# 진핵생물

| **진핵생물** |
| --- |
|  진핵생물의 생물다양성(왼쪽 상단부터 시계방향으로: 가위벌, 그물버섯, 섬모충, 페르시아미나리아재비, 좁쌀공말, 침팬지) |
| **생물 분류**ℹ️ |
| 역: | **진핵생물역**(Eukaryota) (Chatton, 1925) Whittaker & Margulis, 1978 |
| **상군 및 계** |
| * 원시색소체생물(Archaeplastida)

 **식물계**(Plantae)* 하크로비아(Hacrobia)
* SAR 상군(SAR group)
	+ 부등편모조류(Stramenopiles)
	+ 피하낭류(Alveolata)
	+ 리자리아(Rhizaria)
* 디스코바(Discoba)
* 로우코조아(Loukozoa)
* 아메바류(Amoebozoa)
* 후편모생물(Opisthokonta)

 **동물계**(Animalia)
 **균계**(Fungi)* 헤미마스틱스류(Hemimastigophora)

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**진핵생물**(眞核生物, 영어: eukaryote 또는 eukaryota)은 **진핵세포**를 가진 생물을 말한다. 진핵세포(眞核細胞)는 세포 내에 핵으로 대표되는 다양한 세포소기관을 가진 세포들을 통칭하는 이름이다. 세포소기관 중 미토콘드리아나 엽록체는 과거 진화 과정에서 외부의 원핵세포들이 세포내 공생체로 도입된 경우로 생각되며, 그 외의 소기관들도 각각 특정한 업무를 수행하도록 분화되어 있다. 원핵세포의 DNA와는 달리, 진핵세포의 DNA에는 필요 없는 부분(인트론)이 대단히 많이 존재하며, 따라서 필요한 부분(엑손)을 이어서 mRNA를 만들게 된다. 또한 리보솜은 원핵세포보다 큰 80S이다.

진핵생물은 단계통군으로 나타나며, 3개의 생물 역 중 하나를 구성한다. 나머지 2개의 역은 세균과 고균으로, 원핵생물로 불리며 이상과 같은 특징을 갖고 있지 않다. 진핵생물은 모든 생명체 중에서는 일종의 소수이다. 심지어 인체에는 사람의 세포 수보다 10배나 많은 미생물이 들어 있다. 그러나 진핵생물은 계 수가 가장 많다. 3개의 역 중에 거의 가장 많은 종이 알려져 있다.

## 도메인 분류

| 린네 | 헤켈 | 채튼 | 코플랜드 | 휘태커 | 워즈 | 캐빌리어스미스 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1735년 2계 분류 | 1866년 3계 분류 | 1925년 2계 분류 | 1938년 4계 분류 | 1969년 5계 분류 | 1977년 6계 분류 | 1990년 3역 분류 | 1993년 8계 분류 | 1998년 6계 분류 |
| (다루지 않음) | 원생생물 (Protista) | 원핵생물 (Prokaryota) | 모네라 (Monera) | 모네라 (Monera) | 진정세균 (Eubacteria) | 세균 (Bacteria) | 진정세균 (Eubacteria) | 세균 (bacteria) |
| 고세균 (Archaeabacteria) | 고세균 (Archaea) | 고세균 (Archaeabacteria) |
| 진핵생물 (Eukaryota) | 원생생물 (Protista) | 원생생물 (Protista) | 원생생물 (Protista) | 진핵생물 (Eukarya) | 고동물 (Archezoa) | 원생동물 (Protozoa) |
| 원생동물 (Protozoa) |
| 유색조식물 (Chromista) | 유색조식물 (Chromista) |
| 식물 (Vegetabilia) | 식물 (Plantae) | 식물 (Plantae) | 식물 (Plantae) | 식물 (Plantae) | 식물 (Plantae) | 식물 (Plantae) |
| 균류 (Fungi) | 균류 (Fungi) | 균류 (Fungi) | 균류 (Fungi) |
| 동물 (Animalia) | 동물 (Animalia) | 동물 (Animalia) | 동물 (Animalia) | 동물 (Animalia) | 동물 (Animalia) | 동물 (Animalia) |

## 계통 분류

다음은 2006년 토머스 캐빌리어스미스가 제안한 생명의 나무 계통 분류이다.

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| LUA |

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녹만균문 |
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이상구균-서열균문 |
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남세균문 |
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나선상균문 |
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| 스핑고박테리아 |

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섬유균문 |
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녹색유황세균문 |
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의간균문 |
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부유균류 |
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프로테오박테리아 |
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열포균문 |
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푸소박테리움균문 |
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네가티비콕쿠스강 |
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후벽균, 몰리쿠테스강 |
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방선균문 |
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| 네오무라 |

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고세균역 |
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진핵생물역 |
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2014년이 되자 지난 20년간의 계통발생학 연구에서 대략적인 합의가 나타나기 시작했다. 대부분의 진핵생물은 아모르페아(단편모생물 가설과 구성이 유사)와 식물과 대부분의 조류 계통을 포함하는 디포다(이전의 쌍편모생물)라는 두 개의 큰 계통군 중 하나에 속할 수 있다. 세 번째 주요 그룹인 엑스카바타는 측계통군이기 때문에 공식적인 그룹으로 폐기되었다.

다음에 제안된 계통발생에는 엑스카바타 생물군 중 단 하나의 그룹(디스코바)만 포함되어 있으며 피코조아가 홍조식물의 가까운 친척이라는 2021년 제안이 포함되어 있다. 프로보라는 2022년에 발견된 미생물 포식자 집단이다. 메타모나다는 아마도 디스코바, 아마도 말라이모나스문의 자매일 가능성이 있어 배치하기 어렵다.

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| 진핵생물 |

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| 디포다 |

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| 디아포레틱케스 |

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크립티스타  |
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| 홍조식물 (홍조류) |  |
| 16억 년 전 |
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로델피스 |
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| 피코조아 |  |
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| 회청조식물 |  |
| 11억 년 전 |
| 녹색식물 (식물) |  |
| 10억 년 전 |

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| 16억 년 전 |

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합티스타  |
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텔로네마류  |
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| 할바리아 |

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부등편모조류   |
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피하낭류  |
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프로보라  |
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헤미마스티고포라류  |
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디스코바  |
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| 쌍편모생물 |
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안키로모나스류  |
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말라이모나스류  |
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| CRuMs |  |
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| 아모르페아 |

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| 아메바류 |  |
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| 오바조아 |

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브레비아타류  |
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아푸소모나스류  |
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| 후편모생물 |

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| 홀로미코타 (균류 포함) |  |
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| 홀로조아 (동물 포함) |  |
| 11억 년 전 |

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| 22억 년 전? |

* 위키생물종에 진핵생물 관련 자료가 있습니다.
* 위키미디어 공용에 진핵생물 관련 미디어 자료가 있습니다.