# Germania

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Articul per Ladin Gherdëina** |  |

| Republica Federela Tudëscia |
| --- |
| *Bundesrepublik Deutschland* |
| Bandiera de Republica Federela Tudëscia  | Blason de Republica Federela Tudëscia  |
| Bandiera | Blason |
| **MottoEinigkeit und Recht und Freiheit* (Ladin: "Unità y Dërt y Lidëza") |
| **InnDeutschlandlied* (Ladin: "Ciantia de la Germania") |
|  |
|  |
| **Inuem ufiziel** | Bundesrepublik Deutschland |
|  |
| **Rujeneda ufiziela** | Tudësch |
|  |
| **Capitela** |  Berlin |
| Geografia |
| **Spersa** | 357 587,8 km² |
| **Ega** | 2,3% |
| Demografia |
| **Populazion** | 83 577 140 ab. (31 dezëmber 2024) |
| **Densità** | 233,7 ab./km² |
| **Cumpëida dla fertilità** | 1,455 (2022) |
| Guviern |
| **Forma de guviern** | Republica parlamentera federela |
| **Presidënt** | Frank-Walter Steinmeier |
| **Canzelier** | Friedrich Merz (CDU) |
| Economia |
| **PIB** (numinel) • de ndut • a persona | (2023) $4 121 miliarc $49 310 |
| **PIB** (VPC) • de ndut • a persona | (2021) $4 743 miliarc $56 750 |
| **Munëida** | Euro (€) |
| **CVN** |
19%  |
| Auter |
| **Codesc Internet** | .de |
| **Prefis dl telefon** | +49 |
| **Furnea a** |
man drëta |
| **Codesc ISO 3166** | DE |
|  |
| **Indesc dl Svilup Uman** | 0,942 (scialdi aut) |
|  |
| **Coefizient Gini** | 31,7 (mesan) |
|  |

La **Germania** (gherdëina: *Germania*, *Deutschland*, *Paejes tudësc* o nce *Daiclont*, badiot y fascian: *Germania*, tudësch: *Deutschland* [ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ), ufizielmënter la **Republica Federela Tudëscia** (tudësch: *Bundesrepublik Deutschland* [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ), ie n stat te l'Europa zentrela. Cun na populazion de 83 577 140 ai 31 dezëmber 2024 iel l stat cun la segonda majera populazion te l'Europa do la Ruscia y l stat cun la majera populazion te l'Union Europea. La Germania ie danter l mer baltich y l mer dl nord a nord y la Elpes a sud, cun na spersa de 357 027 km². La Germania cunfina cun la Danimarca a nord, la Republica Ceca y Polonia a est, l'Austria y la Svizra a sud, y la Franzia, l Luxemburg, l Belje y i Paejes Basc a vest. La capitela y majera zità ie Berlin, l zënter de la finanza ie Frankfurt y la majera zona urbana ie la Ruhr. La Germania ie fata de 16 stac federei. L majer stat per spersa ie l Paiern, l majer per populazion ie l Nordrhein-Westfalen.

La Germania ie na gran putënza cun na economia sterscia, che ie la majera te l'Europa y la cuarta majera al mond.

## Geografia

Cherta topografica de la Germania
### Tlima

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Temperatures mesanes y prezipitazions per Berlin**

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Jen | Fau | Mer | Aur | Mei | Jun | Lug | Ago | Set | Uto | Nov | Dez |  |  |
| Mesaria mascima (°C) | 2,9 | 4,2 | 8,5 | 13,2 | 18,9 | 21,6 | 23,7 | 23,6 | 18,8 | 13,4 | 7,1 | 4,4 | **Ø** | **13,4** |
| Mesaria minima (°C) | −1,9 | −1,5 | 1,3 | 4,2 | 9,0 | 12,3 | 14,3 | 14,1 | 10,6 | 6,4 | 2,2 | −0,4 | **Ø** | **5,9** |
|  |
| Prezipitazions (mm) | 42,3 | 33,3 | 40,5 | 37,1 | 53,8 | 68,7 | 55,5 | 58,2 | 45,1 | 37,3 | 43,6 | 55,3 | **Σ** | **570,7** |
|  |
| Dis cun prezipitazions (d) | 10,0 | 8,0 | 9,1 | 7,8 | 8,9 | 9,8 | 8,4 | 7,9 | 7,8 | 7,6 | 9,6 | 11,4 | **Σ** | **106,3** |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| T e m p e r a t u r a |

