# Alfabeta ivri

La manuscrito de Aleppo, de la sentenio 10
La **alfabeta ivri** es la alfabeta usada per scrive la lingua ivri, no sola ivri moderna (un de la linguas ofisial de Israel) ma ance ivri vea (la ivri usada en la Tenah). Ance la ides (un lingua germanica) e a alga veses la ladino (un lingua roman) es scriveda con la alfabeta ivri. La leteras es lejeda de destra a sinistra.

## Ivri

Consonantes
Alga consonantes ave du formas. En la table a su, la forma sinistra es la letera final cual es usada sola a la fini de un parola, donce a la sinistra. Esta forma es nomida *sofit*. Per esemplo, la letera *k* a la fini es *kaf sofit* (ך).

Alga consonantes ave du sonas: un sona dur (plodentes como *p*) e un sona suave (fricantes como *f*). Si un letera ave un sona dur, donce el es scriveda con un punto en la media, un *dagesh*, cual manca sempre a la sona suave a tota tempo. A alga veses, un sona suave es scriveda con un linia corta supra la letera, un *rafe*. Donce, esta leteras ave tre formas:

1. ב per ambos /b/ e /v/
2. בּ es con *dagesh* per /b/
3. בֿ es con *rafe* per /v/

Vocales
La alfabeta ivri orijinal no ia ave vocales. Plu tarda, alga consonantes ia deveni usada per indica vocales ance. Esta consonantes es nomida con la terma latina *mater lectionis*. Aora la vocales es scriveda como sinietas (puntos e linias) su la leteras. Esta sinias es nomida *nikud* (נִקּוּד) e los es scriveda su la consonante ante la vocal.

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|

**Alfabeta ivri** Consonantes| final | letera | nom | sona (IPA) | transcrive | numero |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | א | Alef | - |  | 1 |
|  | ב | Bet | /b/ /v/ | b / v | 2 |
|  | ג | Gimel | /g/ | g | 3 |
|  | ד | Dalet | /d/ | d | 4 |
|  | ה | He | /h/ | h | 5 |
|  | ו | Vav | /v/ | v | 6 |
|  | ז | Zayin | /z/ | z | 7 |
|  | ח | Khet | /x/ | h | 8 |
|  | ט | Tet | /t/ | t | 9 |
|  | י | Yod | /j/ | i | 10 |
| ך | כ | Kaf | /k/ /x/ | c / h | 20 |
|  | ל | Lamed | /l/ | l | 30 |
| ם | מ | Mem | /m/ | m | 40 |
| ן | נ | Nun | /n/ | n | 50 |
|  | ס | Samekh | /s/ | s | 60 |
|  | ע | Ayin | - |  | 70 |
| ף | פ | Pee | /p/ /f/ | p / f | 80 |
| ץ | צ | Tsade | /ts/ | ts | 90 |
|  | ק | Kof | /k/ | c | 100 |
|  | ר | Resh | /r/ | r | 200 |
|  | ש | Shin | /ʃ/ /s/ | x / s | 300 |
|  | ת | Taf | /t/ | t | 400 |

 |    |

**Alfabeta ivri** Vocales| longa | corta | multe corta | sona (IPA) | transcrive |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ָ | ַ | ֲ | /a:/ /a/ /a'/ | a |
| ֵ | ֶ | ֱ | /e:/ /e/ /e'/ | e |
| וֹ | ָ | ֳ | /o:/ /o/ /o'/ | o |
| וּ | ֻ |   | /u:/ /u/ | u |
| יִ | ִ |   | /i:/ /i/ | i |
| Par la ajunta de du puntos vertical (*shua*), la vocal deveni multe corta (*khataf*). La *o* corta e la *a* longa ave la mesma *nikud*. Cada *nikud* ave un nom: |
| nikud | nom |
| ְ | shua |
| ַ | patakh |
| ֲ | khataf patakh |
| ֶ | segol |
| ֱ | khataf segol |
| ָ | kamets |
| ֳ | khataf kamets |
| ִ | khirik |
| יִ | khirik yod |
| ֵ | tsere |
| ֻ | ckubuts |
| וֹ | kholam |
| וּ | shuruk |

 |
|

Consonantes con du sonas| letera | sona | *dagesh* | sona | *rafe* | sona |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ב | /b/ /v/ | בּ | /b/ | בֿ | /v/ |
| כ | /k/ /x/ | כּ | /k/ | כֿ | /x/ |
| פ | /p/ /f/ | פּ | /p/ | פֿ | /f/ |
| letera | sona | *shin* | sona | *sin* | sona |
| ש | /ʃ/ /s/ | שׁ | /ʃ/ | שׂ | /s/ |

 |    |

Mater lectionis: consonante per vocal| letera | nom | sona |
| --- | --- | --- |
| א | Alef | longa, a multe veses /a:/ |
| ה | He | /a:/ /e:/ /e/ |
| ו | Vav | /u/ /o:/ |
| י | Yod | /e:/ /e/ /i/ |

 |

## Ides

Ides usa la alfabeta ivri en forma simplida: lo no ave la sinietas (como *nikud, dagesh* e *rafe*) e lo usa sola 22 consonantes. A veses, la nomes de leteras ides difere un poca.

Consonantes
La ides ia simpli la alfabeta ivri. La alfabeta ivri ofre plu leteras per un sona. Per esemplo, la /s/ es scriveda con cuatro leteras diferente (ש / שׂ / ס / ת). En la pasada, la leteras diferente ia ave ance sonas diferente, ma tra la anios la diferes ia desapare. Min sonas ia resta. La ides ia eleje un letera per cada sona restante e no ia nesesa plu la otra leteras. Sola la parolas de orijina semita es scriveda con sua leteras orijinal. Parlores ides pote leje la leteras ivri restante sin problemes.

