# Bertholletia excelsa

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**Plantae** — Angiospermae

Eudicotyledones
Asteridae
Ordo : Ericales
Familia : Lecythidaceae
Genus : Bertholletia
Species : B. excelsaBertholletia excelsa*
Bonpl.
Conservationis status

VU

Damno obiecta (IUCN 2.3)

Bertholletia excelsa (binomen ab Amato Bonpland cum Alexandro von Humboldt anno 1807 statutum) est arbor Americana Meridionalis in familia Lecythidacearum et fons seminis edulis commercioque exculti.

Arbor est sola species in monotypico typo generis *Bertholletiae.* Endemica est in Guianis, Venetiola, Brasilia, Columbia orientali, Peruvia orientali, et Bolivia orientali. In nemoribus dispersis intra magnas silvas ad ripas fluminum Amazonum, Nigri, et Orinoci viget. Generis nomen ex Claudio Ludovico Berthollet, chemista Francico, deducitur.

Arbor, una ex maximis silvae pluvialis Amazonicae arborum, ad 30–45 metra alta attingit, trunco 1–2 metra lato. Potest vivere plusquam 500 annos, et secundum nonnullos eruditos, aetatem 1000 annorum saepe adsequitur. Caulis est recta, ferme sine ramis per plusquam dimidium altitudinis arboris, et folia longique rami in altum super folia ramique aliarum arborum prominent. Cortex est cineraceus et laevis. Folia sunt tempore sicco decidua, alterna, simplicia, integra aut crenata, oblonga, 20–35 centimetra longa, et 10–15 centimetra lata. Flores sunt parvi, pallide virides, in paniculis 5–10 centimetra longis; cuique flori est deciduus duarum partium calyx, sex inaequalia petala cremea, et numerosa stamina in lata massa cucullata coniuncta.

## Reproductio

Arbores fructum paene solum in silvis pristinis producunt, quia silvae turbatae magnis apibus generum *Bombi, Centris, Epicharis, Eulaemae,* et *Xylocopae* carent, solis insectis quae arboris flores possunt pollinare (Moritz 1984; Nelson et al. 1985).

## Notae

## Bibliographia

Fontes antiquiores
* 1586 : Ioannes Lerius, *Historia navigationis in Brasiliam* p. 155 2a ed. ("*Sabaucaie*")
* Alexander von Humboldt, Amatus Bonpland, *Plantae Aequinoctiales* vol. 1 pp. 122–127, pl. 36

Eruditio recentior
* *Fruit-bearing Forest Trees: technical notes*. (*FAO Forestry Paper*, 34.) Romae: Food and Agriculture Organization, 1982. Textus
* Victor L. Caetano Andrade et al., "Growth rings of Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa) as a living record of historical human disturbance in Central Amazonia" in *PLOS One* (3 Aprilis 2019)
* Charles R. Clement, Michelly de Cristo-Araújo, Geo Coppens d’Eeckenbrugge, Alessandro Alves Pereira, Doriane Picanço-Rodrigues, "Origin and Domestication of Native Amazonian Crops" in *Diversity* vol. 2 (2010) pp. 72-106
* A. Moritz, *Estudos biológicos da floração e da frutificação da castanha-do-Brasil (Bertholletia excelsa HBK)*. 1984. Vol. 29
* B. W. Nelson, M. L. Absy, E. M. Barbosa, G. T. Prance, "Observations on flower visitors to Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K. and Couratari tenuicarpa A.C.Sm. (Lecythidaceae)[*nexus deficit*]" in *Acta Amazonica* vol. 15 (1985) pp. 225–234
* Carlos A. Peres et al., "Demographic threats to the sustainability of Brazil nut exploitation" in *Science* vol. 302 (2003) pp. 2112–2114

## Nexus externi

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|  | **Vicimedia Communia** plura habent quae ad **Bertholletiam excelsam** spectant. |

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|  | Vide **"Bertholletia excelsa"** apud **Vicispecies**. |

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|  | **Situs scientifici:** Tropicos • GRIN • ITIS • Plant List • NCBI • Biodiversity • Encyclopedia of Life • Plant Name Index • IUCN Red List • INPN France • Flora of North America • USDA Plants Database |

* Americas Regional Workshop (Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees, Costa Rica, November 1996) (1998). *Bertholletia excelsa*. 2006. *IUCN Red List of Threatened Species*. IUCN 2006. Listed as Vulnerable (VU A1acd+2 cd v2.3)
* Pagina nucum Brasilianarum apud New York Botanical Gardens

## Descriptio

Alexander von Humboldt, Amatus Bonpland, *Plantae Aequinoctiales* vol. 1 (1807) pp. 122–127, pl. 36