2,9|  |
| --- |
| −1,9 |

 |

4,2|  |
| --- |
| −1,5 |

 |

8,5|  |
| --- |
| 1,3 |

 |

13,2|  |
| --- |
| 4,2 |

 |

18,9|  |
| --- |
| 9,0 |

 |

21,6|  |
| --- |
| 12,3 |

 |

23,7|  |
| --- |
| 14,3 |

 |

23,6|  |
| --- |
| 14,1 |

 |

18,8|  |
| --- |
| 10,6 |

 |

13,4|  |
| --- |
| 6,4 |

 |

7,1|  |
| --- |
| 2,2 |

 |

4,4|  |
| --- |
| −0,4 |

 |
| Jen | Fau | Mer | Aur | Mei | Jun | Lug | Ago | Set | Uto | Nov | Dez |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| P r e z i p i t a z i o n s | 42,3  | 33,3  | 40,5  | 37,1  | 53,8  | 68,7  | 55,5  | 58,2  | 45,1  | 37,3  | 43,6  | 55,3  |
|   | Jen | Fau | Mer | Aur | Mei | Jun | Lug | Ago | Set | Uto | Nov | Dez |

**Funtana:** DWD, Daten: 1971–2000 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Temperatures mesanes y prezipitazions per Minca**

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Jen | Fau | Mer | Aur | Mei | Jun | Lug | Ago | Set | Uto | Nov | Dez |  |  |
| Mesaria mascima (°C) | 4,7 | 7,5 | 10,8 | 16,2 | 19,5 | 24,4 | 26,2 | 26,2 | 20,5 | 15,3 | 9,2 | 6,8 | **Ø** | **15,6** |
| Mesaria (°C) | 1,5 | 3,8 | 6,5 | 10,8 | 14,4 | 19,1 | 20,7 | 20,5 | 15,5 | 10,9 | 5,9 | 3,6 | **Ø** | **11,1** |
| Mesaria minima (°C) | −1,6 | 0,1 | 2,2 | 5,5 | 9,3 | 13,8 | 15,2 | 14,9 | 10,5 | 6,6 | 2,7 | 0,4 | **Ø** | **6,7** |
|  |
| Prezipitazions (mm) | 71 | 67 | 43 | 52 | 137 | 101 | 103 | 113 | 83 | 65 | 53 | 45 | **Σ** | **933** |
|  |
| Ëures de surëdl (h/d) | 2,0 | 2,7 | 4,1 | 5,1 | 6,4 | 6,8 | 7,6 | 6,9 | 5,6 | 4,2 | 2,2 | 1,6 | **Ø** | **4,6** |
|  |
| Dis cun prezipitazions (d) | 17 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 16 | 14 | 15 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | **Σ** | **170** |
|  |
| Tume (%) | 83 | 83 | 77 | 72 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 75 | 78 | 82 | 86 | 86 | **Ø** | **78,4** |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| T e m p e r a t u r a |

4,7|  |
| --- |
| −1,6 |

 |

7,5|  |
| --- |
| 0,1 |

 |

10,8|  |
| --- |
| 2,2 |

 |

16,2|  |
| --- |
| 5,5 |

 |

19,5|  |
| --- |
| 9,3 |

 |

24,4|  |
| --- |
| 13,8 |

 |

26,2|  |
| --- |
| 15,2 |

 |

26,2|  |
| --- |
| 14,9 |

 |

20,5|  |
| --- |
| 10,5 |

 |

15,3|  |
| --- |
| 6,6 |

 |

9,2|  |
| --- |
| 2,7 |

 |

6,8|  |
| --- |
| 0,4 |

 |
| Jen | Fau | Mer | Aur | Mei | Jun | Lug | Ago | Set | Uto | Nov | Dez |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| P r e z i p i t a z i o n s | 71  | 67  | 43  | 52  | 137  | 101  | 103  | 113  | 83  | 65  | 53  | 45  |
|   | Jen | Fau | Mer | Aur | Mei | Jun | Lug | Ago | Set | Uto | Nov | Dez |

