa Hungary

| Bahasa Hungari Bahasa Majar |
| --- |
| *magyar, magyar nyelv* |
| Sebutan | [ˈmɒɟɒr] |
| Asli kepada | Hungary dan kawasan Austria timur, Croatia, Poland, Romania, utara Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, barat Ukraine. |
| Etnik | Orang Hungary |
| Penutur bahasa | 13 juta (2002–2012)e18 |
| Keluarga bahasa | Ural
* Finni-Yugra (pengelompokan tradisional)
	+ **Bahasa Hungari Bahasa Majar**
 |
| Sistem penulisan | Rumi (Abjad Hungary) Braille Hungary Abjad Hungary Lama |
| Status rasmi |
| Bahasa rasmi di |  Hungary  *Kesatuan Eropah* |
| Bahasa minoriti dikenali di |  Romania  Serbia (di Vojvodina)  Croatia  Slovakia  Slovenia (di Prekmurje)  Austria (di Burgenland)  Ukraine (di Beregove, Mukachevo, Vinogradovo dan daerah-daerah Uzhgorod Kawasan Transkarpation (Oblast Zakarpatska) |
| Dikawal selia oleh | Institut Penyelidikan untuk Linguistik Akademi Hungary Sains |
| Kod bahasa |
| ISO 639-1 | `hu` |
| ISO 639-2 | `hun` |
| ISO 639-3 | Salah satu: `hun` – Hungary Moden `ohu` – Hungary Lama |
| Linguist List | ohu Hungary Lama |
| Glottolog | `hung1274` |
| Linguasphere | `41-BAA-a` |
|

| Sampel |
| --- |
| **Sampel teks**Logo Wikipedia dalam bahasa Hungari Bahasa Majar yang berisi transkripsi "Wikipedia" (atas) ke dalam ortografi masing-masing dan slogan "Ensiklopedia Bebas" (bawah) yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa tersebut.Teks tidak ditampilkan dengan benar? |
| Sampel teks lainnya |
| **Sampel suara** Sampel suara bahasa ini, diambil dari Wikidata noicon
(Bantuan • Fail • Lainnya) |

Wilayah Eropah Tengah yang bahasa ibundanya bahasa Hungary mewakili majoriti (biru tua) dan minoriti (biru muda). *Berdasarkan banci terkini dan Buku Fakta Dunia CIA 2014* |
|  |
|

**Bahasa Hungary**, **Bahasa Majar** atau **Bahasa Magyar** (*magyar nyelv*) merupakan bahasa dalam rumpun bahasa Finni-Yugra, lagi khususnya cabang Yugra yang tiada pertalian darah dengan bahasa-bahasa Eropah Tengah lain. Sebagai salah satu daripada sebilangan kecil bahasa Eropah moden yang tidak tergolong dalam rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropah, bahasa Hungary/Majar banyak meraih minat para pakar bahasa. Bahasa ini ditutur di negara Hungary serta kaum minoriti Hungary di tujuh buah negara yang berjiran dengan Hungary. Nama tempatan bahasa ini disebut magyar [ˈmɒɟɒr̪].

Terdapat kira-kira 13 juta orang yang menutur bahasa Hungary sebagai bahasa ibunda, termasuk 9.5-10 juta orang yang tinggal di Hungary zaman sekarang. Terdapat dua juta orang penutur yang tinggal di kawasan yang dahulunya merupakan sebahagian Kerajaan Hungary sebelum Perang Dunia Pertama, termasuklah kumpulan terbesar yang tinggal Romania, di mana terdapat kira-kira 1.4 juta orang berbangsa Hungary. Penutur bahasa Hungary juga didapati di Slovakia, Serbia, Ukraine, Croatia, Austria, dan Slovenia, serta kira-kira sejuta orang yang tinggal merata tempat di seluruh dunia.

