# സെനറ്റ് (അമേരിക്കൻ ഐക്യനാടുകൾ)

| യുനൈറ്റഡ് സ്റ്റേറ്റ്സ് സെനറ്റ് |
| --- |
| 116th United States Congress |
| സെനറ്റിന്റെ ഔദ്യോഗിക മുദ്ര |
| സെനറ്റിന്റെ ഔദ്യോഗിക പതാക |
| വിഭാഗം |
| തരം | Upper house of the United States Congress  |
| കാലാവധി | None |
| ചരിത്രം |
| New session started | January 3, 2019 (2019-01-03) |
| നേതൃത്വം |
| President of the Senate | മൈക്ക് പെൻസ് (R) January 20, 2017 മുതൽ  |
| President pro tempore | Chuck Grassley (R) January 3, 2019 മുതൽ  |
| President pro tempore emeritus | Patrick Leahy (D) January 3, 2015 മുതൽ  |
| Majority Leader | Mitch McConnell (R) January 3, 2015 മുതൽ  |
| Minority Leader | Chuck Schumer (D) January 3, 2017 മുതൽ  |
| Majority Whip | John Thune (R) January 3, 2019 മുതൽ  |
| വിന്യാസം |
| സീറ്റുകൾ | 100 51 (or 50 plus the Vice President) for a majority |
|  |
| രാഷ്ടീയ മുന്നണികൾ | **Majority (53) Republican (53)

**Minority (47) Democratic (45)
* Independent (2)
 |
| Length of term | 6 years |
| തെരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പുകൾ |
|  |
Varies in 5 states Plurality voting in 45 states
* Washington & California: Nonpartisan blanket primary
* Georgia: Two-round system
* Maine: Ranked-choice voting
* Louisiana: Louisiana primary
 |
|  | November 6, 2018 (35 seats) |
|  | November 3, 2020 (35 seats) |
| സഭ കൂടുന്ന ഇടം |
|  |
| Senate Chamber United States Capitol Washington, D.C. United States of America |
| വെബ്സൈറ്റ് |
| senate.gov |
| Constitution |
| United States Constitution |

അമേരിക്കൻ ഐക്യനാടുകളുടെ നിയമ നിർമ്മാണ സഭയായ കോൺഗ്രസ്‌സിലെ ഉപരിസഭയാണ് **സെനറ്റ്**. മൊത്തം 100 സീറ്റുകൾ ഉള്ള സെനറ്റിൽ നിലവിൽ റിപ്പബ്ലിക്കൻ പാർട്ടിക്ക് 53ഉം ഡെമോക്രാറ്റിക്‌ പാർട്ടിക്ക് 45ഉം സ്വതന്ത്രർക്ക് 2ഉം വീതം അംഗങ്ങൾ ആണ് ഉള്ളത്.

* Baker, Richard A. *The Senate of the United States: A Bicentennial History* Krieger, 1988.
* Baker, Richard A., ed., *First Among Equals: Outstanding Senate Leaders of the Twentieth Century* Congressional Quarterly, 1991.
* Barone, Michael, and Grant Ujifusa, *The Almanac of American Politics 1976: The Senators, the Representatives and the Governors: Their Records and Election Results, Their States and Districts* (1975); new edition every 2 years
* David W. Brady and Mathew D. McCubbins. *Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress* (2002)
* Caro, Robert A. *The Years of Lyndon Johnson. Vol. 3: Master of the Senate.* Knopf, 2002.
* Comiskey, Michael. *Seeking Justices: The Judging of Supreme Court Nominees* U. Press of Kansas, 2004.
* Congressional Quarterly *Congress and the Nation XII: 2005–2008: Politics and Policy in the 109th and 110th Congresses* (2010); massive, highly detailed summary of Congressional activity, as well as major executive and judicial decisions; based on *Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report* and the annual CQ almanac. The *Congress and the Nation 2009–2012* vol XIII has been announced for September 2014 publication.
	+ Congressional Quarterly  *Congress and the Nation: 2001–2004* (2005);
	+ Congressional Quarterly, *Congress and the Nation: 1997–2001* (2002)
	+ Congressional Quarterly. *Congress and the Nation: 1993–1996* (1998)
	+ Congressional Quarterly, *Congress and the Nation: 1989–1992* (1993)
	+ Congressional Quarterly, *Congress and the Nation: 1985–1988* (1989)
	+ Congressional Quarterly, *Congress and the Nation: 1981–1984* (1985)
	+ Congressional Quarterly, *Congress and the Nation: 1977–1980* (1981)
	+ Congressional Quarterly, *Congress and the Nation: 1973–1976* (1977)
	+ Congressional Quarterly, *Congress and the Nation: 1969–1972* (1973)
	+ Congressional Quarterly, *Congress and the Nation: 1965–1968* (1969)
	+ Congressional Quarterly, *Congress and the Nation: 1945–1964* (1965), the first of the series
* Cooper, John Milton, Jr. *Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations.* Cambridge U. Press, 2001.
* Davidson, Roger H., and Walter J. Oleszek, eds. (1998). *Congress and Its Members*, 6th ed. Washington DC: *Congressional Quarterly.* (Legislative procedure, informal practices, and member information)
* Gould, Lewis L. *The Most Exclusive Club: A History Of The Modern United States Senate* (2005)
* Hernon, Joseph Martin. *Profiles in Character: Hubris and Heroism in the U.S. Senate, 1789–1990* Sharpe, 1997.
* Hoebeke, C. H. *The Road to Mass Democracy: Original Intent and the Seventeenth Amendment*. Transaction Books, 1995. (Popular elections of senators)
* Lee, Frances E. and Oppenheimer, Bruce I. *Sizing Up the Senate: The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation*. U. of Chicago Press 1999. 304 pp.
* MacNeil, Neil and Richard A. Baker. *The American Senate: An Insider's History.* Oxford University Press, 2013. 455 pp.
* McFarland, Ernest W. *The Ernest W. McFarland Papers: The United States Senate Years, 1940–1952*. Prescott, Ariz.: Sharlot Hall Museum, 1995 (Democratic majority leader 1950–52)
* Malsberger, John W. *From Obstruction to Moderation: The Transformation of Senate Conservatism, 1938–1952*. Susquehanna U. Press 2000
* Mann, Robert. *The Walls of Jericho: Lyndon Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, Richard Russell and the Struggle for Civil Rights*. Harcourt Brace, 1996
* Ritchie, Donald A. (1991). *Press Gallery: Congress and the Washington Correspondents*. Harvard University Press.
* Ritchie, Donald A. (2001). *The Congress of the United States: A Student Companion* (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
* Ritchie, Donald A. (2010). *The U.S. Congress: A Very Short Introduction*. Oxford University Press.
* Rothman, David. *Politics and Power the United States Senate 1869–1901* (1966)
* Swift, Elaine K. *The Making of an American Senate: Reconstitutive Change in Congress, 1787–1841*. U. of Michigan Press, 1996
* Valeo, Frank. *Mike Mansfield, Majority Leader: A Different Kind of Senate, 1961–1976* Sharpe, 1999 (Senate Democratic leader)
* VanBeek, Stephen D. *Post-Passage Politics: Bicameral Resolution in Congress*. U. of Pittsburgh Press 1995
* Weller, Cecil Edward, Jr. *Joe T. Robinson: Always a Loyal Democrat.* U. of Arkansas Press, 1998. (Arkansas Democrat who was Majority leader in 1930s)
* Wilson, Woodrow. *Congressional Government*. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1885; also 15th ed. 1900, repr. by photoreprint, Transaction books, 2002.
* Wirls, Daniel and Wirls, Stephen. *The Invention of the United States Senate* Johns Hopkins U. Press, 2004. (Early history)
* Zelizer, Julian E. *On Capitol Hill : The Struggle to Reform Congress and its Consequences, 1948–2000* (2006)
* Zelizer, Julian E., ed. *The American Congress: The Building of Democracy* (2004) (overview)

### Official Senate histories

* *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–1989*

The following are published by the Senate Historical Office.

* Robert Byrd. *The Senate, 1789–1989*. Four volumes.
	+ Vol. I, a chronological series of addresses on the history of the Senate
	+ Vol. II, a topical series of addresses on various aspects of the Senate's operation and powers
	+ Vol. III, Classic Speeches, 1830–1993
	+ Vol. IV, Historical Statistics, 1789–1992
* Dole, Bob. *Historical Almanac of the United States Senate*
* Hatfield, Mark O., with the Senate Historical Office. *Vice Presidents of the United States, 1789–1993* (essays reprinted online)
* Frumin, Alan S. *Riddick's Senate Procedure*. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1992.

* The United States Senate Official Website
	+ Sortable contact data
	+ Senate Chamber Map
	+ Standing Rules of the Senate
	+ *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 to Present*
* List of Senators who died in office, via PoliticalGraveyard.com
* Chart of all U.S. Senate seat-holders, by state, 1978–present, via Texas Tech University
* A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825 Archived ജൂലൈ 25, 2008 at the Wayback Machine, via Tufts University
* Bill Hammons' American Politics Guide – Members of Congress by Committee and State with Partisan Voting Index Archived ഡിസംബർ 30, 2014 at the Wayback Machine
* Works by or about സെനറ്റ് at Internet Archive
* First U.S. Senate session aired by C-SPAN via C-SPAN
* Senate Manual via govinfo.gov (U.S. Government Publishing Office)
* United States Senate Calendars and Schedules
* Information about U.S. Bills and Resolutions Archived ജനുവരി 2, 2020 at the Wayback Machine
* സെനറ്റ് (അമേരിക്കൻ ഐക്യനാടുകൾ) public domain audiobooks from LibriVox