# ꯑꯜꯕꯔ꯭ꯇ ꯑꯦ. ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ

| ꯑꯜꯕꯔ꯭ꯇ ꯑꯦ. ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ FRS |
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| ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯦꯜꯁꯟꯅ ꯱꯹꯰꯷ ꯇꯥ |
| ꯄꯣꯛꯄ | ꯑꯜꯕꯔ꯭ꯇ ꯑꯦ. ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ (1852-12-19)ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ ꯱꯹,꯱꯹꯰꯰ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯜꯅꯣ, ꯄꯣꯁꯦꯟꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯚꯤꯟꯁ, ꯄ꯭ꯔꯨꯁꯤꯌꯥ ꯂꯝꯗꯝ |
| ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗꯕ | ꯃꯦ ꯹, ꯱꯹꯰꯰(1931-05-09) (ꯊꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ৭৮) ꯄꯥꯁꯥꯗꯏꯅꯥ, ꯀꯦꯂꯤꯐꯣꯔꯅꯤꯌꯥ, ꯌꯨꯑꯦꯁ |
| ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ ꯃꯆꯥ | ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯟ |
| ꯃꯍꯩ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ | ꯌꯨꯑꯦꯁ ꯅꯦꯚꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯗꯃꯤ |
| ꯑꯔꯣꯢꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯩꯇꯝꯐꯝꯁꯪ | * University of Berlin
* École polytechnique
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| ꯁꯛꯈꯪꯅꯈꯤꯕ | ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯦꯜꯁꯟ–ꯃꯣꯔꯂꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯔꯤꯃꯦꯟ (꯱꯸꯸꯷) |
| ꯃꯇꯩ ꯃꯅꯥꯎ | * Margaret Hemingway (m. ꯱꯸꯷꯷; div. ꯱꯸꯹꯸)
* Edna Stanton (m. ꯱꯸꯹꯹)
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| ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ | ꯶ (ꯃꯥꯔꯒꯥꯔꯦꯠꯅ ꯳, ꯏꯗꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯳) |
| ꯃꯅꯥ-ꯃꯊꯨꯝ | * Rumford Prize (1888)
* Matteucci Medal (1903)
* Copley Medal (1907)
* ꯇꯦꯝꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ:No wrap
* Elliott Cresson Medal (1912)
* Henry Draper Medal (1916)
* Prix Jules Janssen (1922)
* RAS Gold Medal (1923)
* Franklin Medal (1923)
* RSA Albert Medal (1920)
* Duddell Medal and Prize (1929)
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| **Scientific career** |
| ꯍꯤꯔꯝ | Optics |
| ꯃꯍꯩꯁꯡ | * Case School of Applied Science (1883–89)
* Clark University (1889–92)
* University of Chicago (from 1892)
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| Academic advisors | * Marie Alfred Cornu
* Hermann von Helmholtz
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| Notable students | * Henry G. Gale
* Frank B. Jewett
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| Military career |
| Allegiance |  United States |
| Branch | ꯇꯦꯝꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ:Tree list
* United States Navy
	+ US Navy Reserve

ꯇꯦꯝꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ:Tree list/end |
| Service years | 1873–1881; 1918–1921 |
| Rank | Commander |
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**ꯑꯜꯕꯔ꯭ꯇ ꯑꯕ꯭ꯔꯥꯍꯝ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ** (ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ ꯱꯹,꯱꯸꯵꯲- ꯃꯦ ꯹, ꯱꯹꯳꯱) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯁꯤꯁ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯩꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ-ꯃꯣꯔꯂꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯈꯡꯅꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯰꯷ ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁꯇ ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯖ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯁꯥꯏꯟ꯭ꯁ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯄ. ꯔꯥꯏꯖ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯨꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯏꯗ ꯁꯥꯏꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯆꯤꯀꯥꯒꯣ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯀꯣꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯫

## ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ

ꯑꯦꯜꯕꯔꯠ ꯑꯕ꯭ꯔꯥꯍꯝ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯵꯲ꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ ꯱꯹ꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯜꯅꯣ (ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯖꯜꯅꯣ, ꯄꯣꯂꯦꯟ) ꯗ, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯨꯁ꯭ꯌꯥ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯇ, ꯄꯣꯂꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯖꯤꯋꯤꯁ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯆꯩꯍꯤ ꯲ ꯁꯨꯔꯛꯄꯗ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯵꯵ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥ-ꯃꯄꯥꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯗ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯥ ꯂꯂꯣꯟꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯕ ꯀꯦꯂꯤꯐꯣꯔꯅꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯐꯤꯁ ꯀꯦꯝꯞ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯦꯕꯥꯗꯥꯒꯤ ꯚꯔꯖꯤꯅ꯭ꯌꯥ ꯁꯍꯔꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯍꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ ꯃꯅꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯙꯔꯃꯥꯗ ꯊꯥꯖꯕ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ ꯆꯨꯞꯄꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯒ꯭ꯅꯣꯁꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯍꯥꯏ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯨꯜꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯥꯟ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯗ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯍꯦꯔꯤꯌꯦꯠ ꯂꯦꯟ ꯂꯦꯚꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯁꯨꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯍꯦꯅꯔꯤꯌꯦꯠ ꯂꯦꯚꯤ (ꯅꯦ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ) ꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯝꯗ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯎꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯏꯕ ꯃꯤꯔꯤꯌꯝ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯫

ꯄ꯭ꯔꯁꯤꯗꯦꯟ ꯎꯂꯤꯁꯦꯁ ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯠꯅ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯕꯨ ꯱꯸꯶꯹ꯗ ꯌꯨ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯅꯦꯚꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯗꯦꯃꯤ ꯊꯣꯏꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯐꯪꯅꯕ ꯃꯅꯥ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯗꯦꯃꯤꯗ ꯃꯤꯗꯁꯤꯞꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯆꯩꯍꯤ ꯃꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯅ ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯛꯁ, ꯍꯤꯠ, ꯀ꯭ꯂꯥꯏꯃꯦꯇꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯂꯥꯏꯌꯦꯛꯄꯗ ꯊꯣꯏꯗꯣꯛ ꯍꯦꯟꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯱꯸꯷꯳ ꯗ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯖꯨꯑꯦꯁꯟ ꯂꯣꯏꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯄꯥꯛ-ꯏꯔꯦꯜꯗ ꯆꯩꯍꯤ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯷꯵ ꯗ ꯅꯦꯚꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯗꯦꯃꯤꯗ ꯍꯜꯂꯛꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯱꯸꯷꯹ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯃꯤꯁꯇ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯏꯟꯁꯇ꯭ꯔꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯷꯹ ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯁꯥꯏꯃꯟ ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨꯀꯣꯝ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯁꯤꯡꯇꯟꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯠꯀꯦꯜ ꯑꯜꯃꯥꯅꯦꯛ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯇ (ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯏꯇꯦꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯠꯁ ꯅꯦꯚꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯕꯖꯔꯕꯦꯇꯔꯇꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ) ꯍꯥꯞꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯊꯪꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯞꯇ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯇꯝꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯁꯨꯇꯤ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯕꯔꯂꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯦꯗꯦꯜꯕꯔ꯭ꯒ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐ ꯭ ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯄꯦꯔꯤꯁꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯣꯂꯦꯖ ꯗꯤ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯀꯣꯂꯦ ꯄꯣꯂꯤꯇꯦꯛꯅꯤꯛ ꯆꯠꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯅ ꯁꯥꯏꯟ꯭ꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯩꯉꯥꯜꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯆꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯄꯨꯛꯅꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯟꯅꯥꯄꯣꯂꯤꯁ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯷꯷ ꯗ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯥꯁ ꯎꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ, ꯃꯩꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯟꯅꯥꯄꯣꯂꯤꯁ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯷꯹ ꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯠꯇ ꯃꯩꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯀꯤꯂꯣꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯲꯹꯹꯸꯶꯴ ± ꯵꯱ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯦꯞꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯚꯀ꯭ꯌꯨꯝꯗ ꯃꯩꯉꯥꯜꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗ ꯀꯤꯂꯣꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯲꯹꯹꯹꯴꯰, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟ ꯃꯥꯏꯜ ꯱꯸꯶꯳꯸꯰ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯦꯞꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯞꯇ ꯆꯩꯍꯤ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯇꯝꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯸꯱ ꯗ ꯅꯦꯚꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯸꯳ ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯣꯍꯥꯏꯑꯣꯒꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯦꯚ꯭ꯂꯦꯟ꯭ꯗꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯨꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯄ ꯭ ꯂꯥꯏꯗ ꯁꯥꯏꯟꯁ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁꯀꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯐꯦꯁꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯧꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯒꯠꯂꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯐꯔꯣꯃꯦꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯄꯗ ꯄꯨꯛꯅꯤꯡ ꯆꯪꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯸꯷ ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯗꯋꯥꯔ ꯭ ꯗ ꯃꯣꯔꯂꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ-ꯃꯣꯔꯂꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯗ ꯂꯤꯃꯨꯅꯤꯐꯔꯁ ꯏꯊꯔ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯊꯤꯕ ꯉꯝꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯂꯔꯒꯤ ꯗꯥꯏꯃꯤꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯥꯏꯅꯔꯤ ꯊꯣꯋꯥꯏꯃꯤꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯈꯥꯏ-ꯇꯣꯈꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯗ ꯈꯦꯟꯆꯪꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯐꯔꯣꯃꯦꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯸꯹ꯗ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯅ ꯃꯥꯁꯥꯆꯨꯁꯦꯠꯁ ꯋꯣꯔꯦꯁꯇꯔ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯥꯔꯛ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯐꯦꯁꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯹꯲ ꯗ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯁꯤꯟꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯤꯟꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯆꯤꯀꯥꯒꯣ ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯐꯦꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯀꯣꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯞꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯰꯲ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯂꯣꯁꯣꯐꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁꯣꯁꯥꯏꯇꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯈꯟꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯂꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯥꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯕꯤꯌꯨꯔꯣ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯅꯥꯟꯁ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯗꯨꯅ ꯅꯦꯚꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯖꯔꯕ ꯂꯦꯐꯇꯦꯅꯦꯟꯠ ꯀꯃꯥꯟꯗꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯟꯃꯤꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯇ ꯍꯜꯂꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯱꯹ꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯗ ꯔꯤꯖꯔꯕꯇ ꯀꯃꯥꯟꯗꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯀꯥꯈꯠꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯲꯱ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯞꯇꯦꯝꯕꯔ 30ꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ 9ꯁꯨꯕ ꯅꯦꯚꯦꯜ ꯖꯤꯂꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛꯇ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯩꯍꯤ ꯷꯸ ꯁꯨꯔꯛꯄꯗ, ꯀꯦꯂꯤꯐꯣꯔꯅꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯁꯥꯗꯦꯅꯥꯗ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯳꯱ ꯒꯤ ꯃꯦ ꯹ꯗ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯆꯤꯀꯥꯒꯣ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁ ꯍꯣꯜꯁꯅ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯄꯥꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯏꯀꯥꯏ ꯈꯨꯝꯅꯕ ꯎꯠꯂꯗꯨꯅ 'ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯍꯥꯎꯁ "ꯀꯠꯊꯣꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯅꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯋꯦꯁꯇꯔꯟ ꯔꯤꯖꯔꯕꯅ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯍꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯃ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯀꯠꯊꯣꯛꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯍꯣꯜ (ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯏꯇꯦꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯠꯁ ꯅꯦꯚꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯗꯦꯃꯤ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁꯥꯏꯟ꯭ꯁ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯥꯁ ꯀꯥꯁꯤꯡ, ꯂꯦꯕꯔꯦꯇꯣꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯗꯃꯤꯛ ꯏꯚꯨꯟ) ꯅꯁꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯀꯦꯂꯤꯐꯣꯔꯅꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯖꯀ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯅꯦꯚꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯌꯔ ꯋꯦꯄꯟꯁ ꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯦꯁꯟ ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯦꯛꯇꯣꯔꯣꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯂꯧꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯤꯡꯊꯣꯟꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯂꯦꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯗ ꯐꯪꯕ ꯃꯐꯝꯗ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩ ꯃꯗꯨꯗ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯖ ꯃꯅꯥ, ꯃꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯆꯦꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯗꯤꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯇꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯱꯷ ꯇ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯆꯤꯀꯥꯒꯣꯗ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ-ꯁꯥꯖꯤꯟꯈ꯭ꯔꯕ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯔ ꯑꯃ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯕꯨ ꯏꯀꯥꯏ ꯈꯨꯝꯅꯕ ꯎꯠꯂꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫

## ꯃꯩꯉꯥꯜꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜ

ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯤꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯇꯔꯃꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯗꯤ ꯚꯦꯂꯣꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯂꯥꯏꯠꯀꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯄꯥꯕ*ꯃꯩꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯄ*
ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯤꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯇꯔꯃꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯗꯤ ꯚꯦꯂꯣꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯂꯥꯏꯠꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯜꯂꯛꯄ ꯄꯥꯕ*ꯃꯩꯉꯥꯜꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯄ*
### ꯑꯉꯟꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯑꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ

ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ ꯆꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯩꯉꯥꯜꯗ ꯄꯨꯛꯅꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯇꯝꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯪꯂꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯆꯠꯂꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ "ꯃꯔꯝꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯅꯨꯡꯉꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ" ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯶꯹ꯗ ꯉꯟꯅ ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯏꯇꯦꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯠꯁ ꯅꯦꯚꯤ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ, ꯃꯥꯏꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯅ ꯐꯒꯠꯂꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯛꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯁꯥꯡꯂꯕ ꯕꯦꯖꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅ, ꯃꯩꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯂꯦꯑꯣꯟ ꯐꯣꯀꯣꯜꯠꯀꯤ ꯔꯣꯇꯦꯇꯤꯡ-ꯃꯤꯔꯣꯔ ꯃꯦꯊꯗ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯍꯧꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯷꯸ꯗ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ-ꯁꯥꯖꯤꯟꯈ꯭ꯔꯕ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯂꯦꯞꯅꯕ ꯈꯔ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ, ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯇꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯗ ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯅ ꯃꯥꯡꯖꯤꯜ ꯊꯥꯈ꯭ꯔꯕ ꯅꯣꯠꯀꯦꯜ ꯑꯜꯃꯥꯅꯦꯛ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯗꯤꯔꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯁꯥꯏꯃꯟ ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨꯀꯣꯝ ꯄꯨꯛꯅꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯃꯛꯇꯗ ꯫

ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯅ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯷꯹ꯒꯤ ꯖꯨꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯖꯨꯂꯥꯏꯗ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯟꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯝꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯅꯦꯚꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯗꯦꯃꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯋꯥꯡ ꯊꯪꯕ ꯏꯄꯥꯛ-ꯏꯔꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯐꯛꯂꯥꯡꯗ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯗ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯁꯤꯡꯇꯟ ꯗꯤ. ꯁꯤ. ꯗ ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨꯀꯣꯝ ꯌꯥꯎꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀꯤꯂꯣꯃꯤꯇꯔ/ꯁꯦ. ꯲꯹꯹,꯹꯱꯰ ± ꯵꯰ ꯒꯤ ꯐꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯷꯹ꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯀꯨꯏꯅ ꯁꯤꯟꯐꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄꯨꯟꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ-ꯃꯥꯟꯕ ꯍꯧꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯥꯏꯃꯟ ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨꯀꯣꯝ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯊꯥꯗꯔꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯒ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯝꯗ, ꯀꯤꯂꯣꯃꯤꯇꯔ/ꯁꯦ. ꯲꯹꯹,꯸꯶꯰ ± ꯳꯰ꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ "ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟꯈꯤ" ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯸꯳ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯇꯥꯛꯄꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯨꯒ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯅꯛꯅꯕ, ꯀꯤꯂꯣꯃꯤꯇꯔ/ꯁꯦ. ꯲꯹꯹,꯸꯵꯳ ± ꯶꯰ꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯐꯣꯡꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯌꯨ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯅꯦꯚꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ ꯂꯦꯐꯇꯦꯅꯦꯟꯠ ꯁꯤ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯑꯦꯜꯕꯔꯠ ꯑꯦ. ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯐꯣꯇꯣ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯂꯥꯟꯐꯝꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯌꯨ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯀꯤ ꯅꯦꯚꯤꯗ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯌꯥꯎꯈꯤ ꯫
### ꯃꯥꯎꯟ꯭ꯠ ꯋꯤꯜꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯨꯛꯑꯥꯎꯠ ꯃꯥꯎꯟꯇꯦꯟ

ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯰꯶ ꯗ ꯏ. ꯕꯤ. ꯔꯣꯁꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯣ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔ꯭ꯗꯁꯅ ꯃꯩꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯲꯹꯹,꯷꯸꯱ ± ꯱꯰ ꯀꯤꯂꯣꯃꯤꯇꯔ/ꯁꯦ ꯐꯪꯅꯕ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄꯗ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯝꯕ ꯃꯩꯒꯤ ꯊꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯋꯥꯠꯄꯅ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯁꯥꯊꯤꯅ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕ ꯎꯠꯂꯕꯁꯨ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕꯒꯨꯝ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯲꯰ ꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯅ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯜ ꯲꯲ ꯂꯥꯞꯅ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯥꯎꯟꯠ ꯁꯦꯟ ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯣꯅꯤꯑꯣ (ꯑꯣꯜ꯭ꯗ ꯕꯥꯜꯗꯤ) ꯒꯤ ꯈꯥ ꯊꯪꯕ ꯔꯤꯖꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯔꯕ ꯕꯝꯞ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯨꯛꯑꯥꯎꯠ ꯃꯥꯎꯟꯇꯦꯟꯗ ꯕꯦꯖꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯥꯎꯟꯠ ꯋꯤꯜꯁꯟ ꯑꯣꯕꯖꯔꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯂꯦꯞꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯍꯧꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯲꯲ꯗ ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯏꯇꯦꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯠꯁ ꯀꯣꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯗꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯁꯔꯋꯦ ꯍꯟꯗꯛꯇ ꯐꯪꯂꯤꯕ ꯏꯟꯋꯔ ꯇꯦꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯅꯤꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯀꯟꯅ ꯊꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯕꯦꯖꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯍꯧꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯱꯹꯲꯴ ꯗ ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯕꯦꯖꯂꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯥꯡꯕꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ, ꯐꯣꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯲꯹꯹,꯷꯹꯶ ± ꯴ ꯀꯤꯂꯣꯃꯤꯇꯔ/ꯁꯦ ꯐꯪꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯪꯒꯤ ꯆꯩꯍꯤ ꯑꯅꯤꯗ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯆꯠꯄ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯆꯥꯗꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯀꯣꯏꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯌꯥꯝꯗ꯭ꯔꯕꯗ ꯎꯃꯪꯗ ꯃꯩ ꯊꯥꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯊꯣꯛꯂꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯩꯈꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯤꯡꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯨꯊꯠꯍꯟꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯁꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯗꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯁꯔꯋꯦ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯀꯟꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ, ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯃꯈꯥꯏꯗ ꯌꯥꯝꯗ꯭ꯔꯕꯗ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄꯥꯅꯔꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯲꯵ꯒꯤ ꯖꯨꯟ ꯲꯹ꯗ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯥ ꯕꯥꯔꯕꯔꯥꯒꯤ ꯏꯀ꯭ꯋꯦꯛꯗꯒꯤ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯕꯦꯖꯂꯥꯏꯟꯗ ꯍꯣꯡꯂꯛꯄ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯜꯂꯝꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯔꯤꯛꯇꯔ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯦꯜ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯦꯒ꯭ꯌꯨꯇ꯭ꯌꯨꯗ ꯶.꯳ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ-ꯃꯣꯔꯂꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯈꯨꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅ ꯄꯤꯌꯔ ꯑꯦꯜꯕꯔꯠ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯊꯤꯑꯣꯔꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯖꯦꯅꯔꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯂꯦꯇꯤꯚꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁ꯭ꯌꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯂꯦꯇꯤꯕꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗꯁꯨ ꯏꯊꯤꯜ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯄꯨꯟꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯁꯤꯁꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯗꯦꯠꯟ ꯃꯤꯂꯔ, ꯍꯦꯟꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯛ ꯂꯣꯔꯦꯟꯠꯖ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯣꯕꯔꯠ ꯁꯥꯟꯀ꯭ꯂꯦꯟ꯭ꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯑꯣꯒꯁ꯭ꯇꯦ ꯂꯦꯌꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯇꯣꯀ꯭ꯔꯣꯝ ꯂꯥꯏꯌꯦꯛ, ꯱꯹꯲꯱
### ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ, ꯄꯤꯖ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯤꯌꯔꯁꯟ

ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯲꯷ ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣ-ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯛ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯩꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯇꯥꯛꯈꯤ, ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯱꯹꯲꯶ꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯜꯗꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯍꯟꯊꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯊꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯈꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯍꯟꯗꯛ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯠꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯃꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯕꯗ ꯑꯋꯥꯕ ꯊꯣꯛꯇꯅꯕ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯇ꯭ꯌꯨꯕ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯊꯝꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯲꯹ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯤꯁ ꯖꯤ. ꯄꯤꯖ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ ꯄꯤꯌꯔꯁꯟꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅꯥ ꯀꯦꯂꯤꯐꯣꯔꯅꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯟꯇꯥ ꯑꯦꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯏꯔꯚꯤꯟ ꯔꯥꯟ꯭ꯆꯇ ꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯱.꯶ ꯒꯤ ꯇ꯭ꯌꯨꯕ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯳ ꯒꯤ ꯗꯥꯏꯃꯤꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯂꯦꯞꯅꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯍꯧꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯂꯕ ꯔꯤꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯛꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯩꯒꯤ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯜ ꯵ꯗ ꯍꯦꯟꯒꯠꯍꯟꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤꯗ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯩꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯦꯀ꯭ꯔꯨꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯚꯀ꯭ꯌꯨꯝ ꯰.꯵ ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯗ ꯂꯦꯞꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯥꯏꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯦꯆꯔ ꯁꯤꯔꯤꯖ ꯲꯳꯳ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯳꯶ ꯈꯛꯇꯃꯛ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯜꯂꯛꯄꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄꯗ ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯏꯟꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯟꯗꯦꯟꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯅꯨꯉꯥꯏꯇꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣ-ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯛ ꯚꯦꯜꯌꯨꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯀꯤꯂꯣꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯲꯹꯹꯷꯷꯴ ± ꯱꯱/ꯁꯦꯒꯤ ꯐꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯱꯹꯳꯵ꯗ ꯁꯤꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯈꯤ ꯫

### ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯅ ꯃꯩꯉꯥꯜꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯅꯩꯅꯕꯗ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯇꯤꯁꯇꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯟꯁꯤꯄꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ

ꯖꯨꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯖꯨꯂꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯉꯟꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯅ ꯍꯤꯄꯣꯂꯤꯇꯦ ꯐꯤꯖꯥꯎ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯦꯑꯣꯟ ꯐꯣꯀꯣꯜꯠꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯈꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ: ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯩ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯦꯞꯇꯕ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯂꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗ ꯀꯣꯏꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯡꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯡꯏ ′′ ꯀꯣꯏꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯡꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯂꯥꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯩ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯦꯡꯒꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ, ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯂꯦꯞꯇꯕ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯃꯤꯡꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯥꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯩꯉꯥꯜꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯒ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯅ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯀꯣꯏꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯔꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯡꯒꯜ *α* ꯑꯃꯅ ꯀꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯃꯩꯒꯤ ꯔꯦ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯍꯜꯂꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯂꯦꯞꯇꯕ ꯄꯤꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗ ꯊꯛꯇꯣꯛꯍꯟꯂꯤ (ꯂꯦꯞꯇꯕ ꯃꯤꯡꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯣꯏꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯂꯥꯞꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ′′ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ꯗ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ ′′) ′′ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯊꯤꯗꯣꯛꯏ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯀꯣꯏꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯡꯁꯦꯜꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯦꯞꯇꯕ ꯄꯦꯂꯦꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯂꯥꯞꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯔꯦ*ꯗꯤ* r ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯈꯟꯒꯠꯂꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯒ ꯃꯤꯡꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯀꯣꯏꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ *ω* ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ꯭ꯗ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ, ꯇꯦꯟ (2α′ = d/r′ Δt = (α/2π′/ω′) ꯒꯤ ꯃꯩꯉꯥꯜꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ c = 2D/Δt ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡꯗ, ꯆꯥꯡ ꯂꯦꯞꯂꯕ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯌꯥꯎꯋꯤ: ꯗꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟ꯭ꯁ *ꯗꯤ*, ꯔꯦ*ꯗꯤ* *ꯑꯥꯔ*, ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯁꯃꯦꯟ ꯗꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯣꯇꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯃꯤꯡꯁꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯚꯣꯂꯨꯁꯟ ꯄꯔ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗ *ω*, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯎꯕ ꯐꯪꯉꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯃꯦꯆꯔ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯒꯤ ꯉꯝꯈꯩꯗ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯒ, ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯅ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯔꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯈꯣꯡꯒꯣꯝ ꯱꯰꯰ ꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯥꯡꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯆꯔ ꯇꯦꯞ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯂꯥꯞꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯌꯥꯔꯛ ꯑꯣꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯈꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯥꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔ꯭ꯗ ꯌꯥꯔ꯭ꯗꯀꯤ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯈꯣꯡꯒꯣꯝ ꯱꯰꯰.꯰꯰꯶ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯞꯈꯤ, ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯑꯄꯤꯛꯄ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯔꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯔꯤꯕꯃꯈꯩ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ, ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯆꯞ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯃꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯪꯅꯕ ꯊꯥꯛ ꯀꯌꯥꯗ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯖꯦ. ꯃꯦꯛꯀꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯗꯕ꯭ꯂ꯭ꯌꯨ. ꯑꯣꯜ꯭ꯗꯐꯣꯔ꯭ꯗꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯥꯔꯇꯤꯀꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯈꯤꯕꯒꯨꯝꯅ, "ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯅ ꯈꯪꯏ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯅ ꯆꯥꯡꯆꯠꯇ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯆꯥꯡꯆꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯉꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯄꯥꯝꯅꯔꯝꯃꯤ", ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯅ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯉꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯆꯠꯇ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯗ ꯊꯝꯈꯤ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯀꯗꯕꯅꯤ: n ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯄꯦꯟꯗꯦꯟꯠ ꯔꯥꯟꯗꯣꯝ ꯚꯦꯂꯨꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯆꯠꯇꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯆꯠꯇ ꯍꯟꯊꯔꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ nꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯔ ꯔꯨꯠꯀꯤ ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯜ ꯔꯥꯟꯗꯣꯝ ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯑꯦꯕ꯭ꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯟꯊꯩ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯈꯪꯅꯅꯕ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯏꯊꯤꯜ ꯄꯤꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯈꯤ, ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯅꯤꯡꯇꯝꯕ ꯔꯥꯟꯗꯣꯝ ꯕꯦꯌꯦꯕ꯭ꯌꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯅꯤꯡꯇꯝꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯈꯥꯏꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯄꯥꯊꯣꯛ-ꯄꯨꯁꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯇꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯩꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜ ꯅꯩꯅꯕꯗ, ꯃꯦꯆꯔ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯄꯨ ꯏꯟꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯁ꯭ꯠꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯦꯆꯔ ꯑꯦꯔꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯄꯨꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯏ ꯫ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯩꯉꯥꯜꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯑꯣꯟꯕꯗ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯡꯗꯕ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯦꯞꯇꯤꯑꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯏꯅꯥꯏꯠ ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯑꯦꯟ꯭ꯁꯀ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯌꯨꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯗ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ, ꯃꯩꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯇ꯭ꯌꯨꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯦꯛꯇꯤꯌꯝꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗꯤ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯗꯦꯇꯥꯁꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯁꯇ꯭ꯌꯨꯁ꯭ꯟꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯞꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ꯭ꯂꯤꯜ ꯃꯤꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯅꯕ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯫

### ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ-ꯃꯣꯔꯂꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ

ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯸꯷ ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯋꯦꯁꯇꯔꯟ ꯔꯤꯖꯔꯕ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯦꯁꯇꯔ꯭ꯟ ꯔꯤꯖꯔꯕꯥ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯃꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯦꯗꯋꯥꯔ꯭ꯗ ꯋꯤꯜꯂ꯭ꯌꯝꯁ ꯃꯣꯔꯂꯤꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ-ꯃꯣꯔꯂꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯩꯉꯥꯜꯅ ꯆꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯅ ꯁꯥꯕ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯊꯔ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯈꯣꯡꯊꯥꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯉꯛꯂꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯅ ꯃꯊꯪꯒꯤ ꯆꯩꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯆꯞ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯑꯦꯊꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯥꯏꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ-ꯃꯣꯔꯂꯤꯒꯤ ꯐꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯢꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯏꯊꯤꯜ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯍꯦꯟꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯛ ꯂꯣꯔꯦꯟꯠꯖ ꯅꯥꯜ ꯐꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ-ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯔꯕ ꯂꯣꯔꯦꯟꯠ꯭ꯁ ꯀꯟꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯏꯀ꯭ꯋꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯗ ꯂꯨꯆꯤꯡꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯑꯦꯜꯕꯔꯠ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯟꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁ꯭ꯌꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯂꯦꯇꯤꯚꯤꯇꯤ ꯊꯤꯑꯣꯔꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ-ꯃꯣꯔꯂꯤꯒꯤ ꯐꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯡꯈꯤꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯈꯔ ꯂꯩꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ, ꯃꯗꯨꯗ ꯑꯦꯊꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ "ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯇꯉꯥꯏꯐꯗꯕ" ꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯗ, ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯟꯅ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ-ꯃꯣꯔꯂꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤ, "ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯩꯉꯣꯟꯗ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯏꯊꯤꯜ ꯄꯤꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯑꯩ ꯈꯪꯈꯤꯗꯦ... ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯑꯩꯅ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯛꯇꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯑꯩ ꯊꯥꯖꯩ ꯫" ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯟꯀꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯪꯂꯕꯁꯨ, ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯉꯁꯤꯗꯤ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯦꯊꯔ ꯑꯃ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯀꯅꯣꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯣꯔꯂꯤꯕꯨ ꯑꯦꯇꯣꯃꯤꯛ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯜ ꯂꯥꯏꯟꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯐꯥꯏꯟ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯛꯆꯔꯒꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯃꯃꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯪꯕ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯱꯶ ꯇ ꯑꯥꯔꯅꯣꯜꯗ ꯁꯣꯝꯃꯔꯐꯦꯜꯗ ꯊꯤꯑꯣꯔꯦꯇꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯗꯨꯅ ꯐꯥꯏꯟ-ꯁ꯭ꯇꯠꯆꯔ ꯀꯟꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫

## ꯑꯦꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯣꯃꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯐꯦꯔꯣꯃꯦꯇ꯭ꯔꯤ

### ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯀꯦꯜ

ꯍꯨꯀꯔ ꯇꯦꯂꯤꯁꯀꯣꯞ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯍꯥꯞꯄ ꯍꯔꯤꯖꯣꯅꯇꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯛꯆꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯂꯔ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯐꯔꯣꯃꯦꯇꯔ (꯱꯹꯲꯰) ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯐꯝꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯡꯁꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ (ꯃꯃꯤꯗ ꯎꯕ ꯐꯪꯗꯕ) ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯄꯤꯛꯄ ꯑꯦꯞꯔꯆꯔ ꯑꯅꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯔꯂꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯦꯂꯤꯁꯀꯣꯞ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯐꯨꯠ ꯲꯰ (ꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯶) ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯫
ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯲꯰ ꯗ ꯃꯥꯏꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯤꯁ ꯖꯤ. ꯄꯤꯖ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯅꯠꯇꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯊꯧꯋꯥꯏꯃꯤꯆꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯗꯥꯏꯃꯤꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯂꯦꯞꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯅ ꯑꯦꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯣꯃꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯐꯦꯔꯣꯃꯦꯇ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯥꯎꯟꯠ ꯋꯤꯜꯁꯟ ꯑꯣꯕꯖꯔꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯕꯤꯇꯦꯜꯖꯤꯎꯖꯀꯤ ꯗꯥꯏꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯕꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯟꯆꯤ ꯱꯰꯰ (꯲.꯵m) ꯍꯨꯀꯔ ꯇꯦꯂꯤꯁꯀꯣꯞ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄꯨꯄ꯭ꯂꯤꯗ ꯈꯣꯡꯒꯣꯝ ꯲꯰ (꯶m) ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯇꯣꯈꯥꯏꯅ, ꯁꯕꯄꯨꯄꯜ ꯑꯅꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯩꯉꯥꯜ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯄꯦꯔꯤꯁꯀꯣꯞ ꯁꯦꯝ-ꯁꯥꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯤꯠꯊꯨꯞꯀꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗ ꯎꯕ ꯐꯪꯂꯤꯕ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯐꯔꯦꯟꯁ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯤꯟꯖꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯂꯔ ꯗꯥꯏꯃꯤꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯦꯅꯔꯤ ꯍꯧꯋꯥꯏꯃꯤꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯈꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯍꯦꯟꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯧꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯷꯰ꯒꯤ ꯆꯩꯍꯤ ꯇꯔꯥꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯖꯤꯡꯗ ꯍꯧꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄꯗ, ꯑꯦꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯣꯃꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯐꯔꯣꯃꯦꯇ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯍꯤꯡꯒꯠꯍꯟꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯀꯟꯐꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯅꯤ (ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ) ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯦꯞꯔꯆꯔꯁꯤꯡ (ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯈꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯨꯒ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯗ ꯗꯥꯏꯃꯦꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯄꯤꯛꯄꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ) ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅ "ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯂꯔ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯐꯔꯣꯃꯤꯇ꯭ꯔꯤ" ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯇꯣꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯅꯩ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯀꯜ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯐꯦꯔꯣꯃꯦꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯅꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ-ꯃꯣꯔꯂꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯐꯦꯔꯣꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯀꯃꯟ *ꯂꯦꯕꯣꯔꯦꯇꯔꯤ* ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯐꯦꯔꯣꯃꯤꯔ ꯀꯟꯐꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯐꯦꯔꯣꯃꯤꯇꯔꯒ ꯆꯨꯝꯅꯅꯔꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯥꯏꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯗꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯆꯥꯎꯕ ꯂꯥꯟꯅ ꯇꯣꯈꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯄꯤꯛꯄ ꯑꯄꯔꯆꯔ ꯑꯅꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯩꯗ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ (ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯞꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ *ꯕꯦꯖꯂꯥꯏꯟ* ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯅ ꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯆꯥꯃ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯁꯥꯡꯂꯤ) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯚꯤ. ꯑꯦꯜ. ꯇꯤ. ꯑꯥꯏ., ꯆꯔꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯨ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯅꯦꯚꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯟ. ꯄꯤ. ꯑꯣ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯣꯕꯖꯔꯕꯦꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤ ꯫

### ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯚꯤꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯋꯦꯕ

ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯚꯤꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯋꯦꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯦꯖꯔ ꯃꯩꯉꯥꯜꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯐꯔꯣꯃꯦꯇꯔ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯏ ꯫ ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯲꯰ ꯗ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯐꯦꯔꯣꯃꯦꯇꯔ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯚꯤꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯋꯦꯕ ꯗꯤꯇꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯆꯠꯊꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯔꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯥꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯐꯔꯣꯃꯦꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯤꯂꯣꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯴ ꯁꯥꯡꯉꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯹꯰ꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯡꯒꯜꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯩ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯱ꯒꯤ ꯗꯥꯏꯃꯤꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯚꯦꯀ꯭ꯌꯨꯝ ꯇ꯭ꯌꯨꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯥꯡꯕ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯆꯦꯜꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯆꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯚꯤꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯋꯦꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯈꯨꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯈꯔ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯂꯒꯅꯤ ꯃꯔꯝꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯊꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯐꯔꯣꯃꯦꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯁꯣꯛꯅ-ꯅꯥꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯈꯣꯡꯊꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯲꯰꯲꯰ ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯗ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯐꯔꯣꯃꯦꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯚꯤꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯋꯦꯕ ꯏꯚꯦꯟꯠ ꯇꯔꯥ ꯃꯉꯥ ꯎꯕ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ ꯫

## ꯍꯥꯔꯃꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯅꯂꯥꯏꯖꯔ

꯱꯸꯹꯰ ꯒꯤ ꯆꯩꯍꯤ ꯇꯔꯥꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯖꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯥꯏꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯅ ꯐꯣꯔ꯭ꯌꯔ ꯄꯔꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯑꯐꯤꯁꯤꯑꯦꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ꯌꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯈꯔ ꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯝꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ, ꯍꯣꯔꯃꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯅꯥꯂꯥꯏꯖꯔ ꯀꯧꯕ ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯚꯥꯏꯁ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯗꯕ꯭ꯂ꯭ꯌꯨ. ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠꯇꯟꯅ ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯃ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯹꯸ ꯗ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯟ ꯖꯔꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯁꯥꯏꯟꯁꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯈꯤ ꯫

## ꯏꯃꯨꯡ ꯃꯅꯨꯡ

ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯷꯷ ꯗ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯅ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨ ꯌꯣꯔ꯭ꯛ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯛ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯣꯀꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀꯃꯥꯟꯗꯔ ꯋꯤꯂ꯭ꯌꯝ ꯇꯤ. ꯁꯦꯝꯞꯁꯟ ꯃꯁꯨꯅꯨꯄ ꯃꯥꯔꯒꯔꯦꯠ ꯍꯦꯃꯤꯡꯋꯦꯒ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯗ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯹꯹ ꯗ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯅ ꯑꯦꯗꯅꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯇꯟꯒ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ꯌꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯁꯤꯁꯠ ꯄꯤꯇꯔ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯃꯃꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

## ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯄꯥꯝꯅꯕ ꯅꯥꯠꯇ

"ꯑꯦꯜꯕꯔꯠ ꯑꯕ꯭ꯔꯥꯍꯝ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯵꯲ ꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ ꯱꯹ ꯗ ꯃꯌꯣꯜꯂꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯄꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯆꯤꯀꯥꯒꯣ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯐꯦꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ, ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯃꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯂꯕ ꯑꯃꯥꯅꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯩꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯔꯕ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁꯀꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯈꯠꯄꯗ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯧꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁꯤꯁ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯅꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯣꯂꯤꯁ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁꯣꯁꯥꯏꯇꯤ ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯈꯤ ꯫" ꯄꯣꯂꯦꯟ꯭ꯁꯀꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯖꯦꯜꯅꯣ ꯄꯣꯂꯤꯁ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯜ ꯁꯣꯁꯥꯏꯇꯤꯅ ꯊꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯥꯅꯤ ꯫
ꯇꯦꯂꯤꯚꯤꯖꯟ ꯁꯤꯔꯤꯖ *ꯕꯣꯅꯥꯟꯖꯥ* (′′ ꯂꯨꯛ ꯇꯨ ꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯔ꯭ꯁ ") ꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯖꯟ ꯳ ꯏꯄꯤꯁꯤꯑꯣꯗ ꯲꯶ ꯗ, ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯶꯲ ꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯔ꯭ꯆ ꯱꯸ꯗ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ, ꯕꯦꯟ ꯀꯥꯔꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯠ (ꯂꯣꯔ꯭ꯟ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯟ) ꯅ ꯆꯩꯍꯤ ꯱꯶ ꯁꯨꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ (ꯆꯩꯍꯤ ꯲꯵ ꯁꯨꯔꯕ ꯗ꯭ꯂꯁ ꯂꯦꯝꯕꯔ꯭ꯠ ꯅ ꯎꯠꯈꯤꯕ) ꯗ ꯌꯨ. ꯑꯦꯁ. ꯅꯦꯚꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯗꯦꯃꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯐꯪꯍꯟꯕꯗ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯉꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯃꯌꯣꯜꯂꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯩꯔꯣꯏ (ꯋꯤꯂ꯭ꯌꯝ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯂꯔ꯭ꯠꯅ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ) ꯅ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯁꯨ ꯫ *ꯕꯣꯅꯥꯟꯖꯥ* ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯦꯚꯦꯗꯥꯒꯤ ꯚꯔꯖꯤꯅ꯭ꯌꯥ ꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯣꯏꯕꯗ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤ, ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯅ ꯅꯦꯚꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯗꯦꯃꯤꯗ ꯆꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥ-ꯃꯄꯥꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯦꯄꯤꯁꯣꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯗ ꯋꯥꯁ-ꯑꯣꯚꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯟꯅ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯱꯹꯰꯷ꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯖꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯟꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯃꯥꯏꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯅ ꯀꯦꯂꯤꯐꯣꯔꯅꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯨꯔꯐꯤꯁ ꯀꯦꯝꯞꯇ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯕ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯒꯤ ꯗꯨꯀꯥꯟꯗ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ, ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯗ ꯃꯦꯟ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯠꯇ, ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯔꯤ & ꯄꯦꯔꯤ ꯍꯣꯇꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯵꯹ ꯗ ꯍꯣꯇꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯗꯨꯀꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯩ ꯊꯥꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯕꯔꯊꯥ ꯃꯦꯌꯔꯁꯅ ꯁꯍꯔꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯡꯄꯣꯛ ꯊꯪꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯦꯟ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯠꯇ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯅ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯇꯣꯏꯅ ꯆꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯅꯣꯔꯃꯟ ꯐꯤꯠꯖ꯭ꯔꯣꯌ ꯃꯦꯀ꯭ꯂꯤꯟ ꯗ *ꯅꯣꯔꯃꯟ ꯃꯦꯀ꯭ꯂꯤꯟ ꯔꯤꯗꯔ* (ꯏ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯣ. ꯑꯦꯂꯟ ꯋꯦꯜꯠꯖꯤꯌꯟ, ꯲꯰꯰꯸) ꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯕ ꯑꯦꯁꯤ "ꯕꯤꯂꯤꯌꯔ꯭ꯗꯁ ꯏꯖ ꯑꯦ ꯒꯨꯗ ꯒꯦꯝ" ꯑꯃ ꯏꯈꯤ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯦꯀ꯭ꯂꯤꯟꯒꯤ ꯚꯦꯟꯇꯦꯖ ꯄꯣꯏꯟꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯕꯨ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯖꯨꯑꯦꯠ ꯃꯍꯩꯔꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯕꯤꯂꯤꯌꯔ꯭ꯗ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯌꯦꯡꯗꯨꯅ ꯊꯥꯒꯠꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