## Ortografi

Bahasa ini mempunyai abjad tersendiri yang digunakan untuk menulis dan mewakilkan bunyi-bunyi khas ia:

| Letter | Name | Phoneme (IPA) | Complementary allophones (IPA) | Padanan sebutan terhampir (baik dalam bahasa Melayu, Inggeris dsb) | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A | a | /ɒ/ |  | similar to British English c**o**t | [ɑ̝̹] might describe it better (raised, more rounded; sign rendered probably incorrectly, containing two diacritical marks below). Still definitely not [ɔ], but more like [ɒ] (the *o* in traditional Received Pronunciation *h**o**t*) |
| Á | á | /aː/ |  | *seg**a**r* | Not nearly as open as the *a* in American English *h**a**t*, but closer to it than Hungarian *a* (without the accent mark) |
| B | bé | /b/ |  | **b**ayi |  |
| C | cé | /ts/ |  | like po**ts** |  |
| Cs | csé | /tʃ/ |  | **c**a**c**ing |  |
| D | dé | /d/ |  | **d**a**d**u |  |
| Dz | dzé | /dz/ |  | *ki**ds | rare. does not occur at the beginning of words. When neither post- nor preconsonantic, always realised as a geminate. |
| Dzs | dzsé | /dʒ/ |  | **j**ari, **j**a**j**a, G**eorge*, *bri**dg**e* | rare, mostly in loanwords. when final or intervocalic, usually realised as a geminate: *maharadzsa* /mɑhɑrɑdʒɑ/ [mɑhɑrɑd͡ʒːɑ] 'maharajah', *bridzs* /bridʒ/ [brid͡ʒː] 'bridge (card game)', but *dzsungel* /dʒuŋɡɛl/ [d͡ʒuŋɡɛl] 'jungle', fridzsider /fridʒidɛr/ [frid͡ʒidɛr] coll. 'refrigerator' |
| E | e | /ɛ/ |  | l**e**wat (é); e**dge* atau *b**e**d* | about 40-50% of speakers also have a phoneme /e/ (see below at Ë). /e/ is not considered part of *standard Hungarian*, wherein /ɛ/ takes the place of /e/. |
| É | é | /eː/ |  | **é** [lewat] panjang |  |
| F | ef | /f/ |  | **f**ikir, eu**f**oria |  |
| G | gé | /ɡ/ |  | **g**i**g**i |  |
| Gy | gyé | /ɟ/ |  | (not used in English; soft form of /d/. Mostly similar to **d**uring, as pronounced in Received Pronunciation) | denoting /ɟ/ by <gy> is a remnant of (probably) Italian scribes who tried to render the Hungarian sound. <dy> would be a more consistent notation in scope of <ty>, <ny>, <ly> (see there), as the <y> part of digraphs show palatalisation in the Hungarian writing system. |
| H | há | /h/ | 1. [ɦ]2. ∅
3. [x]
4. [ç] | Pada mula:

* **h**airan, h**uman*

Antara dua vokal:
* bera**h**i

Pada hujung:
* **kh**amis - juga huruf *kha* (خ) dalam abjad Arab
* tiada bunyi
 |
| I | i | /i/ |  | d**i**r**i** - lebih pendek daripada í |
| Í | í | /iː/ |  | **I** panjang | Vowel length is phonemically distinctive in Hungarian: *irt* = 'to exterminate' and *írt* = 'to write (past tense)' |
| J | jé | /j/ | [ç], [ʝ] | i**y**a, **y**oyo | allophones occur when /j/ occurs after a consonant; (voiceless after voiceless, voiced after voiced consonants). e.g. *férj* 'husband', *kapj* 'get! (imperative)' |
| K | ká | /k/ |  | **k**a**k**i |  |
| L | el | /l/ |  | **l**a**l**uan |  |
| Ly | elly, el-ipszilon | /j/ / /ʎ/ |  | pla**y**, pra**y** |  |
| M | em | /m/ |  | **m**ind, assu**m**e, **m**ight, |  |
| N | en | /n/ | [ŋ][n] | **n**asib, baha**n** (kecuali sebelum huruf 'k' dan 'g' di mana - **ng**a**ng**a, bara**ng**) | allophone before /k/, /ɡ/ |
| Ny | eny | /ɲ/ |  | **ny**a**ny**i |  |
| O | o | /o/ |  | b**o**h**o**ng | A shorter, more open variant of Ó. Unlike with short *e*, which is opened to /ɛ/ in standard speech, short *o* remains /o/, rather than opening to /ɔ/ where it would come close to clashing with short *a*. |
| Ó | ó | /oː/ |  | 'O' panjang | Same as /o/ except longer. It is important to pay attention to. (eg.: *kor* = 'age' and *kór* = 'disease') |
| Ö | ö | /ø/ |  | Sebutan "E pepet" (ĕ / b**e**rat) dengan bibir lebih membundar | A shorter, more open variant of Ő |
| Ő | ő | /øː/ |  | 'Ö' panjang | Minimal pair to /ø/: *öt* = 'five' and *őt* = 'him/her (Hungarian pronouns do not specify gender)' |
| P | pé | /p/ |  | **p**isau, a**p**rikot, tutu**p** |  |
| (Q) | kú |  |  |  | Q occurs only as part of the digraph *qu* in foreign words, realised as /kv/: *Aquincum* [ɑkviŋkum] (name of an old Roman settlement on the area of present-day Óbuda). Words originally spelled with *qu* are today usually spelled with *kv*, as in *akvarell* 'watercolor painting'. |
| R | er | /r/ |  | **r**ambut | also called *apical trill* as pronounced by trilling the tip of your tongue (the apex) and not the uvula. |
| S | es | /ʃ/ |  | **sy**ahwat, **sy**or | This notation is unusual for European writing systems where 
 stands for /s/ virtually everywhere. In Hungarian, /s/ is represented by <sz>. |
| Sz | esz | /s/ |  | **s**u**s**u |  |
| T | té | /t/ |  | **t**arik, lewa**t**, bin**t**ik |  |
| Ty | tyé | /c/ |  | **t**ube |  |
| U | u | /u/ |  | dah**u**l**u** |  |
| Ú | ú | /uː/ |  | 'u' panjang | minimal pair to /u/: *hurok* 'loop' ∼ *húrok* 'cords' |
| Ü | ü | /y/ |  | (not used in English, corresponds to German Ü) | A shorter, more open variant of ű |
| Ű | ű | /yː/ |  | 'Ü' panjang |  |
| V | vé | /v/ |  | **v**ideo, re**v**olusi, **v**akum |  |
| (W) | dupla vé | /v/ |  | only occurs in foreign words and in Hungarian aristocratic surnames |
| (X) | iksz |  |  |  | occurs only in loanwords, and there only when denoting /ks/; [ɡz] is transcribed: *extra*, *Alexandra*, but *egzakt* 'exact'. |
| (Y) | ipszilon | /i/ |  | happ**y** | Usually combined with another letter to form a new sound (see ly, ny, gy, ty). In loanwords, usually rendered as /i/ or /j/. Occurs very often in old Hungarian aristocratic surnames where it stands for /i/ or /ʲi/: 'Báthory' [baːtori], 'Batthyány' [bɑcːaːɲi] or [bɑcːaːni] (<n>+<y> ∼ /ɲi/) |
| Z | zé | /z/ |  | de**s**ert, ro**s**es |  |
| Zs | zsé | /ʒ/ |  | plea**s**ure, lei**s**ure |  |

