# ബോറോൺ

**ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വിലാസം**

Boron, 00B| boron (β-rhombohedral) |
| Boron |
| Pronunciation | /ˈbɔːrɒn/ ​(*BOR-on*) |
| Allotropes | α-, β-rhombohedral, β-tetragonal (and more) |
| Appearance | black-brown |
|  |
| Standard atomic weight *A*r°(B) |
|  | * [10.806, 10.821]
* 10.81±0.02 (abridged)
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|  |
| Boron in the periodic table |
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|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Hydrogen |  | Helium |
| Lithium | Beryllium |  | Boron | Carbon | Nitrogen | Oxygen | Fluorine | Neon |
| Sodium | Magnesium |  | Aluminium | Silicon | Phosphorus | Sulfur | Chlorine | Argon |
| Potassium | Calcium |  | Scandium | Titanium | Vanadium | Chromium | Manganese | Iron | Cobalt | Nickel | Copper | Zinc | Gallium | Germanium | Arsenic | Selenium | Bromine | Krypton |
| Rubidium | Strontium |  |  | Yttrium | Zirconium | Niobium | Molybdenum | Technetium | Ruthenium | Rhodium | Palladium | Silver | Cadmium | Indium | Tin | Antimony | Tellurium | Iodine | Xenon |
| Caesium | Barium | Lanthanum | Cerium | Praseodymium | Neodymium | Promethium | Samarium | Europium | Gadolinium | Terbium | Dysprosium | Holmium | Erbium | Thulium | Ytterbium | Lutetium | Hafnium | Tantalum | Tungsten | Rhenium | Osmium | Iridium | Platinum | Gold | Mercury (element) | Thallium | Lead | Bismuth | Polonium | Astatine | Radon |
| Francium | Radium | Actinium | Thorium | Protactinium | Uranium | Neptunium | Plutonium | Americium | Curium | Berkelium | Californium | Einsteinium | Fermium | Mendelevium | Nobelium | Lawrencium | Rutherfordium | Dubnium | Seaborgium | Bohrium | Hassium | Meitnerium | Darmstadtium | Roentgenium | Copernicium | Nihonium | Flerovium | Moscovium | Livermorium | Tennessine | Oganesson |

 | – ↑ **B** ↓ Al |
| beryllium ← **boron** → carbon |

 |

 |
| Group | group 13 (boron group) |
| Period | period 2 |
| Block |   p-block |
| Electron configuration | [He] 2s2 2p1 |
| Electrons per shell | 2, 3 |
| Physical properties |
| Phase at STP | solid |
| Melting point | 2349 K ​(2076 °C, ​3769 °F)  |
| Boiling point | 4200 K ​(3927 °C, ​7101 °F)  |
| Density when liquid (at m.p.) | 2.08 g/cm3  |
| Heat of fusion | 50.2 kJ/mol  |
| Heat of vaporization | 508 kJ/mol  |
| Molar heat capacity | 11.087 J/(mol·K)  |
| **Vapor pressure**

| *P* (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1 k | 10 k | 100 k |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| at *T* (K) | 2348 | 2562 | 2822 | 3141 | 3545 | 4072 |

 |
| Atomic properties |
| Oxidation states | common: +3
−5, −1, 0, +1, +2 |
| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 2.04  |
| Ionization energies | * 1st: 800.6 kJ/mol
* 2nd: 2427.1 kJ/mol
* 3rd: 3659.7 kJ/mol
* (more)
 |
| Atomic radius | empirical: 90 pm  |
| Covalent radius | 84±3 pm  |
| Van der Waals radius | 192 pm  |
| **Spectral lines of boron** |
| Other properties |
| Natural occurrence | primordial |
| Crystal structure |  ​rhombohedral |
| Thermal expansion | β form: 5–7 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)  |
| Thermal conductivity | 27.4 W/(m⋅K)  |
| Electrical resistivity | ~106 Ω⋅m (at 20 °C)  |
| Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic  |
| Molar magnetic susceptibility | −6.7·10−6 cm3/mol |
| Speed of sound  thin rod | 16,200 m/s (at 20 °C)  |
| Mohs hardness | ~9.5  |
| CAS Number | 7440-42-8  |
| History |
| Discovery | Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard (30 June 1808) |
| First isolation | Humphry Davy (9 July 1808) |
| Isotopes of boron* ക
* തി
 |
|  |
|