## ꯏꯀꯥꯏꯈꯨꯝꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯅꯥꯁꯤꯡ

ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯏꯇꯦꯗ ꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠꯁ ꯅꯦꯚꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯗꯦꯃꯤ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯣꯅꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ ꯇ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯩꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯫
* ꯱꯸꯸꯸-ꯔꯝꯐꯣꯔ꯭ꯗ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯖ
* ꯱꯹꯰꯳-ꯃꯥꯠꯇꯦꯎꯆꯤ ꯃꯦꯗꯜ
* ꯱꯹꯰꯷-ꯀꯣꯄꯂꯤ ꯃꯦꯗꯜ
* ꯱꯹꯰꯷-ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯛꯁꯇ ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯖ
* ꯱꯹꯱꯲-ꯏꯂꯤꯑꯣꯠ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯣꯟ ꯃꯦꯗꯜ
* ꯱꯹꯱꯶-ꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯗꯦꯃꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯁꯥꯏꯟꯁꯁꯇꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯔꯤ ꯗ꯭ꯔꯦꯄꯔ ꯃꯦꯗꯜ
* ꯱꯹꯲꯰ -ꯑꯦꯜꯕꯔꯠ ꯃꯦꯗꯜ
* ꯱꯹꯲꯲-ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯣꯃꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁꯣꯁꯥꯏꯇꯤ ꯁꯣꯁꯥꯏꯇꯦ ꯑꯦꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯣꯃꯤꯛ ꯗꯦ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯡꯕ ꯃꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯛꯁ ꯖꯨꯜꯁ ꯖꯥꯟꯁꯦꯟ ꯫
* ꯱꯹꯲꯲-ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁꯣꯁꯥꯏꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥ ꯑꯣꯅꯔꯦꯔꯤ ꯃꯦꯝꯕꯔ
* ꯱꯹꯲꯳-ꯔꯣꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯣꯃꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁꯣꯁꯥꯏꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯥ
* ꯱꯹꯲꯳-ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯡꯀ꯭ꯂꯤꯟ ꯃꯦꯗꯜ
* ꯱꯹꯲꯹-ꯗꯨꯗꯦꯜ ꯃꯦꯗꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯖꯗꯨꯗꯗꯦꯜ ꯃꯦꯗꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯖ

ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯔꯣꯌꯜ ꯁꯣꯁꯥꯏꯇꯤ, ꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯗꯦꯃꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯁꯥꯏꯟꯁꯁ, ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯟ ꯐꯤꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁꯣꯁꯥꯏꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯟ ꯑꯦꯁꯣꯁꯤꯑꯦꯁꯟ ꯐꯣꯔ ꯗꯤ ꯑꯦꯒ꯭ꯋꯥꯟꯁꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯁꯥꯏꯟꯁꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯀꯝꯄ꯭ꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯃꯦꯖꯥꯔꯃꯦꯟ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯨꯞꯅ ꯆꯩꯍꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯦ. ꯑꯦ. ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯑꯦꯋꯥꯔ꯭ꯗ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤ ꯫

## ꯑꯁꯤꯁꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯤꯌꯨ

* ꯖꯨꯋꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯃꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯂꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯡ
* ꯅꯦꯚꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯗꯦꯃꯤꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯃꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯂꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯡ
* ꯄꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯤꯁꯠ

## ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ

* ꯖꯦꯐ, ꯕꯔꯅꯥꯔ꯭ꯗ (꯱꯹꯶꯰) ꯃꯤꯆꯦꯜꯁꯟ ꯑꯦꯟꯗ ꯗꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯗ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯂꯥꯏꯠ, ꯗꯕꯜꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨ ꯌꯣꯔ꯭ꯛ

## ꯅꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ

## ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝꯁꯁꯤꯡ

* Livingston, D. M. (1973). *The Master of Light: A Biography of Albert A. Michelson*. University of Chicago Press.
* Levy, Harriet Lane (1996). *920 O'Farrell Street*. Heyday Books.

## ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡ

* *Light waves and their uses*.
* ꯃꯩꯉꯥꯜꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯩꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯍꯦꯟꯒꯠꯍꯟꯕ ꯫ ꯄꯦꯔꯤꯁ: ꯒꯧꯊꯤꯌꯔ-ꯚꯤꯜꯂꯔꯁ ꯑꯦꯠ ꯐꯤꯜꯁ, ꯱꯸꯹꯴ ꯫ (ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟ꯭ꯁꯇꯒꯤ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯗꯤꯇꯔꯃꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯗꯤ ꯚꯦꯂꯣꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯂꯥꯏꯠ)

* *ꯃꯩꯉꯥꯜꯒꯤ ꯏꯄꯣꯝ ꯱ꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯐꯝ* (꯱꯹꯰꯷)
* "ꯃꯉꯥꯂꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯤꯔꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯇꯔꯃꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ" ꯒꯤ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯆ ꯂꯣꯟꯗ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯀꯄ ꯫ (꯱꯸꯹꯴)