## Perbandingan perkataan Uralik

Wiktionary: Senarai Swadesh bagi bahasa-bahasa Uralik

| Hungary | Finland | Estonia | Erzya | Komi-Permyak | **MaknaMelayu** | # mengikut senarai Swadesh |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **én** | **minä** | **mina** | **монmon* | **меme* | saya | 1 |
| **te** | **sinä** | **sina** | **тонton* | **тэte* | kamu | 2 |
| **ő** | **hän** (dia)
**se** (ia) | **tema** | **сонson* | **сійö** | dia, ia | 3 |
| **mi** | **me** | **meie**, **me** | **миньmiń* | **миmi* | kami/kita | 4 |
| **ti** | **te** | **teie**, **te** | **тыньtyń* | **тиti* | kalian | 5 |
| ez/itt | tämä/täällä | see | те *te* | тайö *tajö* | ini/sini | 7 |
| az/ott | tuo/tuolla | too | што *što* | сійö *sijö* | itu/situ | 8 |
| **ki?** | **kuka?** | **kes?** | **кие?kije?* | **коді?kodi?* | siapa? | 11 |
| **mi?** | **mitä? mikä?** | **mis?** | **мезе?meze?* | **мый?myj?* | apa? | 12 |
| **egy** | **yksi** | **üks** | **вейкеvejke* | **öтікötik* | satu | 22 |
| **kettő** | **kaksi** | **kaks** | **кавтоkavto* | **кыкkyk* | dua | 23 |
| **három** | **kolme** | **kolm** | **колмоkolmo* | **куимkuim* | tiga | 24 |
| **négy** | **neljä** | **neli** | **нилеnile* | **нёльńol* | empat | 25 |
| **öt** | **viisi** | **viis** | **ветеvete* | **витvit* | lima | 26 |
| **nej** | **nainen** 'woman' | **naine** | **ниni* | гöтыр *götyr* | isteri | 40 |
| anya | äiti | ema | (тиринь) ава *(tiriń) ava* | мам *mam* | ibu | 42 |
| **fa** | **puu** | **puu** | чувто *čuvto* | **пуpu* | pokok | 51 |
| **vér** | **veri** | **veri** | **верьveŕ* | **вирvir* | darah | 64 |
| **haj** | **hius**, **hiukset** | **juuksed** | черь *čeŕ* | юрси *jursi* | rambut | 71 |
| **fej** | **pää** | **pea** | пря *pŕa* | юр *jur* | kepala | 72 |
| **fül** | korva | kõrv | **пилеpile* | **пельpeĺ* | telinga | 73 |
| **szem** | **silmä** | **silm** | **сельмеseĺme* | **синsin* | mata | 74 |
| *orr* | nenä | nina | судо *sudo* | *ныр* *nyr* | hidung | 75 |
| **száj** | **suu** | **suu** | курго *kurgo* | вом *vom* | mulut | 76 |
| *fog* | hammas | hammas | *пей* *pej* | *пинь* *piń* | gigi | 77 |
| láb | jalka | jalg | пильге *piĺge* | кок *kok* | kaki | 80 |
| **kéz** | **käsi** | **käsi** | **кедьked́* | **киki* | tangan | 83 |
| **szív**/szűny | **sydän** | **süda** | **седейsedej* | **сьöлöмśölöm* | jantung | 90 |
| **inni** | **juoda** | **jooma** | *симемс* *simems* | **юныjuny* | minum | 92 |
| **tudni** | **tietää** | **teadma** | *содамс* *sodams* | **тöдныtödny* | tahu | 103 |
| **élni** | **elää** | **elama** | **эрямсeŕams* | **овныovny* | hidup | 108 |
| **víz** | **vesi** | **vesi** | **ведьved́* | **ваva* | air | 150 |
| **kő** | **kivi** | **kivi** | **кевkev* | из *iz* | batu | 156 |
| *ég*/**menny** | taivas | taevas | **менельmeneĺ* | *енэж* *jenezh* | langit | 162 |
| **szél** | **tuuli** | **tuul** | варма *varma* | **тöвtöv* | angin | 163 |
| **tűz** | **tuli** | **tuli** | **толtol* | би *bi* | api | 167 |
| **éj** | **yö** | **öö** | **веve* | **войvoj* | malam | 177 |

## Bibliografi

### Kursus

* *MagyarOK – Text book and exercise book for beginners*. Szita, Szilvia; Pelcz, Katalin (2013). Pécs; Pécsi Tudományegyetem. MagyarOK website ISBN 978-963-7178-68-9.
* *Colloquial Hungarian – The complete course for beginners*. Rounds, Carol H.; Sólyom, Erika (2002). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24258-4.

This book gives an introduction to the Hungarian language in 15 chapters. The dialogues are available on CDs.
* *Teach Yourself Hungarian – A complete course for beginners*. Pontifex, Zsuzsa (1993). London: Hodder & Stoughton. Chicago: NTC/Contemporary Publishing. ISBN 0-340-56286-2.

This is a complete course in spoken and written Hungarian. The course consists of 21 chapters with dialogues, culture notes, grammar and exercises. The dialogues are available on cassette.
* *Hungarolingua 1 – Magyar nyelvkönyv*. Hoffmann, István; et al. (1996). Debreceni Nyári Egyetem. ISBN 963-472-083-8
* *Hungarolingua 2 – Magyar nyelvkönyv*. Hlavacska, Edit; et al. (2001). Debreceni Nyári Egyetem. ISBN 963-03-6698-3
* *Hungarolingua 3 – Magyar nyelvkönyv*. Hlavacska, Edit; et al. (1999). Debreceni Nyári Egyetem. ISBN 963-472-083-8

These course books were developed by the University of Debrecen Summer School program for teaching Hungarian to foreigners. The books are written completely in Hungarian and therefore unsuitable for self study. There is an accompanying 'dictionary' with translations of the Hungarian vocabulary into English, German, and French for the words used in the first two books.
* "NTC's Hungarian and English Dictionary" by Magay and Kiss. ISBN 0-8442-4968-8 (You may be able to find a newer edition also. This one is 1996.)

