# ക്രോകസ്

**ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വിലാസം**
പ്രദർശിപ്പിക്കുക

| ക്രോകസ് |
| --- |
|  |
| *Crocus sativus* |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | **Iridaceae** |
| Genus: | Crocus |
| Type species |
| *Crocus sativus* L. |
| Synonyms |
| * *Safran* Medik.
* *Geanthus* Raf.
* *Crociris* Schur
 |

ഭൂകാണ്ഡത്തിൽ നിന്ന് വളരുന്ന ഐറിസ് കുടുംബത്തിലെ 90 ഇനം വാർഷികസസ്യങ്ങളിലെ പൂക്കുന്ന സസ്യങ്ങളുടെ ഒരു ജനുസ്സാണ് **ക്രോകസ്.** ശൈത്യകാലത്തും ശരത്‌കാലത്തും വസന്തകാലത്തും പൂക്കൾ ധാരാളം കാണപ്പെടുന്നു. ക്രോക്കസ് സാറ്റിവസ് സ്പീഷീസിലെ ശരത്കാല പൂക്കളിൽ നിന്നുമുള്ള തന്തുകത്തിൽ നിന്നും സുഗന്ധദ്രവ്യമായ കുങ്കുമം ലഭിക്കുന്നു. ഉത്തരാഫ്രിക്കയിലെ ആൽപൈൻ തുണ്ട്രയിലെ സമുദ്രനിരപ്പിൽ സ്ഥിതിചെയ്യുന്ന വനപ്രദേശങ്ങൾ, കുറ്റിക്കാടുകൾ, പുൽമേടുകൾ എന്നിവിടങ്ങളിൽ തദ്ദേശീയമായും മിഡിൽ ഈസ്റ്റ്, മധ്യ, തെക്കൻ യൂറോപ്പ്, പ്രത്യേകിച്ച് ഗ്രീസ്, ക്രൊക്കോസ്, എന്നിവിടങ്ങളിലെ ഈജിയൻ ദ്വീപുകളിലും മധ്യേഷ്യയിൽ പടിഞ്ഞാറൻ ചൈനയിലെ സിൻജിയാങ്ങ് പ്രവിശ്യയിലും കാണപ്പെടുന്നു.

## ചിത്രശാല

* ക്രോക്കസ് സാറ്റിവസ് & സി. വെർനസ്, 1891-ൽ അറ്റ്ലസ് ഡെസ് പ്ലാന്റസ് ഡി ഫ്രാൻസിൽ നിന്നുള്ള അമാഡി മാസ്ക്ലെഫിന്റെ ചിത്രീകരണം
* ഈജിയൻ കടലിലെ സാന്റോറിനി ദ്വീപിലെ മിനോവാൻ ഫ്രെസ്കോസിൽ കുങ്കുമം ശേഖരിക്കുന്നവർ.
* *Composed Bouquet of Spring Flowers*, by Ambrosius Bosschaert, *circa* 1620 (Louvre Museum)
* *Crocus angustifolius* (Cloth of gold) from Curtis's Botanical Magazine, 1803

## സ്പീഷീസ്

*Crocus tommasinianus* (Section *Crocus*, Series *Verni*)
*Crocus vernus* subsp. *vernus* (Section *Crocus*, Series *Verni*)
*Crocus vernus* subsp. *albiflorus* (Section *Crocus*, Series *Verni*)
*Crocus ligusticus* (Section *Crocus*, Series *Longiflori*)
*Crocus ochroleucus* (Section *Crocus*, Series *Kotschyani*)
*Crocus sativus* (Section *Crocus*, Series *Crocus*)
*Crocus mathewii* (Section *Crocus*, Series *Crocus*)
*Crocus sieberi* subsp. *sublimis* 'Tricolor' (Section *Nudiscapus*, Series *Reticulati*)
*Crocus speciosus* (Section *Nudiscapus*, Series *Speciosi*)
മേൽപ്പറഞ്ഞ കണ്ടെത്തലുകൾക്ക് അനുസൃതമായി 1982 ൽ ബ്രയാൻ മാത്യു നിർദ്ദേശിച്ച വർഗ്ഗീകരണം ചുവടെ:

A. **Section *Crocus : species with a basal prophyll
**Series *Verni: corms with reticulated fibers, spring-flowering (apart from *Crocus longiflorus*), flowers for the most part without conspicuous outer striping, bracts absent
* *Crocus etruscus* Parl.
* *Crocus ilvensis* Peruzzi & Carta
* *Crocus kosaninii* Pulevic
* *Crocus longiflorus* Raf. – Italian crocus (formerly in **Series *Longiflori)
* *Crocus tommasinianus* Herb. – Woodland crocus, Tommasini's crocus
* *Crocus vernus* (L.) Hill – Spring crocus, Dutch crocus
	+ *Crocus vernus* subsp. *albiflorus* (Kit. ex Schult.) Asch. & Graebn.
	+ *Crocus vernus* subsp. *vernus*

**Series *Baytopi (new **Series**): corms with strongly reticulated fibers; leaves numerous, narrowly linear; spring-flowering, bracts absent; anthers extrorsely dehiscent
* *Crocus baytopiorum* Mathew (formerly in **Series *Verni)

**Series *Scardici: spring-flowering, leaves have no pale stripe on the upper surface
* *Crocus pelistericus* Pulevic
* *Crocus scardicus* Kos.

**Series *Versicolores: spring-flowering, corms with tunics, which for the most part have parallel fibers, flowers with conspicuous exterior striping
* *Crocus cambessedesii* J. Gay
* *Crocus versicolor* Ker Gawl. – cloth-of-silver crocus
* *Crocus corsicus* Vanucchi ex Maw
* *Crocus imperati* Ten.
	+ *Crocus imperati* subsp. *imperati*
	+ *Crocus imperati* subsp. *suaveolens* (Bertol.) B.Mathew
* *Crocus minimus* DC.

**Series *Longiflori: autumn-flowering, yellow anthers, styles much divided
* *Crocus goulimyi* Turrill (see also Constantine Goulimis)
* *Crocus ligusticus* M.G. Mariotti (Syn. *Crocus medius* Balb.)
* *Crocus niveus* Bowles
* *Crocus nudiflorus* Smith.
* *Crocus serotinus* Salisb. – late crocus
	+ *Crocus serotinus* subsp. *clusii* (J.Gay) B.Mathew
	+ *Crocus serotinus* subsp. *salzmannii* (J.Gay) B.Mathew
	+ *Crocus serotinus* subsp. *serotinus*

**Series *Kotschyani: autumn-flowering, anthers white, styles for the most part three-forked
* *Crocus autranii* Albov.
* *Crocus gilanicus* B. Matthew (discovered in 1973 and named after Gilan province in Iran where it was first found)
* *Crocus karduchorum* Kotschy ex Maw
* *Crocus kotschyanus* K. Koch – Kotschy's crocus (syn. *C. zonatus*)
	+ *Crocus kotschyanus* subsp. *cappadocicus* B.Mathew
	+ *Crocus kotschyanus* subsp. *hakkariensis* B.Mathew
	+ *Crocus kotschyanus* subsp. *kotschyanus*
	+ *Crocus kotschyanus* subsp. *suworowianus* (K.Koch) B.Mathew
* *Crocus ochroleucus* Boiss. & Gaill.
* *Crocus scharojanii* Ruprecht
	+ *Crocus scharojanii* subsp. *scharojanii*
	+ *Crocus scharojanii* subsp. *lazicus* (Boiss.) B.Mathew
* *Crocus vallicola* Herb.

**Series *Crocus: autumn-flowering, anthers yellow, style distinctly three-branched
* *Crocus asumaniae* B. Mathew & T. Baytop
* *Crocus cartwrightianus* Herb.
	+ *Crocus sativus* L. – saffron crocus (a sterile triploid mutant or hybrid), presumably derived from *Crocus cartwrightianus*
* *Crocus hadriaticus* Herb.
	+ *Crocus hadriaticus* subsp. *hadriaticus*
	+ *Crocus hadriaticus* subsp. *parnassicus* (B.Mathew) B.Mathew
	+ *Crocus hadriaticus* subsp. *parnonicus* B.Mathew
* *Crocus moabiticus* Bornm. & Dinsmore ex Bornm.
* *Crocus mathewii* H. Kemdorff & E. Pasche **(1994) *Crocus naqabensis* Al-Eisawi **(2001) *Crocus oreocreticus* B.L. Burtt
* *Crocus pallasii* Goldb.
	+ *Crocus pallasii* subsp. *dispathaceus* (Bowles) B.Mathew
	+ *Crocus pallasii* subsp. *haussknechtii* (Boiss. & Reut. ex Maw) B.Mathew
	+ *Crocus pallasii* subsp. *pallasii*
	+ *Crocus pallasii* subsp. *turcicus* B.Mathew
* *Crocus thomasii* Ten.