**Leteras ides comparada con leteras ivri**
Consonantes| **ides** | **ivri** |
| final | letera | sona | nom | nom | sona | final | letera |
|   | א | - | Shtumer alef | Alef | /'/ |   | א |
|   |   |   | Beis | Bet | /b/ |   | בּ |
|   | ב | /b/ | Beis | Bet / Vet | /b/ /v/ |   | ב |
|   |   |  | Veis | Vet | /v/ |   | בֿ |
|   | װ | /v/ | Tsvei vovn |   |   |   |   |
|   | ו | /u:/ vocal | Vov | Vav | /v/ |   | ו |
|   | ג | /g/ | Giml | Gimel | /g/ |   | ג |
|   | ד | /d/ | Daled | Dalet | /d/ |   | ד |
|   | ה | /h/ | Hei | He | /h/ |   | ה |
|   |   |   | Hei | He | /h/ |   | הּ |
|   |   |   | Ches | Khet | /x/ |   | ח |
| ך | כ | /x/ | Khof | Khaf / Kaf | /x/ /k/ | ך | כ |
|   |   |   | Cof | Kaf | /k/ |   | כּ |
|   | ק | /k/ | Kuf | Kof | /k/ |   | ק |
|   | י | /j/ | Yud | Yod | /j/ /i/ |   | י |
|   | ל | /l/ | Lamed | Lamed | /l/ |   | ל |
| ם | מ | /m/ | Mem | Mem | /m/ | ם | מ |
| ן | נ | /n/ | Nun | Nun | /n/ | ן | נ |
|   | ע | /e/ | Ayin | Ayin | /-/ |   | ע |
| פּ | פּ | /p/ | Pei | Pe | /p/ | ףּ | פּ |
|   |   |   | Pei | Pe / Fe | /p/ /f/ | ף | פ |
| ף | פֿ | /f/ | Fei | Fe | /f/ | ף | פֿ |
| ץ | צ | /ts/ | Tsadek | Tsade | /ts/ | ץ | צ |
|   | ר | /r/ | Resh | Resh | /r/ |   | ר |
|   | ז | /z/ | Zayen | Zayin | /z/ |   | ז |
|  | זש | /ʒ/ | Zayen shin |   |   |   |   |
|  | ש | /ʃ/ | Shin | Shin / Sin | /ʃ/ /s/ |   | ש |
|   |   |   | Xin | Shin | /ʃ/ |   | שׁ |
|   |   |   | Sin | Sin | /s/ |   | שׂ |
|   | ס | /s/ | Samekh | Samekh | /s/ |   | ס |
|   |   | /s/ | Sof | Thaf | /t'/ |   | ת |
|   |   |   | Tof | Taf | /t/ |   | תּ |
|  | ט | /t/ | Tes | Tet | /t/ |   | ט |
| esplica |
| **ides** | **ivri** |
| nonides, vide ivri | diferente entre ivri e ides |
| Nota: En esta table no tota leteras es en segue de alfabeta.
Alga leteras es moveda per compare mesma sonas |

Vocales
La difere la plu grande entre ides e ivri es la vocales. En ides, la vocales es leteras e no plu *nikud*. La leteras es derivada de *nikud* ma los no es scriveda como la puntos e linias su e supra la consonantes. Asi es la table de vocales en ides:

**Leteras ides**
Vocales| letera | nom | sona | transcrive | esplica |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| אָ | Komets alef | /o:/ | o | derivada de *alef* con *komets* |
| אַ | Pasech alef | /a:/ | a | derivada de *alef* con *patakh* |
| ײַ | Pasech tsvei iudn | /a:y/ | ai | derivada de *patakh yod yod* ("yaay") |
| יִ | Khiric yud | /i:/ | i | pote es scriveda simple como *yud* **י** ma no ante o pos un vocal o un otra *yud* |
| י | Yud | /y/ | i | es /y/ ante o pos un vocal, o otra ves /i:/ |
| ײ | Tsvei yudn | /e:y/ | ei |  |
| ו | Vov | /u:/ | u |  |
| װ | Tsvei vovn | /v/ | v |  |
| ױ | Vov yud | /oy/ | oi |  |
| Per evita confusa con la ses leteras ultima a supra, nos ave tre regulas: |
| וּ | Melupm vov | En *vov vov* nos usa un *dagesh* en la *vov* prima per difere **וּו** per /uu/ de **װ** per /v/ |
| En *vov yud* nos usa un *dagesh* en la *vov* prima per difere **וּי** per /uy/ de **ױ** per /oy/ |
| יִ | Khiric yud | simpli a **י** (*yud*) es nonposible ante o pos un vocal per difere (per esemplo) entre **ײ** per /ey/ e **ייִ** per /yi:/ |
| א | Shtumer alef | es un consonante sin sona; si un parola comensa con un vocal, donce la *shtumer alef* debe es la letera prima (como con la *nikud* vea, la vocales ides debe es portada par un consonante) |

A multe veses nos pote, si nos vole, simpli la leteras — an si esta pare rompe la regulas:

* La *khirik yud* en la parola "yidish" (ייִדיש) pote es scriveda como *yud* (יידיש) car asi no confusa entre la leteras **ייִ** e **ײ** per /ey/ es posible. Per "eidish" la parola ia debe comensa con un *alef* (איידיש).
* la sona /uv/ es scriveda como **וּװ** (vide regulas) e par abitua nos scrive ance **װוּ** per /vu/, an si no *vov* segue la *vov dagesh*.

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