Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Chinchilla

---

**Animalia** — Chordata

Classis : Mammalia
Ordo : Rodentia
Familia : Chinchillidae
Genus : Chinchilla
Bennett, 1829

Subdivisiones: Species\**Chinchilla lanigera*
* *Chinchilla chinchilla*

Territorium

Distributio geographica *Chinchillae lanigerae* et *Chinchillae chinchillae*.
     *Chinchilla chinchilla*

     *Chinchilla lanigera*

Chinchilla est genus rodentiorum familiae Chinchillidarum, quae in Andibus Americae Australis endemici sunt.

## Species

* *Chinchilla brevicaudata*
* *Chinchilla lanigera*

## Notae

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Mammalia | *Haec stipula ad mammale spectat. Amplifica, si potes!* |
# Hystricidae

*Hystrix cristata* in horto Luneburgensi

---

**Animalia** — Chordata

Classis : Mammalia
Ordo : Rodentia
Infraordo : Hystricognathi
Familia : Hystricidae
Fischer de Waldheim, 1817

Palaeontologia

Miocaenum inferius > Recens
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Subdivisiones: Genera\* *Atherurus*
* *Hystrix*
* *Trichys*

**Hystricidae** sunt familia magnorum mammalium rodentium, quorum cutis spinis contegitur. Nomen familiae deducitur ab *Hystrice*, genere Europaeis notissimo.

## Pinacotheca

* *Atherurus africanus*
* *Trichys fasciculata*

## Bibliographia

* McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. *Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level*. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp. ISBN 0-231-11013-8.

## Nexus externi

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | **Situs scientifici:**  • ITIS • NCBI • Biodiversity • Encyclopedia of Life • Fossilworks |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | **Vicimedia Communia** plura habent quae ad **Hystricidas** spectant. |

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| --- | --- |
|  | Vide **"Hystricidas"** apud **Vicispecies**. |
# Muroidea

*Microtus arvalis*

---

**Animalia** — Chordata

Classis : Mammalia
Ordo : Rodentia
Superfamilia : **Muroidea**
Illiger, 1811

Palaeontologia

37–0 m.a.: Eocaenum medium > Recens
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Subdivisiones: FamiliesPlatacanthomyidae

Spalacidae

Calomyscidae

Nesomyidae

Cricetidae

Muridae

**Muroidea** sunt magna rodentium superfamilia, quae cricetinas, gerbellinas, mures, rattos, et multas alias species cognatas comprehendit. Variosissimas omne continente praeter Antarcticam habitationes occupant.

Aliquae auctoritates omnia huius gregis membra in una familia, Muridis, posuerunt, ob impedimenta cognationum subfamiliarum decernendarum. Hic taxinomia in recentibus phylogeniis molecularibus bene sustentis conditur.

Muroidea classificantur in sex familiis, undeviginti subfamiliis, circa ducentis et octoginta generibus, et saltem mille trecentis speciebus.

## Taxinomia

* Familia Platacanthomyidae (incertae sedis)
* Familia Spalacidae
	+ Subfamilia Myospalacinae
	+ Subfamilia Rhizomyinae
	+ Subfamilia Spalacinae
* Cladus Eumuroida
	+ Familia Calomyscidae
		- Subfamilia Calomyscinae
	+ Familia Nesomyidae
		- Subfamilia Cricetomyinae
		- Subfamilia Dendromurinae
		- Subfamilia Mystromyinae
		- Subfamilia Nesomyinae
		- Subfamilia Petromyscinae
	+ Familia Cricetidae
		- Subfamilia Arvicolinae
		- Subfamilia Cricetinae
		- Subfamilia Neotominae
		- Subfamilia Sigmodontinae
		- Subfamilia Tylomyinae
	+ Familia Muridae
		- Subfamilia Deomyinae
		- Subfamilia Gerbillinae
		- Subfamilia Leimacomyinae
		- Subfamilia Lophiomyinae
		- Subfamilia Murinae

## Nexus interni

* *Zyzomys*

## Bibliographia

*Apodemus sylvaticus*
* Michaux, Johan; Reyes, Aurelio; Catzeflis, François (November 1, 2001), "Evolutionary History of the Most Speciose Mammals: Molecular Phylogeny of Muroid Rodents", *Molecular Biology and Evolution* **18** (11): 2017–2031
* Musser, G. G., et M. D. Carleton. 1993. "Family Muridae." In *Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference,* ed. D. E. Wilson et D. M. Reeder, 501–755. Vasingtoniae: Smithsonian Institution Press.
* Musser, G. G., et M. D. Carleton. 2005. "Superfamily Muroidea." In *Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference,* ed. D. E. Wilson et D. M. Reeder, 894–1531. Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press.
* Norris, R. W., K. Y. Zhou, C. Q. Zhou, G. Yang, C. W. Kilpatrick, et R. L. Honeycutt. 2004. "The phylogenetic position of the zokors (Myospalacinae) and comments on the families of muroids (Rodentia)." *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution* 31:972–978.
* Steppan, Scott; Adkins, Ronald; Anderson, Joel (2004), "Phylogeny and Divergence-Date Estimates of Rapid Radiations in Muroid Rodents Based on Multiple Nuclear Genes" (PDF), *Systematic Biology* **53** (4): 533–553 .
* Jansa, Sharon. A.; Weksler, Marcelo (2004), "Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences" (PDF), *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution* **31** (1): 256–276 .
# Cricetidae

*Drymoreomys albimaculatus*

---

**Animalia** — Chordata

Classis : Mammalia
Ordo : Rodentia
Superfamilia : Muroidea
Familia : **Cricetidae**
J. Fischer, 1817

Palaeontologia

16–0 m.a.: Miocaenum medium > Recens
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Subdivisiones: SubfamiliaeArvicolinae
 Cricetinae
 Neotominae
 Sigmodontinae
 Tylomyinae

**Cricetidae** sunt familia mammalium rodentium, quae per Americam, Asiam, Europamque habitant. Familia cricetos, arvicolas, lemmos, ac varias species vulgo "mures" appellatas (sed non ipsum genus *Murem*) comprehendit.

* *Ondatra zibethicus*
* *Mesocricetus auratus* domesticus
* *Arvicola sapidus*

## Bibliographia

* Eisenberg, J. F., J. Feaver, et C . J. Krebs. 1984. "Cricetidae." In *The Encyclopedia of Mammals,* ed. D. Macdonald, 640–655, 672–673. Novi Eboraci: Facts on File. ISBN 0-87196-871-1, ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
* Jansa, S. A., et M. Weksler. 2004. "Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences." *Molecular Phyl. Evolution* 31 (1): 256–76. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.002. PMID 15019624. PDF.
* Michaux, Johan, Aurelio Reyes, et François Catzeflis. 2001. "Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents." *Molecular Biol. Evolution* 18 (11): 2017–31. PDF.
* Norris, R. W., K. Y. Zhou, C. Q. Zhou, G. Yang, C. W. Kilpatrick, et R. L. Honeycutt. 2004. "The phylogenetic position of the zokors (Myospalacinae) and comments on the families of muroids (Rodentia)." *Molecular Phyl. Evolution* 31 (3): 972–78. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.10.020. PMID 15120394.
* Savage, R. J. G., et M. R. Long. 1986. *Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide.* Novi Eboraci: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-1194-X, ISBN 0-8160-1194-X.
* Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, et J. Anderson. 2004: "Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes." *Systematic Biology* 53 (4): 533–53. doi:10.1080/10635150490468701. PMID 15371245. PDF.

## Nexus externi

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | **Vicimedia Communia** plura habent quae ad **Cricetidas** spectant. |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Vide **"Cricetidas"** apud **Vicispecies**. |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | **Situs scientifici:**  • ITIS • NCBI • Biodiversity • Encyclopedia of Life • WoRMS: Marine Species • Fossilworks |
# Latinitas viva

**Latinitas viva** est activus linguae Latinae apud homines nostra aetate viventes usus.

## De fautoribus

Vivae Latinitatis fautores cultoresque duos in greges differri possunt, quorum primo ducantur hi, qui vivum activumve Latinitatis usum exercent, ut discipulis haec lingua efficaciore modo ediscenda appareat iucundiusque fiat eius regularum grammaticarum ac Romanorum operum studium; altero autem ducendi sint illi, qui magnopere proponunt Latinitatem linguam internationalem seu vulgarem esse statuendam, qua homines praecipue variis ex populis oriundi cotidie inter se utantur.

## Scholae Latinae

* Schola Nova
* Studium Angelopolitanum
* Vivarium Novum

## Pelliculae

* 2013. *Imperator, Emperor* per Konrad Łęcki

## Conventus Latini

* Conventus Matritentis
* Circulus Latinus Panormitanus
* Circulus Latinus Lutetiensis

## Seminaria vivae Latinitatis

* GrecoLatinoVivo?

