# Verrucomicrobia

| Verrucomicrobia |
| --- |
| Научна класификација |
| Домен: | Bacteria |
| Колено: | **Verrucomicrobia** Hedlund 2012 |
| Класи |
| * "*Candidatus* Epixenosoma" ♠
* "*Lentimonas*" ♠
* "*Methyloacida*" ♠
* "*Methylacidimicrobium*" ♠
* "Methylacidiphilales" ♠
* "Spartobacteria"
* Opitutae
* Verrucomicrobiae
 |
| Синоними |
| * Verrucomicrobaeota Oren et al. 2015
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**Verrucomicrobia** е колено на бактерии. Ова колено содржи само неколку опишани видови (коленото е именувано според видот *Verrucomicrobium spinosum*). Досега идентификуваните видови се изолирани од слатководни средини, почви, а присутни се и во човечкиот измет. Голем број на видови кои сѐ уште не се култивирани утврдено е дека стапуваат во разни асоцијации со еукариотски домаќини како протисти и нематоди. Додека терминот *verrucae* е име за брадавици кои се јавуваат по рацете и нозете, ова бактериско колено не е именувано бидејќи е предизвикувачки агенс за брадавици, туку поради нивната морфологија која потсетува на брадавици.

Постојат докази дека Verrucomicrobia се наоѓаат во изобилство во животната средина, особено во почвите. Ова колено се смета дека има две сестрински колена: Chlamydiae и Lentisphaerae, кои заедно се групираат во т.н. PVC група. Коленото Verrucomicrobia може да се разликува од соседните колена во рамките на PVC групата со неколку CSIs (анг. Conserved signature inserts and deletions). Овие CSIs претставуваат единствени, синапоморфични одлики кои сугерираат заедничко потекло на членовите во рамките на Verrucomicrobia, а истовремено ги разграничуваат од останатите бактерии. Неколку CSIs се уникатно споделувани помеѓу колената Verrucomicrobia и Chlamydiae. Овие CSIs се доказ дека Chlamydiae се најблиску сродни со Verrucomicrobia, и дека тие се посродни една со друга, отколку што било која од нив е со Planctomycetes.

Томас Кавалир-Смит има хипотизирано дека Verrucomicrobia припаѓаат на таксонот Planctobacteria, кој пак е дел на поголемиот таксон Gracilicutes. Податоците добиени од 16S рРНК го потврдуваат ова гледиште. Во 2008 година, целиот геном на *Methylacidiphilum infernorum* (2.3 Mbp) беше објавен. Неговиот единечен кружен хромозом кодира околу 2473 белковини, од кои 731 немаат познати хомолози. Овие анализи открија и многу можни хомологии со Proteobacteria.

## Филогенија

Филогенијата е врз основа на работата на проектот Проектот "Животно дрво на сите видови" (анг. The All-Species Living Tree Project).

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| Opitutae |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Puniceicoccaceae |

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| --- | --- |
|  | *Coraliomargarita akajimensis* |
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| --- | --- |
|  | *Puniceicoccus vermicola* |
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|  | *Cerasicoccus arenae* |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Opitutaceae |

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| --- | --- |
|  | *Opitutus terrae* |
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|  | *Alterococcus agarolyticus* |
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| *Pelagicoccus* |

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| --- | --- |
|  | *P. croceus* |
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| --- | --- |
|  | *P. mobilis* (type sp.) |
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|  | *P. albus* |
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|  | *P. litoralis* |
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| Verrucomicrobiales |

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| --- | --- |
|  | *Limisphaera ngatamarikiensis* |
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| Verrucomicrobiaceae |

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|  | *Terrimicrobium sacchariphilum* |
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|  | *Verrucomicrobium spinosum* |
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|  | *Roseimicrobium gellanilyticum* |
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| *Prosthecobacter* |

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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|  | *P. fluviatilis* |
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|  | *P. vanneervenii* |
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|  | *Brevifollis gellanilyticus* |
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|  | *P. algae* |
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|  | *P. dejongeii* |
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|  | *P. debontii* |
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|  | *P. fusiformis* (type sp.) |
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|  | *Akkermansia muciniphila* |
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| *Luteolibacter* |

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| --- | --- |
|  | *L. cuticulihirudinis* |
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|  | *L. pohnpeiensis* (type sp.) |
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|  | *L. algae* |
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|  | *L. luojiensis* |
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|  | *L. yonseiensis* |
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| *Haloferula* |

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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|  | *H. luteola* |
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|  | *H. sargassicola* |
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|  | *H. helveola* |
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|  | *H. phyci* |
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|  | *H. harenae* |
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|  | *H. chungangensis* |
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|  | *H. rosea* (type sp.) |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Roseibacillus* |

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| --- | --- |
|  | *R. persicicus* |
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| --- | --- |
|  | *R. ishigakijimensis* (type sp.) |
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|  | *R. ponti* |
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| --- | --- |
|  | *Persicirhabdus sediminis* |
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| *Rubritalea* |

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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|  | *R. sabuli* |
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|  | *R. halochordaticola* |
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|  | *R. squalenifaciens* |
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|  | *R. marina* (type sp.) |
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|  | *R. spongiae* |
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|  | *R. tangerina* |
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## Таксономија

Моментално прифатената таксономија се заснова на *Списокот на имиња на прокариотите со евиденција во номенклатурата* (анг. List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature - LPSN) и *Националниот центар за биотехнолошки информации* (анг. National Center for Biotechnology Information - NCBI).

* Колено **Verrucomicrobia** Hedlund 2012 [Verrucomicrobaeota Oren et al. 2015]
	+ Род ?"*Candidatus* Epixenosoma" ♠ Bauer et al. 2005
		- Вид "*Candidatus* Epixenosoma ejectans" ♠ Bauer et al. 2005
	+ Род ?*Lentimonas* ♠ Choo & Cho 2006
		- Вид "*Lentimonas marisflavi*" ♠ Choo & Cho 2006
	+ Род? "*Methyloacida*" ♠ Islam et al. 2008
	+ Род ?"*Methylacidimicrobium*" ♠ van Teeseling et al. 2014
		- Вид "*M. cyclopophantes*" ♠ van Teeseling et al. 2014
		- Вид "*M. fagopyrum*" ♠ van Teeseling et al. 2014
		- Вид "*M. tartarophylax*" ♠ van Teeseling et al. 2014
	+ Ред ?"**Methylacidiphilales**" ♠ Op den Camp 2009
		- Фамилија "Methylacidiphilaceae" ♠ Op den Camp 2009
			* Род "*Methylacidiphilum*" ♠ Hou et al. 2008 emend. Op den Camp et al. 2009
				+ Вид "*M. fumariolicum*" ♠ (Pol et al. 2007) Op den Camp et al. 2009
				+ Вид "*M. infernorum*" ♠ (Dunfield et al. 2007) Hou et al. 2008
				+ Вид "*M. kamchatkense*" ♠ Islam et al. 2008
	+ Класа ?"**Spartobacteria**" Sangwan et al. 2004
		- Род "*Candidatus* Xiphinematobacter" ♠ Vandekerckhove et al. 2000
			* Вид "*Ca.* X. americani" ♠ Vandekerckhove et al. 2000
			* Вид "*Ca.* X. brevicolli" ♠ Vandekerckhove et al. 2000
			* Вид "*Ca.* X. rivesi" ♠ Vandekerckhove et al. 2000
		- Ред "**Chthoniobacterales**" Sangwan et al. 2004
			* Фамилија "Chthoniobacteraceae" Sangwan et al. 2004
				+ Род "*Chthoniobacter*" ♠ Sangwan et al. 2004
					- Вид "*Chthoniobacter flavus*" ♠ Sangwan et al. 2004
	+ Класа **Opitutae** Choo et al. 2007
		- Ред **Opitutales** Choo et al. 2007
			* Фамилија Opitutaceae Choo et al. 2007
				+ Род ?"*Diplosphaera*" ♠ Wertz et al. 2012 non Bialosuknia 1909
					- Вид "*Diplosphaera colitermitum*" ♠ Wertz et al. 2012
				+ Род *Alterococcus* Shieh and Jean 1999
					- Вид *Alterococcus agarolyticus* Shieh and Jean 1999
				+ Род *Opitutus* Chin et al. 2001
					- Вид *Opitutus terrae* Chin et al. 2001
				+ Род *Cephaloticoccus* Lin et al. 2016
					- Вид *C. capnophilus* Lin et al. 2016
					- Вид *C. primus* Lin et al. 2016
		- Ред **Puniceicoccales** Choo et al. 2007
			* Фамилија Puniceicoccaceae Choo et al. 2007
				+ Род *Cerasicoccus* Yoon et al. 2007
					- Вид *C. arenae* Yoon et al. 2007 (type sp.)
					- Вид "*C. frondis*" ♠ Yoon et al. 2010
					- Вид "*C. maritimus*" ♠ Yoon et al. 2010
				+ Род *Coraliomargarita* Yoon et al. 2007
					- Вид *Coraliomargarita akajimensis* Yoon et al. 2007
				+ Род *Pelagicoccus* Yoon et al. 2007
					- Вид *P. albus* Yoon et al. 2007
					- Вид *P. croceus* Yoon et al. 2007
					- Вид *P. litoralis* Yoon et al. 2007
					- Вид *P. mobilis* Yoon et al. 2007 (type sp.)
				+ Род *Puniceicoccus* Choo et al. 2007
					- Вид *Puniceicoccus vermicola* Choo et al. 2007
	+ Класа **Verrucomicrobiae** Hedlund et al. 1998 emend. Yoon et al. 2008
		- Ред **Verrucomicrobiales** Ward-Rainey et al. 1996 emend. Yoon et al. 2008
			* Фамилија Verrucomicrobia subdivision 3 [Pedosphaeraceae]
				+ Род ?"*Pedosphaera*" ♠ Ozyurt 2008
					- Вид "*Pedosphaera parvula*" ♠ Ozyurt 2008
				+ Род *Limisphaera ngatamarikiensis* Anders et al. 2015
					- Вид *Limisphaera ngatamarikiensis* Anders et al. 2015
			* Фамилија Akkermansiaceae Hedlund & Derrien 2012
				+ Род *Akkermansia* Derrien et al. 2004
					- Вид *Akkermansia muciniphila* Derrien et al. 2004
			* Фамилија Rubritaleaceae Hedlund 2012
				+ Род *Rubritalea* Scheuermayer et al. 2006
					- Вид *R. halochordaticola* Yoon et al. 2011
					- Вид *R. marina* Scheuermayer et al. 2006 (type sp.)
					- Вид *R. sabuli* Yoon et al. 2008
					- Вид *R. spongiae* Yoon et al. 2007
					- Вид *R. squalenifaciens* Kasai et al. 2007
					- Вид *R. tangerina* Yoon et al. 2007
			* Фамилија Verrucomicrobiaceae Ward-Rainey et al. 1996 emend. Takeda et al. 2008
				+ Род ?*Fucophilus* ♠ Sakai et al. 2001b
					- Вид *Fucophilus fucoidanolyticus* ♠ Sakai et al. 2001b
				+ Род *Brevifollis* Otsuka et al. 2013
					- Вид *Brevifollis gellanilyticus* Otsuka et al. 2013
				+ Род *Haloferula* Yoon et al. 2008 emend. Bibi et al. 2011
					- Вид *H. chungangensis* Kang et al. 2013
					- Вид *H. harenae* Yoon et al. 2008
					- Вид *H. helveola* Yoon et al. 2008
					- Вид *H. luteola* Bibi et al. 2011
					- Вид *H. phyci* Yoon et al. 2008
					- Вид *H. rosea* Yoon et al. 2008 (type sp.)
					- Вид *H. sargassicola* Yoon et al. 2008
				+ Род *Persicirhabdus* Yoon et al. 2008
					- Вид *Persicirhabdus sediminis* Yoon et al. 2008
				+ Род *Luteolibacter* Yoon et al. 2008
					- Вид *L. algae* Yoon et al. 2008
					- Вид *L. cuticulihirudinis* Glaeser et al. 2012
					- Вид *L. luojiensis* Jiang et al. 2012
					- Вид *L. pohnpeiensis* Yoon et al. 2008 (type sp.)
					- Вид *L. yonseiensis* Park et al. 2013
				+ Род *Roseibacillus* Yoon et al. 2008
					- Вид *R. persicicus* Yoon et al. 2008
					- Вид *R. ishigakijimensis* Yoon et al. 2008 (type sp.)
					- Вид *R. ponti* Yoon et al. 2008
				+ Род *Roseimicrobium* Otsuka et al. 2013
					- Вид *Roseimicrobium gellanilyticum* Otsuka et al. 2013
				+ Род *Prosthecobacter* (ex Staley et al. 1976) Staley et al. 1980 emend. Takeda et al. 2008
					- Вид *P. algae* Lee et al. 2014
					- Вид *P. dejongeii* Hedlund et al. 1998
					- Вид *P. debontii* Hedlund et al. 1998
					- Вид *P. fluviatilis* Takeda et al. 2008
					- Вид *P. fusiformis* (ex Staley et al. 1976) Staley et al. 1980 (type sp.)
					- Вид *P. vanneervenii* Hedlund et al. 1998
				+ Род *Terrimicrobium* Qiu et al. 2014
					- Вид *Terrimicrobium sacchariphilum* Qiu et al. 2014
				+ Род *Verrucomicrobium* Schlesner 1988
					- Вид *Verrucomicrobium spinosum* Schlesner 1988

Забелешки:
♠  Видот се наоѓа во NCBI, но го нема во Бактериолошкиот Код (1990 година и последователните ревизии), како што е наведено во LPSN.

## Наводи