**Funtana:** Deutscher Wetterdienst Daten: 2015–2020, Klimatabelle für München - Wetterkontor |

## Storia

La Confederazion Tudëscia tl 1815.
N grum de tribù germaniches vivova tl nord de la Germania bel te l'antichità. Dal 10ejim secul inant à gran pert di raions de la Germania fat pert dl San Mper Roman. Ntan l 16ejim secul ie i raions tl nord de la Germania deventei pert de la refurmazion protestanta. Do la vieres Napoleoniches se à l San Mper Roman desfà tl 1806 y la Confederazion Tudëscia ie stata metuda su tl 1815. Tl 1871 se à duc i paejes tudësc metù adum y à furmà l Mper Tudësch sota la dominazion pruscia. Do la Prima Gran Viera y la revoluzions ie stata metuda su la republica de Weimar, che à durà nfin al 1933, canche l partit nazista ie ruà tl guviern. Da ilò inant ie la Germania stata na ditatura che à purtà mo na viera te l'Europa y l Holocaust. Do la segonda viera mundiela fova la Germania per n pez sota la aministrazion de i aleac y ie po stata spartida su te doi stac. Chis ie inò unic adum tl 1989.

## Spartizion aministrativa

La Germania, coche republica federela, ie metuda adum da 16 stac federei (tudësch: *Bundesländer* o mé *Länder*). Chisc ie stai metui su tl ovest tl 1949 cun la creazion de la Republica Federela Tudëscia, y chëi tl est ie stai metui su tl 1990 do la reunificazion tudëscia.

A trëi de chisc stac ti vëniel dit *Stadtstaaten* (zità-stat), ajache si spersa cuer mé chëla de na zità. Chisch ie Bremen, Hamburg y Berlin. L majer stat per spersa ie l Paiern, l majer per populazion ie l Nordrhein-Westfalen.

  Baden-
Württemberg
 Paiern
 Berlin
 Branden-
burg
 Bremen
 Hamburg
 Hessen
 Niedersachsen
 Mecklenburg-
Vorpommern
 Nordrhein-
Westfalen
 Rheinland-
Pfalz
 Saarland
 Sachsen
 Sachsen-
Anhalt
 Schleswig-
Holstein
 Thüringen*Luxemburg*
*Polonia*
*Franzia*
*Danimarca*
*Paejes Basc*
*Belje*
*Austria*
*Republica Ceca*
*Svizra**Mer dl
Nord*
*Mer Baltich*

### Lista de i stac federei

| Blason
  | Stat
  | Codesc
  | Da l'ann
  | Capitela
  | Majera zità
  | Spersa (km2)
  | Populazion (dez. 2019)
  | Pop. per km2 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Baden-Württemberg
 | BW
  | 1952
  |  Stuttgart
 | Stuttgart
  | 35 752 | 11 100 394 | 310 |
|  | Paiern (*Bayern*)
  | BY
  | 1949
  |  Minca (*München*)
  | Minca (*München*)
  | 70 552 | 13 124 737 | 185 |
|  | Berlin
 | BE
  | 1990
  | –
 | –
 | 892
  | 3 669 491 | 4 086 |
|  | Brandenburg
 | BB
  | 1990
  |  Potsdam
 | Potsdam
  | 29 479 | 2 521 893 | 85 |
|  | Bremen
 | HB
  | 1949
  | –
  | –
  | 419
  | 681.202
  | 1.630
  |
|  | Hamburg
 | HH
  | 1949
  | –
  | –
  | 755
  | 1.847.253
  | 2.439 |
|  | Hessen
 | HE
  | 1949
  |  Wiesbaden
 |  Frankfurt sul Main (*Frankfurt am Main*)
  | 21.115
  | 6.288.080
  | 297 |
|  | Niedersachsen
 | NI
  | 1949
  |  Hannover
 | Hannover
  | 47.609
  | 7.993.448
  | 168 |
|  | Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
 | MV
  | 1990
  |  Schwerin
 |  Rostock
 | 23.180
  | 1.609.675
  | 69
  |
|  | Nordrhein-Westfalen
 | NW
  | 1949
  |  Düsseldorf
 |  Köln
 | 34.085
  | 17.932.651
  | 526 |
|  | Rheinland-Pfalz
 | RP
  | 1949
  |  Mainz
 | Mainz
  | 19.853
  | 4.084.844
  | 206 |
|  | Saarland
 | SL
  | 1957
  |  Saarbrücken
 | Saarbrücken
  | 2.569
  | 990.509
  | 386 |
|  | Sachsen
 | SN
  | 1990
  |  Dresden
 |  Leipzig
 | 18.416
  | 4.077.937
  | 221
  |
|  | Sachsen-Anhalt
 | ST
  | 1990
  |  Magdeburg
 |  Halle (Saale)
 | 20.446
  | 2.208.321
  | 108 |
|  | Schleswig-Holstein
 | SH
  | 1949
  |  Kiel
 | Kiel
  | 15.799
  | 2.896.712
  | 183 |
|  | Thüringen
 | TH
  | 1990
  |  Erfurt
 | Erfurt
  | 16.172
  | 2.143.145
  | 133 |

