Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Mejii wɛɛ yaa alɩwaatʊ

Gekkin Yueqin Moon Guitar kimono girls 1889 Japan
Mejii wɛɛ (明治時代, meijijidai) pɩkɛ Japɔŋ tɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ pɩnaɣ 1868 nɛ 1912 hɛkʊ taa yɔ. Pɩpaɣzɩna Mejii tɛ ɖaɣnɩɣ kɔm, tɩwɛ Keiō wɛɛ (Edo wɛɛ tɛmtʊ) nɛ Taishō wɛɛ hɛkʊ taa. Pɩkɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩwɩlɩɣ tɩ-yeke caɣɛ ndʊ payaɣ se sakoku nɛ Japɔŋ tɛ politiki lɛzɩtʊ paɣzʊʊ.

Meiji period Japanese pack horse
Japɔŋ Mejii alɩwaatʊ taa kaawɛ kʊñɔŋ taa siŋ, nɛ kɩñɩnaɣ se kɩhiɣ kɩ-tɩ ɛlɛ, pɩɩwɛ-kʊ kaɖɛ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna pɩtɩŋga pɩwɛnaʊ ɛsɩnda nɛ pe-kpiɖi Japɔŋ kɩbɩnɩɣ yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ, kɩ-tɛ maɣzɩm ɛzɩma se kɩlɛzɩɣ kɩ-tɩ yeba nɛ kɩ-taa wɩɣna kɩ-canaʊ tɔm. Mbʊ tɩna kɩ-tɛ lʊbɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ pɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩ tɔm kɔma pʊsʊʊ ɛyaa taa nɛ politiki nɛ ɛsakuliye tɔm taa yɔ. Pɩtɩŋga lʊbɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩyɔɔ nɛ palɩzɩ ŋgbɛɣɛ nɛ poɖozuu nɛ patʊlʊʊ tʊma sɔsɔna nɛ pala lɩmaɣza ndɩ ndɩ wena akaɣ awazɩ-wɛ tʊma sɔsɔna hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ tɔsʊʊ huu nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ tadɩyɛ ɖɔnɛ nɔmɔʊ taa.

Higasiaimon-cho Street in Toyama City in late Meiji era
Pɩnaɣ 1853, Etaazuunii komina tiyi commodore Perry nɛ aɖɔka takayaɣ nakayɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ Millard Fillmore cɔlɔ kalɩna nɛ ka-taa tɔm kɛlɛ se patʊlɩ tadɩyɛ nɔmɔŋ yaa haba. Palaba mbʊ lɛ, ɛkɔna mɛlɛ naa kɩkpɛda Uraga yɔɔ kpɛɣɛ kɛ Tokyo tɛtʊ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ taa. Shogun kizaa se ɛɛtʊlʊʊ-wɛ ɛ-tɛtʊ nɔnɔsɩ lɛ, Commodore ñaŋgasʊʊ se ɛkpazɩɣ hɔzʊʊ sɔsɔʊ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa pɩtɩŋna hɔzɩŋ weyi ɛ-tɛ mɛlɛna kɔna yɔ.

Horsecar between Nihonbashi and Kyobashi in Tokiyo
Pɩkɛda lɛ, pɩnɩ ɛjaɖɛ pɩtɩŋna ajɛyɛ ɖoŋ ñɩna ñaŋgasʊʊ yɔ nɛ pɛtɛzɩ tʊlʊʊ nɔnɔsɩ. Pɩtɩŋna Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ajɛyɛ tɛ sɔɔjɔɔna anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ ɖoŋ yɔ lɛ, bakufu cɛlɛ pɩtɩŋna Amerika cɛyɩtʊ yɔ nɛ ɛñɩɣ nesi Kanagawa nɩnaʊ takayasɩ ɛlɛ, nɩnaʊ mbʊ pɩtafɛyɩ kɩmaŋ nɛ pʊwayɩ lɛ ɛñɩɣ Japɔŋ nɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ ajɛyɛ tabalɩyɛ nɩnaʊ takayaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1854 alɩwaatʊ taa.

Kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1867, Shogun Tokugawa 15 tʊ weyi ɛɛwɛ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ Yoshinobu Tokugawa taa yɔ kizi kewiyaɣ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛlɛ, ekizi ɖɔɖɔ se ɛɛkpaɣ nɔyʊ e-loniye taa nɛ ɛtɔŋ se ɛtʊmɩyɛ kaakɛ ɛkʊlɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɛsa nɛ pɩsa nɛ ɖɩɖɛna ɛsɩnda. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, wiyaʊ sɔsɔ Kōmei kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ ŋga kadaa ha ñʊʊ leleŋ wiyaʊ pɩɣa Mutsuhito se ɛlɛzɩ ɛ-caa lone taa, nɛ ɛɖɩzɩ shogunat wayi tɩŋyaa tɩŋga (Boshin you sɔsɔʊ) nɛ pɩsa nɛ ɛpɩsɩ lɛzɩtʊ ndʊ tʊ-ñʊʊ tʊ.
# Tokiyo

Tokiyo
Tokiyo kɛŋna Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. kabɩyɛ taa lɛ, Tokiyo tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se « Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ». Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakalɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa lɛ pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa 13 622 267; yee pɩkɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-hɛkʊ taa siŋŋŋ kɔyɔ, pɛkpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 42 794 714.

Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Tokiyo tɛtʊ taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ kɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kpeekpe taa. Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa akeeta 47 wɛna nɛ a-taa kɔyɔ Tokiyo ñɩnɖɛ. Tɛtʊ tɩunɛ tɩ-taa kɛ Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊma sɔsɔna kɩla wɛʊ.

Peeɖe palakɩ politiki kediizɩsɩ sɔsɔsɩ payɩ, peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ caayʊ wɛɛ, komina ñʊʊtʊ wɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ wɛɛ pɩna paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ɖɔɖɔ, minisinaa tɩŋga mba pɛwɛ kewiyaɣ taa yɔ patɩŋga ɖɔɖɔ pɩtasɩna ajɛya lɛɛna lone taa caɣya wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ.

Ɖooo lɛ, Tokiyo kaakɛŋna kpakpasɩ kpayaa hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛyaa nɛ payawaɣ-tʊ se Edo nɛ pʊtɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se lim pɔɔ ɖɩkatɩyɛ. Kacalaɣ sɔdʊ ŋgʊ kaya tɛtʊ tʊnɛ kɛ hɩɖɛ se Tokiyo yɔ payaɣ-ɩ se wiyao Tokugawa Ieyasu.
# Caŋgayɩ

Shanghai Siinii tɛlɛŋa taa
**Caŋgayɩ** kɛna Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-hɛkʊ taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ. Payaʊ se caŋgayɩ yɔ, kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se « teŋu yɔɔ ». Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa paakalɩ ɛyaa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 18 500 000 nɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 634 000 yaa kilomɛtanaa 6 340.

Shanghai
Caŋgayɩ wɛ lɩm pɔɔ nakayɩ cɔlɔ nɛ payaɣ-kɛ se Yaŋgɩ Jiyaŋgɩ nɛ pɔɔ ŋga ka-lɩm pɩyʊʊ siini teŋu ŋgʊ kɩwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ yɔ kɩ-taa. Payaɣ Caŋgayɩ maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Yang Xiong nɛ ɛ-takayaɣ taa mayʊ kɔyɔ Han Zheng.

Nanjing Habɩyɛ, Shanghai
Ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ 19 nɛ 20 taa lɛ, Caŋgayɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ, ndʊ kaakɛŋna Azii Pasiifiki taa ɖenɖe tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu kaakɩlɩ wɛʊ yɔ. Pɩkɔma pɩtalɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ akɔma nabɛyɩ kɔma nɛ pawadɩ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, tɔsʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩpaɣzɩ pasʊ. Pɩnzɩ 1920 nɛ 1930 taa lɛ, tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɛ ɛsakuliye kaakɩla wɛʊ camɩyɛ.

Yuyuan Gardens, Shanghai
# Kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ tʊma sɔsɔna (Révolution industrielle)

Hartmann Maschinenhalle 1868 (01)
Tʊma sɔsɔna kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ, tɔmpiye ndɩ Adolphe Blanqui lɩzɩna-ɖɩ nɛ pʊwayi lɛ, Friedrich Engels nɛ Arnold Toynbee palɩzɩ pawɩlɩ ɖɩ-wazaɣ. Pɩkɛ kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa laɣsɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ sɩyeba nɛ pɩlɛɛzɩ kiɖi yaa kpɛlɩ pɩlɩna ajɛyɛ nɛ ageeta hɔɔlɩŋ cɔlɔ, ɛyaa mba paasɩma se haɖaa nɛ nesi tɛ tʊma tɩnaa yɔ pɩsa tadɩyɛ laɖaa sɔsaa nɛ tʊma laɖaa sɔsaa. Pɩ-tɛ lɛɛzɩtʊ ndʊ, tɩlɩna suluku kpaya wazaɣ yɔɔ kɛ pɩnzɩ 1840 taa nɛ pɩtana yaa putukina ɖɔɖɔ haɖaʊ tʊma nɛ tɔsʊʊ huu tʊma politiki tʊma nɛ ɛyaa nɛ mbʊ pʊcɔ-ɖʊ pɩta kpɛɣɛ yɔ.

Lower Laxey Wheel
Canaʊ tɔm kɛdɩyaa nabɛyɩ etisuu tɔmpiye ndɩ ɖɩ-tɛ lɛɣtʊ wazaɣ yɔ. Werner Sombart cɔlɔ lɛ, (liidiye yeke lakɩna lɩmaɣza tɛ kɩfam pɩnaɣ 1902) kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ tʊma sɔsɔna kɛ canaʊ pɩyʊ mbʊ pɩpaza Florence yɔɔ kpaɣɖʊ 14 alɩwaatʊ taa pɩkpɛndɩna tɛtʊ taa maŋgɩla waa tɛ ɛsakuliye. Fernand Braudel yeki se ɖɩna kiɖi wɛtʊ ndʊ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ pʊnɛ pɩlakɩ yɔ pɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩla kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ kpɛm taa yeke.

Pasɩma kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ tʊma sɔsɔna nɛ mbʊ yɔ, mbʊ lɛ se paasɩma ɛyaa mba nɛ haɖaʊ tʊma nɛ nesi tɛ tʊma yɔ, papɩsa tadɩyɛ laɖaa sɔsaa nɛ tʊma laɖaa sɔsaa nɛ maɣzɩm tɩŋga kɛ lɛɣtʊ yaa nesi tɛ lɛɣtʊ ñɩnaa nɛ awɛ camɩyɛ cɔlɩɩ. Kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ tʊma sɔsɔna (sakɩyɛ taa lɛ,) pɩkɛ tʊma sɔsɔna wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ tɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ kɛ ajɛyɛ taa wɛɛ kɩfana taa yɔ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ lɩna tevenim tibu yɔɔ pɩlɩna alɩwaatʊ nɛ lona cɔlɔ yaa ajɛyɛ cɔlɔ.

Lona yaa ajɛyɛ wena a-taa pɛlɛ pazɩɣ tʊma ana yɔ ana yɔ Grande-Bretagne kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ tɛmtʊ taa. Pʊwayɩ Pɛlɩzɩkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Fransɩɩ nɛ hayi kiŋ nɛ Suwisi kpaɣɖʊ 19 paɣzʊʊ cɔlɔ. Pɩkɛ kajalaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ ajɛyɛ. Caama nɛ Etaazuunii paɣzɩ tʊma sɔsɔna ana alabʊ kpaɣna 19 hɛkʊ taa, Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1868 nɛ Ruusi kɛ kpaɣɖʊ 19 tɛmtʊ taa. Ajɛyɛ ana akɛ hɔɔlʊʊ naalɛ ŋgʊ ñɩna.

Tin-mining-cornwall-c1890
Kpaɣna hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ tɛmtʊ ŋwolo ŋtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ 18, ɛyaa ɖɔʊʊ kaawɛ sakɩyɛ nɛ pɛkɛ haɖaa yeke. Ɛlɛ lona nayɛ taawɛ pɩta ɛzɩ Flanfre, haɖaʊ taakɩlɩ cɛyʊʊ peɖe hayim sɔsɔm tɩna kaatɩna tɛtʊ. Hayim yebuu pɩnzɩ naalɛ yaa natozo kaakɛ-wɛ paɣtʊ nɛ pɛkpɛndaɣ pahayɩɣ nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ, pata cɔzɩ hayɩm naa kolonzi nɛ pɩzɩwanaɣ nɛ wonduu yɛlɩɣ paa le.
# Piyeloorusi

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| **Piyeeloorusi** Biélorussie |
|  Peyibaa tɛlɛŋa  |
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|  Piyeeloorusi Kɩɖaʋ kɩdɛɛka |  Piyeeloorussi Ɛjaɖɛ tɛ tampaɣ |

 |
| Tʋmɩyɛ taa kʋnʋmɩŋ: | . |
| Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ: | . |
| Ɛjadɛ kɛ mbʋ yɔ: | . |
| Ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ: | Ɖajaa Alexander Lukashenko |
| Ɛjaɖɛ walanzɩ: | 207,595 km² |
| Samaɣ ñʋʋ: | 9,498,700 (2015) |
| Tɛtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ samaɣ ñʋʋ: | 401.6 km² |
| Internet nimaɣ: | .by |

**Piyeloorusi** kɛna Eerɔpʋ ilemiye nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ teŋgu nakʊyʊ yaa lɩm nabʊyʊ fɛyɩ se pɩcɔ-ɖɩ nɛ pɩta. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ naayɛ pasɩna ɖama kamaɣ nɛ ajɛya ana yɔ: hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Lɛtoonii nɛ Lituyaanii wɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Poolɔñɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛna nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Ukrɛɛnɩ wɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛna kataŋga sɔsɔɔ nakayɩ nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, laŋ tala ɛzɩ 40 % yɔ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ kpeekpe taa.

Pamaza Piyeelorusi ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 207 600 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 9 498 700 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 45,80 yɔ. Kɩyɛna fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Piyeelorusi ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Alexandre Loukachenko nɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊdʊ yɔ Andreï Kobiakov.

Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊ lɛ piyelorusi nɛ rusi. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Minski nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +375 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, wendu ndʊ peteɣu yɔ ndʊ lɛ se Ɖaa lɛ Piyelorusi ñɩma.

Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Ruubli piyelorus.

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| **Eerɔpɩ** |
| Caama • Ɛsɩpaañɩ • Fatiikaŋ • Fransɩɩ • Hɔŋirii • Irɩlandɩ • Isilandɩ • Itaalii • Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ • Krɛsɩ • Liechtenstein • Otirisi • Pɛliziki • Peyibaa • Piyeeloorusi • Pɔlɔɔñɩ • Pɔritigaalɩ • Puligari • Ruusii • Siloveni • Siloovaakii • Suwiisi • Sʊyɛdɩ • Ukurɛnɩ |
# Thomas Edison

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| **Thomas Edison** |
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| **Informa** |
| Ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ | Etaazuunii |
| Ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ | Tomnasɩ ɖɔnɛ laɖʋ |
| Ɛ-ɖɩlʋlɩyɛ | Milan, Ohiyo, Etaazuunii |
| E-efemiye kɩlʋlɩyɛ | Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 11 pɩnaɣ 1847 |
| Ɛ-ɖɩsɩbɩyɛ | West Orange, Niwujɛrsii, Etaazuunii |
| E-efemiye kɩsɩbɩyɛ | Aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 18 pɩnaɣ 1931 |
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Thomas Edison kɛ Amerika keteŋga taa tʊ. Palʊla-ɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 11 wiye pɩnaɣ 1847 kɛ Milaŋ egeetiye taa, Ohiyo tɛtʊ taa. Ɛsɩba aloma fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ 1931 kɛ Niwu Jɛrsii tɛtʊ taa ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 84. Palʊla-ɩ lɛ, paya-ɩ se Thomas Alva Edison. Ɛ-tʊma sɔsɔna kɔyɔ: ñɩnʊʊ, kuduyiŋ bsɔsɔŋ maʊ kpalahusi lʊʊ, akɔnta labʊ, manzʊmalɩɩ, lɩzɩyʊ yaa luɖu, lakasɩ nasɩyɛ lakɩ lakɩ waa tɛlɛnzɩ maʊ nɛ kuduyiŋ maʊ. Ɛkɛ latriki miŋ caɖɩyɛ kacalaɣ tʊ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ. Ɛnʊ lɩzɩna laadriki miŋ caɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩhaɣ mʊndʊsɩ ŋgʊ palakɩna kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ñɩɣtʊ yɔ. Ɛya ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ General Electric. Mɩŋ caɖɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ keteŋga kpeekpe taa ñɩɩtʊ tʊma labʊ mbʊ pɩkɩla ɖoŋ yɔ.

Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Samuel Ogden Edison (1804-1896) nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Nancy Elliott (1810-1871). Ɛ-caa kɛ Kanadaa ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyʊ nɛ ɛɛlɩna Neyɛrlandi taa. Ɛ-caa kaase Kanada mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛɛwɛ tɛtɛ ceɣsi nzɩ sɩɩkɔna yam yam lakasɩ kɛ pɩnzɩ 1837-1838 taa yɔ. E-ɖoo Elliot kaakɛna Kanada tʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɛ ɛlɩna Ekɔsi ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛlɛñaakɛna sukuli cikpeluu taa wɩlɩyʊ. Thomas wɛna halaa naalɛ: Mary Stilwell (1871-1884) nɛ Mina Miller (de 1886-1931). Thomas Alva Edison kɛŋna pɩɣa lubɛ ŋga nɛ ɛkɛ tɩnɩʊ kɛ ɛ-caa cɔlɔ.

Pɩnaɣ 1887 ehiu liidiya ɛzɩ tɔɔlaarɩnaa 40 000 pɩlɩɩna ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛlɩza nɛ ɛyʊ pɩzʊ ɛma lɛlʊ kɛ takayaɣ polindaa yɔ. E-liidiye nɖɩ, nɖɩ ɛtʊlɩna ɛ-ñɩɩtʊ pɩsɩʊ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɛyaa-ɖɩ se Menlo Park. Ɛnɛ ñɩnɩya ɛzɩ 60 yɔ palakaɣna tʊmɩyɛ ɛlɛ ɛhɛyaɣ-wɛ. Ɛcɔŋgaɣna tʊma ɛzɩ 40 yɔɔ yɔ ɖama yɔɔ. Pʊyɔɔ kɛ paɖʊ-ɩ hɩɖɛ nɛ pɛcɛlɛ-ɩ Amerika taa camɩyɛ tʊma labʊ yaa lubu takayɩsɩ ɛzɩ 1 093 yɔ. Thomas Edison wɛ ɛ-ɖɩwɩlɩyɛ nɛ eɖou ñɩɩtʊ 4 ɖeke evemiye taa. Ɛmaɣmaɣ ɛyɔɔda se ɛpɩzʊ ɛwɛɛna ɛsɛ ɛzɩ kɩyakɩŋ naalɛ yaa paa naatozo, piiheɣ-i natʊyʊ.

Keteŋga kpeekpe you kacalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ lɩwa lɛ, ɛnɛ ɛ-tʊmlaɖaa polukaɣna malɩfanaa sɔsa nɛ pɛcɛlʊ yoya. Pɩnaɣ 1930, ɛlɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 83 nɛ ɛñɩnʊʊ tɩŋ 17 000 yɔɔ se ɛlɩzɩ pɩ-kɔɖɩyɛ. Pɩnaɣ ŋga ɛzɩ ɛ-kpaagbaɣ lubu takayaɣ. Pɩnaɣ 1931, ŋgʊ ɛ-sɛ kaasɛna ɛ-tʊma kɛ Wɛstɩ Oranje lɛ, etisi fezu, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 84.
# N̄ʋʋ

Arabic Numerals origin
Nicolaus Kesler, about 1486
Compa
N̄ʋʋ kɛ sakɩyɛ yaɣ ɖɔɖɔ size kalɩyaɣ. N̄ʋʋ yaa kalɩyaɣ kɛna mayaɣ yaa yʋsaɣ ŋga kasɩɣna yaa pakpakʋ kɛ nɛ pamana matʋ paa ndʋ yɔ. N̄ʋʋ yaa kalɩyaɣ wasɩɣ nɛ pama tem n̄ʋʋ yaa pilim n̄ʋʋ. Pilim n̄ʋʋ yaa tem n̄ʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩkɛ n̄ʋʋ sɔsɔʋ. Pɩkɛ mɩnaɣ n̄ʋʋ ŋgʋ paɖaɣna kʋ yaʋ ɖɔɖɔ size pɩlʋʋ tɛ n̄ʋʋ yaa cɔlʋʋ tɛ n̄ʋʋ kɛ laɣsɩ pɩlɩtʋ ɖʋʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Hiu hiu laɣsɩ yaa hiu hiu ɖɔnɛ kɛna lakayaɣ ŋga pakɩla tɩlɩʋ siŋŋ kɛ matʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ.

Hiu hiu laɣsɩ sɩnɛ, sɩwɛnɛ n̄ʋŋ matʋ mayasɩ hiu nɛ nzɩ lɛɣzʋna n̄ʋŋ masɩ yee ŋgba kpɛɖɛ (0) ŋgɔ nzɩna nakʋ (9) kɔyɔ. Ɖakpaɣ ɛzɩ-ɩ hiu hiu laɣsɩ taa yaa hiu hiu ɖɔnɛ taa kɔyɔ, ɖɩpɩzʋʋ ