# Lingua creola

**Lingua creŏla** vel **creolica** est lingua naturalis, e quodam pidgin in patrio sermone facta, ergo a liberis adquisita. Genus est linguae francae.

Creolae linguae vocabularium in cognatis e parentibus linguis consistit, quamquam crebro clarae phoneticae ac semanticae transmutationes sunt. At contra, grammaticae peculiares proprietates saepe sunt, qui a linguis parentibus differre possunt. Saepissime, vocabularium e grege dominante et grammatica e grege inferiore exoritur ubi talis stratificatio est. Verbi gratia, lingua Iamaicana praecipue Anglicis vocabulis superpositis super grammaticam Africae Occidentalis designatur. Itidem, lingua Haitiana Francico vocabulario superposito super Africae Occidentalis grammaticam designatur.

## Nota

## Bibliographia

* Anderson, Roger W., ed. (1983), *Pidginization and Creolization as Language Acquisition*, Rowley, MA: Newbury House
* Ansaldo, U.; Matthews, S. (2007), "Deconstructing creole: The rationale", *Typological Studies in Language* **73**: 1–20
* Arends, Jacques; Muysken, Pieter; Smith, Norval (1995), *Pidgins and creoles: An introduction*, Amsterdam: Benjamins, ISBN 902725236X
* Arends, Jacques (1989), *Syntactic developments in Sranan : creolization as a gradual process*, Nijmegen, ISBN 90-9002683-5
* Bailey, Charles J; Maroldt, Karl (1977), "The French lineage of English", in Meisel, Jürgen, *Langues en contact—Pidgins—Creoles*, Tübingen: Narr, pp. 21–53
* Bickerton, Derek (2009), *Bastard Tongues: A Trailblazing Linguist Finds Clues to Our Common Humanity in the World's Lowliest Languages*, Macmillan, ISBN 9780809028160
* Bickerton, Derek (1981), *Roots of Language*, Karoma Publishers, ISBN 0-89720-044-6
* Bickerton, Derek (1983), "Creole Languages", *Scientific American* **249** (8): 116–122
* Bickerton, Derek (1984), "The language bioprogram hypothesis", *The Behavioral an Brain Sciences* **7**: 173–188
* Bloomfield, L. (1933), *Language*, New York: Henry Holt
* DeCamp, David (1977), "The Development of Pidgin and Creole Studies", in Valdman, Albert, *Pidgin and creole linguistics*, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 3–20
* DeGraff, Michel (2001), "On the origin of creoles: A Cartesian critique of Neo-Darwinian linguistics", *Linguistic Typology* **5** (2-3): 213–310
* DeGraff, Michel (2002), "Relexification: A reevaluation", *Linguistic Anthropology* **44** (4): 321–414
* DeGraff, Michel (2003), "Against Creole Exceptionalism", *Language* **79** (2): 391–410
* Dillard, J.L. (1970), "Principles in the history of American English: Paradox, virginity, and cafeteria", *Florida Foreign Language Reporter* **8**: 32–33
* Feist, Sigmund (1932), "The Origin of the Germanic Languages and the Europeanization of North Europe", *Language* (Language, Vol. 8, No. 4) **8** (4): 245–254
* Ferguson, C.A. (1971), "Absence of Copula and the Notion of Simplicity: A Study of Normal Speech, Baby Talk, Foreigner Talk and Pidgins.", in Hymes, D., *Pidginization and Creolization of Languages*, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
* Fournier, Robert; Wittmann, Henri, eds. (1995), *Le français des Amériques*, Trois-Rivières: Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières, ISBN 2-9802307-2-3
* Fournier, Robert (1998), "Des créolismes dans la distribution des déterminants et des complémenteurs en français québécois basilectal", in Patrice Brasseur, *Français d'Amérique: variation, créolisation, normalisation*, Université d'Avignon: Centre d'études canadiennes, pp. 217–228
* Geeslin, Kimberly L. (2002), "Semantic transparency as a predictor of copula choice in second-language acquisition", *Linguistics* **40** (2): 439–468
* Gil, David (2001), "Creoles, Complexity and Riau Indonesian", *Linguistic Typology* **5**: 325–371
* Good, Jeff (2004), "Tone and accent in Saramaccan: Charting a deep split in the phonology of a language", *Lingua* **114** (5): 575–619
* Hall, Robert A. (1966), *Pidgin and creole languages*, Ithaca: Cornell University
* Hall, Robert A., *External history of the Romance languages*, New York: American Elsevier Publishing Company
* Hamilton, A. Cris; Coslett, H. Branch (2008), "Role of inflectional regularity and semantic transparency in reading morphologically complex words: Evidence from acquired dyslexia", *Neurocase* **14** (4): 347–368
* Hancock, Ian F. (1985), "The domestic hypothesis, diffusion and componentiality: An account of Anglophone creole origins", in Pieter Muysken; Norval Smith, *Substrata versus universals in creole genesis*, Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 71–102
* Hinnenkamp, V. (1984), "Eye-witnessing pidginization: Structural and Sociolinguistic Aspects of German and Turkish Foreigner Talk", in Sebba, M.; Todd, L., *Papers from the York Creole Conference, September 24–27, 1983*, York Papers in Linguistics
* Holm, John (1988), *Pidgins and Creoles*, **1**, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
* Holm, John (1989), *Pidgins and Creoles*, **2**, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
* Hunter Smith, Norval Selby (1987), *The genesis of the Creole languages of Surinam*, Amsterdam
* Hymes, D. H. (1971), *Pidginization and Creolization of Languages*, Cambridge University Press
* Jungemann, Fréderic H. (1955), *La teoría del substrato y los dialectos hispano-romances y gascones*, Madrid
* Lefebvre, Claire (2002), "The emergence of productive morphology in creole languages: the case of Haitian Creole", *Yearbook of Morphology*: 35–80
* Martinet, André (1955, 1964), *Économie des changements phonétiques: traité de phonologie diachronique*, Berne: Francke
* McWhorter, John H. (1998), "Identifying the creole prototype: Vindicating a typological class", *Language* (Language, Vol. 74, No. 4) **74** (4): 788–818
* McWhorter, John H. (1999), "The Afrogenesis Hypothesis of Plantation Creole Origin", in Huber, M; Parkvall, M, *Spreading the Word: The Issue of Diffusion among the Atlantic Creoles*, London: University of Westminster Press
* McWhorter, John H. (2005), *Defining Creole*, Oxford: Oxford University Press
* Meijer, Guus; Muysken, Pieter (1977), "On the beginnings of pidgin and creole studies: Schuchardt and Hesseling", in Valdman, Albert, *Pidgin and creole linguistics*, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 21–45
* Mufwene, Salikoko, ed. (1993), *Africanisms in Afro-American language varieties*, Athens: University of Georgia Press
* Mufwene, Salikoko (2000), "Creolization is a social, not a structural, process", in Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid; Schneider, Edgar, *Degrees of restructuring in creole languages*, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 65–84
* Mufwene, Salikoko (2002), *The ecology of language evolution*, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
* Muysken, Pieter; Law, Paul (2001), "Creole studies: A theoretical linguist’s field guide", *Glot International* **5** (2): 47–57
* Parkvall, Mikael (2000), *Out of Africa: African influences in Atlantic Creoles*, London: Battlebridge
* Schumann, John H. (1978), *The Pidginization Process: A Model for Second Language Acquisition*, Rowley, MA: Newbury House
* Sebba, Mark (1997), *Contact Languages: Pidgins and Creoles*, MacMillan, ISBN 0-333-63024-6
* Seuren, Pieter A.M.; Wekker, Herman C. (1986), "Semantic transparency as a factor in creole genesis.", in Muysken, Pieter; Smith, Norval, *Substrata Versus Universals in Creole Genesis*, Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 57–70
* Singler, John Victor (1983), "The influence of African languages on pidgins and creoles", in Kaye, Jonathan; Koopman, H.; Sportiche, D. et al., *Current Approaches to African Linguistics*, **2**, Dordrecht: Foris, pp. 65–77, ISBN 9070176955
* Singler, John Victor (1988), "The homogeneity of the substrate as a factor in pidgin/creole genesis.", *Language* (Language, Vol. 64, No. 1) **64** (1): 27–51
* Singler, John Victor (1996), "Theories of creole genesis, sociohistorical considerations, and the evaluation of evidence: The case of Haitian Creole and the Relexification Hypothesis", *Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages* **11**: 185–230
* Stewart, William A. (1962), "Creole languages in the Caribbean", in F.A. Rice, *Study of the role of second languages*, Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, pp. 34–53
* Taylor, Douglas (1977), *Languages in the West Indies*, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
* Thomason, Sarah; Kaufman, Terrence (1988), *Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics* (first ed.), Berkely: University of California Press
* Thompson, R.W. (1961), "A note on some possible affinities between the creole dialects of the Old World and those of the New", *Creole Language Studies* **2**: 107–113
* Traugott, Elizabeth Closs (1977), "The Development of Pidgin and Creole Studies", in Valdman, Theo, *Pidgin and creole linguistics*, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 70–98
* Vennemann, Theo (2003), "Languages in prehistoric Europe north of the Alps", in Bammesberger, Alfred; Vennemann, Theo, *Languages in Prehistoric Europe*, Heidelberg: C. Winter, pp. 319–332
* Wardhaugh, Ronald (2002), "Pidgins and Creoles", *An Introduction to Sociolinguistics* (fourth ed.), Blackwell Publishing, pp. 57–86
* Winford, D (1997), "Creole Formation in the Context of Contact Languages", *Journal of Pidign and Creole Language* **12** (1): 131–151
* Weinreich, Uriel (1979) [1953], *Languages in contact: findings and problems*, New York: Mouton Publishers, ISBN 9789027926890
* Whinnom, Keith (1956), *Spanish contact vernaculars in the Philippine Islands*, Hong Kong
* Whinnom, Keith (1965), "The origin of the European-based creoles and pidgins", *Orbis* **14**: 509–27
* Wittmann, Henri (1983), "Les réactions en chaîne en morphologie diachronique", *Actes du Colloque de la Société Internationale de Linguistique Fonctionnelle* **10**: 285–92
* Wittmann, Henri (1995), "Grammaire comparée des variétés coloniales du français populaire de Paris du 17e siècle et origines du français québécois", in Fournier, Robert; Wittmann, Henri, *Le français des Amériques*, Trois-Rivières: Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières, pp. 281–334
* Wittmann, Henri (1998), "Le français de Paris dans le français des Amériques", *Proceedings of the International Congress of Linguists* (Amsterdam: Elsevier) **16 Wittmann, Henri (1999). "Prototype as a typological yardstick to creoleness." *The Creolist Archives Papers On-line*, Stockholms Universitet.
* Wittmann, Henri (2001). "Lexical diffusion and the glottogenetics of creole French." CreoList debate, parts I-VI, appendixes 1-9. *The Linguist List*, Eastern Michigan University|Wayne State University
* Whorf, Benjamin (1956), John Carroll, ed., *Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf*, Cambridge, Massacheusetts: MIT Press

## Nexus interni

* Lingua koine
* Lingua pidgin
* Lingua creola Haitiana
* Nativismus