**Position unclear *Crocus malyi* Vis. (formerly in **Series *Versicolores)
* *Crocus banaticus* Heuff. (formerly in obsolete **Subgenus *Crociris)

B. **Section *Nudiscapus: species without a basal prophyll
**Series *Reticulati: corm tunic for the most part decidedly covered with reticulated fibers, flower produced in winter or spring, style three-forked or much divided
* *Crocus abantensis* T.Baytop & B.Mathew
* *Crocus ancyrensis* (Herb.) Maw – Ankara crocus
* *Crocus angustifolius* Weston – cloth-of-gold crocus
* *Crocus cancellatus* Herb.
	+ *Crocus cancellatus* subsp. *cancellatus*
	+ *Crocus cancellatus* subsp. *damascenus* (Herb.) B.Mathew
	+ *Crocus cancellatus* subsp. *lycius* B.Mathew
	+ *Crocus cancellatus* subsp. *mazziaricus* (Herb.) B.Mathew
	+ *Crocus cancellatus* subsp. *pamphylicus* B.Mathew
* *Crocus cvijicii* Kos.
* *Crocus dalmaticus* Vis.
* *Crocus gargaricus* Herb.
* *Crocus herbertii* B. Mathew (became a "true" species)
* *Crocus hermoneus* Kotschy ex Maw
* *Crocus jablanicensis* N. Randj. & V. Randj.
* *Crocus reticulatus* Steven ex Adams
	+ *Crocus reticulatus* subsp. *hittiticus* (T.Baytop & B.Mathew) B.Mathew
	+ *Crocus reticulatus* subsp. *reticulatus*
* *Crocus robertianus* C.D. Brickell
* *Crocus rujanensis* Randjel. & D.A. Hill **(1990) *Crocus sieberi* J. Gay – Sieber's crocus, Cretan crocus
	+ *Crocus sieberi* subsp. *atticus* (Boiss. & Orph.) B.Mathew
	+ *Crocus sieberi* subsp. *nivalis* (Bory & Chaub.) B.Mathew
	+ *Crocus sieberi* subsp. *sieberi*
	+ *Crocus sieberi* subsp. *sublimis* (Herb.) B.Mathew
* *Crocus sieheanus* Barr ex B.L. Burtt
* *Crocus veluchensis* Herb.

**Series *Biflori: tunics of corms split into rings at the base, either entire or with toothlike projections, leathery in texture, spring- or late-winter flowering, style three-forked
* *Crocus aerius* Herb.
* *Crocus almehensis* C.D. Brickell & B. Mathew
* *Crocus biflorus* Mill. – silvery crocus, Scotch crocus
	+ *Crocus biflorus* subsp. *biflorus*
	+ *Crocus biflorus* subsp.  *adamii* (J.Gay) K.Richt.
	+ *Crocus biflorus* subsp. *alexandri* (Nicic ex Velen.) B. Mathew
	+ *Crocus biflorus* subsp. *artvinensis* (J.Philippow) B. Mathew
	+ *Crocus biflorus* subsp. *atrospermus* Kernd. & Pasche
	+ *Crocus biflorus* subsp. *caelestis* Kernd. & Pasche
	+ *Crocus biflorus* subsp. *caricus* Kernd. & Pasche
	+ *Crocus biflorus* subsp. *crewei* (Hook.f.) B. Mathew
	+ *Crocus biflorus* subsp. *fibroannulatus* Kernd. & Pasche
	+ *Crocus biflorus* subsp. *ionopharynx* Kernd. & Pasche
	+ *Crocus biflorus* subsp. *isauricus* (Siehe ex Bowles) B.Mathew
	+ *Crocus biflorus* subsp. *leucostylosus* Kernd. & Pasche
	+ *Crocus biflorus* subsp. *melantherus* B. Mathew
	+ *Crocus biflorus* subsp. *nubigena* (Herb.) B. Mathew
	+ *Crocus biflorus* subsp. *pseudonubigena* B. Mathew
	+ *Crocus biflorus* subsp. *pulchricolor* (Herb.) B. Mathew
	+ *Crocus biflorus* subsp. *punctatus* B.Mathew
	+ *Crocus biflorus* subsp. *stridii* (Papan. & Zacharof) B.Mathew
	+ *Crocus biflorus* subsp. *tauri* (Maw) B. Mathew
	+ *Crocus biflorus* subsp. *weldenii* (Hoppe & Fuernr.) B. Mathew
	+ *Crocus biflorus* subsp. *yataganensis* Kernd. & Pasche
* *Crocus chrysanthus* Herb. – Golden crocus, Snow crocus
	+ *Crocus chrysanthus* subsp. *chrysanthus*
	+ *Crocus chrysanthus* subsp. *multifolius* Papan. & Zacharof
* *Crocus cyprius* Boiss. & Kotschy
* *Crocus danfordiae* Maw
	+ *Crocus danfordiae* subsp. *danfordiae*
	+ *Crocus danfordiae* subsp. *kurdistanicus* Maroofi & Assadi
* *Crocus hartmannianus* Holmboe
* *Crocus kerndorffiorum* Pasche **(1993) *Crocus leichtlinii* (Dewar) Bowles
* *Crocus nerimaniae* Yüzbasioglu & Varol **(2004) *Crocus pestalozzae* Boiss.
* *Crocus wattiorum* (B. Mathew, **1995**) B. Mathew **(2000) *Crocus demirizianus* O.Erol & L.Can **(2012) *Crocus yakarianus* Yıldırım & O.Erol **(2013)Series *Speciosi: corm tunic splits into rings at the base, leathery or membranous, foliage after the flowers, autumn-flowering, style much divided
* *Crocus pulchellus* Herb. – hairy crocus
* *Crocus speciosus* M. Bieb. – Bieberstein's crocus, large purple crocus
	+ *Crocus speciosus* subsp. *ilgazensis* B.Mathew
	+ *Crocus speciosus* subsp. *speciosus*
	+ *Crocus speciosus* subsp. *xantholaimos* B.Mathew