### Tatabahasa

* *Gyakorló magyar nyelvtan / A Practical Hungarian grammar* (2009, 2010). Szita Szilvia, Görbe Tamás. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. 978 963 05 8703 7.
* *A practical Hungarian grammar* (3rd, rev. ed.). Keresztes, László (1999). Debrecen: Debreceni Nyári Egyetem. ISBN 963-472-300-4.
* *Simplified Grammar of the Hungarian Language* (1882). Ignatius Singer. London: Trübner & Co.
* *Practical Hungarian grammar: [a compact guide to the basics of Hungarian grammar]*. Törkenczy, Miklós (2002). Budapest: Corvina. ISBN 963-13-5131-9.
* *Hungarian verbs and essentials of grammar: a practical guide to the mastery of Hungarian* (2nd ed.). Törkenczy, Miklós (1999). Budapest: Corvina; Lincolnwood, [Ill.]: Passport Books. ISBN 963-13-4778-8.
* *Hungarian: an essential grammar* (2nd ed.). Rounds, Carol (2009). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-77737-2.
* *Hungarian: Descriptive grammar*. Kenesei, István, Robert M. Vago, and Anna Fenyvesi (1998). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-02139-1.
* Hungarian Language Learning References (including the short reviews of three of the above books)
* *Noun Declension Tables – HUNGARIAN*. Budapest: Pons. Klett. ISBN 978-963-9641-04-4
* *Verb Conjugation Tables – HUNGARIAN*. Budapest: Pons. Klett. ISBN 978-963-9641-03-7

### Lain-lain

* Abondolo, Daniel Mario: *Hungarian Inflectional Morphology*. Akadémiai publishing. Budapest, 1988. ISBN 9630546302
* Balázs, Géza: *The Story of Hungarian. A Guide to the Language.* Translated by Thomas J. DeKornfeld. Corvina publishing. Budapest, 1997. ISBN 9631343626
* Stephanides, Éva H. (ed.): *Contrasting English with Hungarian*. Akadémiai publishing. Budapest, 1986. ISBN 9630539500

## Nota

## Rujukan

## Pautan luar

Templat:Wiktionary category

* Free downloadable Hungarian teaching and learning material
* Introduction to Hungarian
* Hungarian Profile Diarkibkan 2011-06-05 di Wayback Machine
* List of formative suffixes in Hungarian
* The relationship between the Finnish and the Hungarian languages
* Hungarian Language Review at How-to-learn-any-language.com
* "The Hungarian Language: A Short Descriptive Grammar" by Beáta Megyesi (PDF document)
* The old site of the Indiana University Institute of Hungarian Studies (various resources)
* Hungarian Language Learning References on the Hungarian Language Page (short reviews of useful books)
* One of the oldest Hungarian texts – A Halotti Beszéd (The Funeral Oration)
* WikiLang – Hungarian Page (Hungarian grammar / lessons, in English)
* Hungarian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
* Basic Hungarian language course (book + audio files) USA Foreign Service Institute (FSI)

### Encyclopaedia Humana Hungarica

* Introduction to the History of the Language; The Pre-Hungarian Period; The Early Hungarian Period; The Old Hungarian Period
* The Linguistic Records of the Early Old Hungarian Period; The Linguistic System of the Age
* The Old Hungarian Period; The System of the Language of the Old Hungarian Period
* The Late Old Hungarian Period; The System of the Language
* The First Half of the Middle Hungarian Period; Turkish Loan Words

### Kamus

* Hungarian ↔ English created by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences – Computer and Automation Research Institute MTA SZTAKI (also includes dictionaries for the following languages to and from Hungarian : German, French, Italian, Dutch, and Polish)
* bab.la - Online Hungarian-English dictionary and language learning portal
* English-Hungarian-Finnish – three-language freely editable online dictionary
* Collection of Hungarian Technical Dictionaries
* Hungarian bilingual dictionaries
* Hungarian-English dictionary
* English-Hungarian dictionary
* Hungarian Verb Conjugation