## Emissiones radiophonicae

* Nuntii Latini societatis radiophonicae Finnicae (Nuntii Latini)

* Nuntii Latini Italici (Nuntii Latini Italici)

* Nuntii Latini Bremenses&thinsp, *Startseite Latein - Latein - Radio Bremen* (vide nexus externos)

* Nuntii stationis radiophonicae Vaticanae partitionis Germanicae in linguam Latinam versi.
* Erfordia Latina, emissiones Latinae e Thuringiae capite

## Emissiones *Podcast*

* Colloquia Neolatina [feed://feeds.feedburner.com/Colloquia] [feed://www.stoa.org/colloquia/podcasts/channel-01.xml]
* LATINUM *LATINUM - The Online Latin Language Audio Course from London* apud latinum.mypodcast.com

## Catenae cursuales

* Grex Latine Loquentium

## Nuntiorum greges (Anglice newsgroups)

* alt.language.latin

## Locutoria Latina

* Locutorium Virtuale Scholae,In Locutorio Virtuali nostro aliis cum colloquiorum participibus aut microphono aut machina photographica telari adhibitis vel solito modo scriptione simplici utens communicare potes.
* canalis latina ad moderatra dal.net
* Circuli Latini Panormitani locutorium[*nexus deficit*]
*  deficit*]
	+

## Nexus interni

* Auctores Neolatini
* Certamen linguae Latinae
* Ephemeris (diarium interretiale)
* Hebdomada Aenigmatum
* Index verborum neolatinorum
* Institutiones Latinae
* JACT
* Libri Latine redditi
* Lingua Latina botanica
* Lingua Neolatina
* Lexicon
* Nova Roma
* Vicipaedia Latina

## Nexus externi

* Colloquium Latinum Franconiae Mediae borealis (habetur Erlangae, Norimbergae, Furdae - olim habebatur Berolini).
* Grex Latine Loquentium.
* Ephemeris.
* Latinitati Vivae Provehendae Associatio.
* Lingua Latina Aeterna.
* Colloquium Latinum.
* Sententiae Latinae[*nexus deficit*].
* Schola, Scribendum est nobis!
* Studium Angelopolitanum./
* *LATINUM - The Online Latin Language Audio Course from London* apud latinum.mypodcast.com.
* *Startseite Latein - Latein - Radio Bremen* apud www.radiobremen.de.
* www. Via neolatina (Francogallice).

Lingua Latina

Institutiones · Latinitas · Lexica · Libri Latini · Sententiae · Usus Latinae Linguae · Professores rerum classicarum
# Cladus

**Cladus** (e Graeco κλάδος 'ramus'), etiam **grex monophyleticus** appellatus, in phylogenesi est grex organismorum qui tamquam ramus arboris vitae est, atavum omniaque huius prognata communia continens.

Si cladus bene hanc definitionem decet, cum animantia inter se propinqua et ex uno avo communi orta contineat, monophyleticus habetur, et potest categoria taxinomica fieri, nec tantum in cladistica adhibitus.

Omnes cladi cladogramma formant, id est imago stirpis, quae in varios ramos animantium species fingentes dividitur.

## Notae

## Bibliographia

* Cracraft, Joel, et Donoghue, Michael J., eds. 2004. *Assembling the Tree of Life.* Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-972960-9.

## Nexus interni

* Cladogramma
* Cladistica
* Taxinomia
# Boreoeutheria

**Boreoëutheria** sive (Latinius) aliquando **Boreotheria** (e Graeco *βόρειο* 'Septentriones' + *θεριό* 'bestia') est cladus (magnordo) mammalium placentalium.

## Systema taxinomicum

* Imperium: Eucaryota
	+ Regnum: Animalia
		- Gradus: Metazoa
			* Subgradus: Eumetazoa
				+ Subregnum: Bilateria
					- Infraregnum: Deuterostomia
						* Superphylum: Chordata
							+ Phylum: Craniata
								- Subphylum: Vertebrata
									* Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
										+ Supraclassis: Tetrapoda
											- Ramus: Amniota
												* Subramus: Synapsida
													+ Infraramus: Mammaliformes
														- Classis: Mammalia
															* Subclassis: Theriiformes
																+ Infraclassis: Holotheria
																	- Superlegio: Trechnotheria
																		* Legio: Cladotheria
																			+ Sublegio: Zatheria
																				- Infralegio: Tribosphenida
																					* Supracohors: Theria
																						+ Cohors: Placentalia
																							- Subcohors: Exafroplacentalia
																								* Magnordo: **Boreotheria**
																									+ Grandordo: Laurasiatheria
																									+ Grandordo: Euarchontoglires