**Series *Orientales: corm with parallel fibers or lightly reticulated, numerous leaves, spring-flowering, style three-forked
* *Crocus alatavicus* Semenova & Reg.
* *Crocus caspius* Fischer & Meyer (formerly in *Series* Biflori) *Crocus korolkowii* Regel ex Maw – celandine crocus
* *Crocus michelsonii* B. Fedtsch.

**Series *Flavi: tunics of the corms membranous, split into parallel fibers, spring-flowering, styles much divided
* *Crocus adanensis* T. Baytop & B. Mathew (formerly in **Series *Biflori)
* *Crocus antalyensis* Mathew
	+ *Crocus antalyensis* subsp. *antalyensis*
	+ *Crocus antalyensis* subsp. *striatus* O.Erol & M.Koçyiğit **(2010)**
	+ *Crocus antalyensis* subsp. *gemicii* L.Sik & O.Erol **(2011) *Crocus candidus* E.D. Clarke
* *Crocus flavus* Weston – Yellow crocus
	+ *Crocus flavus* subsp. *flavus*
	+ *Crocus flavus* subsp. *dissectus* T.Baytop & B.Mathew
	+ *Crocus flavus* subsp. *sarichinarensis* Rukšans
* *Crocus graveolens* Boiss. &Reut.
* *Crocus hyemalis* Boiss.
* *Crocus olivieri* Gray
	+ *Crocus olivieri* subsp. *olivieri* – Balkan and Turkey
	+ *Crocus olivieri* subsp. *balansae* (J.Gay ex Baker) B. Mathew – endemic round İzmir, West-Turkey
	+ *Crocus olivieri* subsp. *istanbulensis* B. Mathew, Istanbul, Turkey.
* *Crocus paschei* H. Kerndorff
* *Crocus vitellinus* Wahl.

**Series *Aleppici: tunics of the corms membranous, with split, parallel fibers, foliage produced at the same time as the flowers, fall- or winter-flowering
* *Crocus aleppicus* Baker
* *Crocus boulosii* Greuter
* *Crocus veneris* Tappein ex Poech

**Series *Carpetani: undersurface of the leaves rounded with grooves, upper surface channeled, spring-flowering, style whitish, obscurely divided
* *Crocus carpetanus* Boiss. & Reut.
* *Crocus nevadensis* Amo & Campo

**Series *Intertexti: corm tunic fibrous with fibers interwoven, spring-flowering
* *Crocus fleischeri* J.Gay.

**Series *Laevigatae: corm tunic membranous or splitting into parallel fibers, sometimes leathery, foliage produced at the same time as flowers, autumn-flowering, anthers white, style much divided
* *Crocus boryi* J.Gay
* *Crocus laevigatus* Bory & Chaub.
* *Crocus tournefortii* J.Gay.

* *Crocus alatavicus*
* *Crocus aleppicus*
* *Crocus ancyrensis*
* *Crocus banaticus*
* *Crocus biflorus*
* *Crocus cancellatus*
* *Crocus carpetanus*
* *Crocus cartwrightianus* 'Albus'
* *Crocus caspius*
* *Crocus chrysanthus*
'Zwanenburg Bronze'
* *Crocus corsicus*
* *Crocus etruscus* 'Zwanenburg'
* *Crocus flavus*
* *Crocus goulimyi*
* *Crocus graveolens*
* *Crocus hyemalis*
* *Crocus imperati* 'De Jager'
* *Crocus kotschyanus*
* *Crocus laevigatus* 'Fontenayi'
* *Crocus longiflorus*
* *Crocus malyi*
* *Crocus minimus*
* *Crocus nevadensis*
* *Crocus nudiflorus*
* *Crocus olivieri*
* *Crocus pallasii*
* *Crocus pulchellus*
* *Crocus serotinus* subsp. *clusii*
* *Crocus serotinus* subsp. *salzmannii*
* *Crocus scharojanii*
* *Crocus tournefortii*
* *Crocus versicolor*

### ശരത്കാല ക്രോക്കസ്

Some species, known as "autumn crocus", flower in late summer and autumn, often before their leaves appear. They should not be confused with a different genus of autumn-flowering plants, *Colchicum*. Autumn-flowering species of crocus include:

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * *C. banaticus* (syn. *C. iridiflorus*)
* *C. cancellatus*
* *C. goulimyi*
* *C. hadriaticus*
* *C. kotschyanus* (syn. *C. zonatus*)
 | * *C. laevigatus*
* *C. ligusticus* (syn. *C. medius* )
* *C. niveus*
* *C. nudiflorus*
* *C. ochroleucus*
 | * *C. pulchellus*
* *C. sativus* (saffron crocus)
* *C. serotinus*
* *C. speciosus*
* *C. tournefortii*
 |

*C. laevigatus* has a long flowering period which starts in late autumn or early winter and may continue into February.

* field of flowering purple crocuses
* *Crocus* 'E.A. Bowles',
 a *C. chrysanthus* hybrid
* Crocus cultivars
* *C. sieberi* corms, showing the net-like papery outer covering
* Purple crocuses with closed flowers
* Crocuses appearing through the snow

## അവലംബം

* E.A. Bowles, *A Handbook of Crocus and Colchicum for Gardeners*, Martin Hopkinson 1924
* Brian Mathew, Christopher Grey-Wilson, *Bulbs*, (ill. Marjorie Blamey), Collins, 1981
* Brian Mathew, *Crocus*: A Revision of the Genus *Crocus*, Timber Press, 1983. ISBN 0-917304-23-3
* Brian Mathew, *Flowering Bulbs for the Garden*, Collingridge/Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1987. ISBN 0-600-35175-0
* Novica Randjelovic, David A. Hill, Vladimir Randjelovic, 'The Genus Crocus L. in Serbia'. Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, 1990 (in English)
* Maw, George. *A Monograph of the Genus* Crocus. London, Dulau and Co., 1886
* Rix, Alison. "George Maw, Joseph Hooker and the genus *Crocus*", *Curtis's Botanical Magazine*, Volume 25 Issue 2, Pages 176–187, 2008 Archived 2012-10-12 at archive.today doi:10.1111/j.1467-8748.2008.00616.x
* *The Pleasures of Crocus*, Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture 1996
* Walters, S. M., et al., editor, *The European Garden Flora: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass, Volume 1*, Cambridge University Press, 1984

## ബാഹ്യ ലിങ്കുകൾ

* Crocus photos of International Bulb Society Archived 2008-10-02 at the Wayback Machine
* Crocus photos of Pacific Bulb Society
* Sorting Crocus Names
* E A Bowles Society Archived 2012-02-11 at the Wayback Machine
* The Alpine House – Crocus Group Archived 2009-02-23 at the Wayback Machine
* Todd Boland. Crocus to Brighten the Spring Garden. Dave's Garden, September 28, 2013
* The Alpine Garden: Crocus