| Main isotopes | Decay |
| --- | --- |
|  | abun­dance | half-life (*t*1/2) | mode | pro­duct |
| 8B | synth | 771.9 ms | β+ | 8Be |
| 10B | [18.9%, 20.4%] | stable |
| 11B | [79.6%, 81.1%] | stable |

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അണുസംഖ്യ ‘5’ ആയ മൂലകം ആണ് **ബോറോൺ**. ആവർത്തനപ്പട്ടികയിലെ പതിമൂന്നാം ഗ്രൂപ്പിൽ പെടുന്ന ബോറോൺ ലോഹങ്ങളുടെയും അലോഹങ്ങളുടെയും സ്വഭാവം പ്രകടിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. ഈ മൂലകത്തിന്റെ അണുഭാരം 10.81 ആണ്. സാധാരണ ഊഷ്മാവിൽ ഖരാവസ്ഥയിൽ ആണ് ബോറോൺ സ്ഥിതി ചെയ്യുന്നത്.

ബോറോൺ
ബോറോൺ വൈദ്യുതിയുടെ ഒരു അർദ്ധചാലകം ആണ്. സാധാരണയായി ഖരാവസ്ഥയിലുള്ള ബോ‍റോൺ രാസപ്രവർത്തനങ്ങളിൽ ഏർപ്പെടാറില്ല.
ടർമലൈൻ, ബോറാക്സ്, കെർണൈറ്റ് തുടങ്ങിയവയാണ് ബോറോൺ അടങ്ങിയിട്ടുള്ള പ്രധാന ധാതുക്കൾ. ബോറക്സിൽ നിന്നാണ് ബോറോൺ പ്രധാനമായി ഉൽപ്പാദിപ്പിക്കുന്നത്.
ബോറോൺ ഒരു ഉപലോഹം ആണ്. ഇവ ലോഹങ്ങളുടെയും അലോഹങ്ങളുടെയും സ്വഭാവം പ്രകടിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. ഭൂമിയുടെ ഉപരിതലത്തിൽ ബോറോൺ വിവിധ രൂപാന്തരങ്ങൾ ആയി കാണപ്പെടുന്നു.
ശുദ്ധമായ ബോറോൺ വ്യാവസായികമായി ഉൽപ്പാദിപ്പിക്കുവാൻ ബുദ്ധിമുട്ടാണ്.

മൂലകങ്ങളുടെ ആവർത്തനപ്പട്ടിക

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| H |   | He |
| Li | Be |   | B | C | N | O | F | Ne |
| Na | Mg |   | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar |
| K | Ca |   | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr |
| Rb | Sr |   | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe |
| Cs | Ba | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn |
| Fr | Ra | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og |

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ക്ഷാരലോഹങ്ങൾ | ക്ഷാരീയമൃത്തികാലോഹങ്ങൾ | ലാന്തനൈഡുകൾ | ആക്റ്റിനൈഡുകൾ | സംക്രമണ ലോഹങ്ങൾ |  മറ്റു ലോഹങ്ങൾ  | അർദ്ധലോഹങ്ങൾ | അലോഹങ്ങൾ | ഹാലൊജനുകൾ | ഉൽകൃഷ്ട വാതകങ്ങൾ | രാസസ്വഭാവം കൃത്യമായി മനസ്സിലാക്കാൻ പറ്റിയിട്ടില്ലാത്ത മൂലകങ്ങൾ |