## Superordines

* Euarchontoglires
* Laurasiatheria

## Nexus externi

* Waddell PJ, Kishino H, Ota R. 2001. A phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics. Genome Inform Ser Workshop Genome Inform 12: 141–154
* Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary
* Wildman D.E.; Chen C.; Erez O.; Grossman L.I.; Goodman M.; Romero R. 2006. Evolution of the mammalian placenta revealed by phylogenetic analysis. PNAS 103 (9): 3203–3208
* Nikolaev, S., Montoya-Burgos, J.I., Margulies, E.H., Rougemont, J., Nyffeler, B., Antonarakis, S.E. 2007. Early history of mammals is elucidated with the ENCODE multiple species sequencing data. PLoS Genet. 3:e2, doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030002.
* Gennady Churakov, Jan Ole Kriegs, Robert Baertsch, Anja Zemann, Jürgen Brosius, Jürgen Schmitz. 2008. Mosaic retroposon insertion patterns in placental mammals
* Goloboff, P.A.; Catalano, S.A.; Mirande, J.M.; Szumik, C.A.; Arias, J.S.; Källersjö, M & Farris, J.S. 2009. Phylogenetic analysis of 73 060 taxa corroborates major eukaryotic groups. Cladistics 25 (3): 211–230[*nexus deficit*]

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| Mammalia | *Haec stipula ad mammale spectat. Amplifica, si potes!* |
# Glires

*Dipodomys*

---

**Animalia**

Classis : Mammalia
Infraclassis : Eutheria
Magnordo : Boreoeutheria
Superordo : Euarchontoglires
**Glires**

Palaeontologia

65–0 m.a.: Palaeocaenum > Recens
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Subdivisiones: Ordines\* Rodentia
* Lagomorpha

**Glires** sunt cladus mammalium ordinum Rodentium et Lagomorphum (familiarum Leporidarum et Ochotonidarum).

## Systema taxinomicum

* Imperium: Eucaryota
	+ Regnum: Animalia
		- Gradus: Metazoa
			* Subgradus: Eumetazoa
				+ Subregnum: Bilateria
					- Infraregnum: Eucoelomata
						* Supraphylum: Deuterostomia
							+ Infraphylum: Chordonia
								- Phylum: Chordata
									* Subphylum: Vertebrata
										+ Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
											- Supraclassis: Tetrapoda
												* Infraclassis: Amniota
													+ Ramus: Mammaliaformes
														- Classis: Mammalia
															* Subclassis: Theriiformes
																+ Infraclassis: Holotheria
																	- Supralegion: Trechnotheria
																		* Legion: Cladotheria
																			+ Sublegion: Zatheria
																				- Infralegion: Tribosphenida
																					* Supracohort: Theria
																						+ Cohort: Placentalia
																							- Superordo: Euarchontoglires
																								* Taxon inordinatum: **Glires**

## Bibliographia

*Spermophilus lateralis*
* Asher, R. J., J. Meng J, J. R. Wible, et al. (February 2005). "Stem Lagomorpha and the antiquity of Glires". *Science* **307** (5712): 1091–4

* Arnason, U., J. A. Adegoke, K. Bodin, et al. (June 2002). "Mammalian mitogenomic relationships and the root of the eutherian tree". *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.* **99** (12): 8151–6

* Kriegs, J. O., G. Churakov, J. Jurka, J. Brosius, J. Schmitz (April 2007). "Evolutionary history of 7SL RNA-derived SINEs in Supraprimates". *Trends Genet.* **23** (4): 158–61  as PDF

* Madsen, O., M. Scally, C. J. Douady, et al. (February 2001). "Parallel adaptive radiations in two major clades of placental mammals". *Nature* **409** (6820): 610–4

* Meng, J., Y. Hu Y, C. Li (2003). "The osteology of *Rhombomylus* (Mammalia, Glires): implications for phylogeny and evolution of Glires". *Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.* **275**: 1–247

* Meng, J., A. R. Wyss (2001). "The morphology of *Tribosphenomys* (Rodentiaformes, Mammalia): phylogenetic implications for basal Glires". *J. Mammal. Evol.* **8** (1): 1–71

* Murphy, W. J., E. Eizirik, W. E. Johnson, Y. P. Zhang, O. A. Ryder, et S. J. O'Brien (February 2001). "Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals". *Nature* **409** (6820): 614–8