## Demografia

### Ziteies

Chësta tabela mostra la ziteies te la Germania cun n plu de 500 000 abitanc cun lepro i raions metropolitans:

|  Berlin
 Hamburg
 Minca |  | Zità | Populazion | Agglomerazion | Raion metropolitan |  Köln
 Frankfurt sul Main
 Stuttgart |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 01 |  Berlin | 3.664.088 | 4.630.000 | 06.120.000 |
| 02 |  Hamburg | 1.852.478 | 2.820.000 | [00]05.360.000 |
| 03 |  Minca | 1.488.202 | 2.210.000 | 05.990.000 |
| 04 |  Köln | 1.083.498 | 4.910.000 | 10.680.000 |
| 05 |  Frankfurt sul Main | 0.764.104 | 2.710.000 | 05.720.000 |
| 06 |  Stuttgart | 0.630.305 | 2.360.000 | 05.300.000 |
| 07 |  Düsseldorf | 0.620.523 | 4.910.000 | 10.680.000 |
| 08 |  Leipzig | 0.597.493 | 1.200.000 | 02.400.000 |
| 09 |  Dortmund | 0.587.696 | 5.610.000 | 10.680.000 |
| 10 |  Essen | 0.582.415 | 5.610.000 | 10.680.000 |
| 11 |  Bremen | 0.566.573 | 0.990.000 | 02.730.000 |
| 12 |  Dresden | 0.556.227 | 0.830.000 | 02.400.000 |
| 13 |  Hannover | 0.534.049 | 1.130.000 | 03.830.000 |
| 14 |  Nürnberg | 0.515.543 | 1.350.000 | 03.560.000 |

\*) Situazion ai 31 dezëmber 2020

## Referënzes

## Vocabolar dl ladin leterar

Germania
**Germania** 6 1878 *Germania* (DeclaraJM, SantaGenofefa1878:1)

gad. Germania Badia Germania grd. Germania fas. Germania
fod. Germania LD Germania

**topon.<*(gad. P/P 1966, grd. F 2002; DLS 2002, fas. DLS
2002; DILF 2013, fod. DLS 2002, LD DLS 2002) a) Dopo che la löm dl Cristianejim
â fat sparí les scurités dl’ idolatria en Germania - ti lüsc
todësc - ára nia püch smorjelé i costüms groi de chëra
jënt amanta dla vera** Dopo che la lum d’l Cristianesimo
ā fatt sparì les scuritès d’l’ idolatrìa in Germania - in t’ i
lusc’ todesc’ - àla nia puc smorjelè i costumi grŏi de chella jent amante d’la verra* DeclaraJM, SantaGenofefa1878:1
(Badia).

Luesc todesc
**Luesc todesc** (gad.) Ⓘ Germania
Ⓓ Deutschland ◇ a) Dopo che la löm dl Cristianejim â fat
sparí les scurités dl’ idolatria en Germania - ti lüsc todësc
- ára nia püch smorjelé i costüms groi de chëra jënt amanta dla vera** Dopo che la lum d’l Cristianesimo ā fatt sparì les scuritès d’l’idolatrìa in Germania - in t’i lusc’ todesc’
- àla nia puc smorjelè i costumi grŏi de chella jent amante
d’la verra* DeclaraJM, SantaGenofefa1878:1 (Badia).