## Nexus externi

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | **Situs scientifici:**  • NCBI • Encyclopedia of Life • Fossilworks |

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| Mammalia | *Haec stipula ad mammale spectat. Amplifica, si potes!* |
# Laurasiatheria

---

**Animalia** — Chordata

Classis : Mammalia
Subclassis : Theria
Infraclassis : Eutheria
Superordo : **Laurasiatheria**

Subdivisiones: Ordines\* Artiodactyla
* Carnivora
* Cetacea
* Chiroptera
* Erinaceomorpha
* Perissodactyla
* Pholidota
* Soricomorpha

**Laurasiatheria** (a nominibus *Laurasia* supercontinentis et θηρίον 'fera' deductum) sunt superordo mammalium placentarium.

## Classificatio

* Superordo **Laurasiatheria**
	+ Ordo Chiroptera
	+ Ordo Erinaceomorpha
	+ Ordo Perissodactyla
	+ Ordo Soricomorpha
	+ Cladus Cetartiodactyla
		- Ordo Artiodactyla
		- Ordo Cetacea
	+ Cladus Ferae
		- Ordo Pholidota
		- Ordo Carnivora

## Nexus interni

* Boreoeutheria
* Exafroplacentalia

## Nexus externi

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | **Situs scientifici:**  • NCBI • Encyclopedia of Life • Fossilworks |
# Eulipotyphla

Motu horologico, a sinistra superiore: *Solenodon paradoxus*, *Erinaceus europaeus*, *Talpa europaea*, *Sorex ornatus*

---

**Animalia** — Chordata

Subphylum : Vertebrata
Classis : Mammalia
Infraclassis : Placentalia
Superordo : Laurasiatheria
Ordo : **Eulipotyphla**
Waddell, 1999

Palaeontologia

91–0 m.a.: Cretaceum superius > Recens
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Subdivisiones: subordines\* Erinaceomorpha
* Soricomorpha

**Eulipotyphla** sunt ordo mammalium cladi Laurasiatheriorum, qui quattuor familias exstantes continet. Inter Eulipotyphla notissima sunt erinaceus, talpa et sorex.

## Notae

## Nexus externi

|  |  |
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|  | **Vicimedia Communia** plura habent quae ad **Eulipotyphla** spectant. |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | Vide **"Eulipotyphla"** apud **Vicispecies**. |

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| --- | --- |
|  | **Situs scientifici:**  • NCBI • Fossilworks |
# Euarchonta

*Saimiri sciureus*
**Euarchonta** est cladus qui tres ordines mammalium comprehendit: Dermoptera, Scandentia, Primates.

## Systema taxinomicum

* Imperium: Eucaryota
	+ Regnum: Animalia
		- Gradus: Metazoa
			* Subgradus: Eumetazoa
				+ Subregnum: Bilateria
					- Infraregnum: Eucoelomata
						* Supraphylum: Deuterostomia
							+ Infraphylum: Chordonia
								- Phylum: Chordata
									* Subphylum: Vertebrata
										+ Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
											- Supraclassis: Tetrapoda
												* Infraclassis: Amniota
													+ Ramus: Mammaliaformes
														- Classis: Mammalia
															* Subclassis: Theriiformes
																+ Infraclassis: Holotheria
																	- Supralegion: Trechnotheria
																		* Legion: Cladotheria
																			+ Sublegion: Zatheria
																				- Infralegion: Tribosphenida
																					* Supracohort: Theria
																						+ Cohort: Placentalia
																							- Subcohort: Exafroplacentalia (Notolegia)
																								* Magnordo: Boreoeutheria
																									+ Superordo: Euarchontoglires
																										- Grandordo: **Euarchonta Mirordo: Primatomorpha
																												+ Ordo: Primates

## rdines

* Dermoptera
* Primates
* Scandentia

|  |  |
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| Mammalia | *Haec stipula ad mammale spectat. Amplifica, si potes!* |
# Typus biologicus

Specimen typicum *Marocastri coronati* Tolosae servatum
**Typus** in biologia est specimen (aut grex speciminum) cum quo nomen taxinomicum organismi coniunctum est. Specimen a primo nominatore carptum *holotypus* appellatur. Typus normales organismi proprietates ostendere potest, sed non semper ostendet.

*Typus* etiam appellatur grex taxinomica quae maiorem gregem repraesentat, ut *Poa* est genus typicus familiae Poacearum.

## Notae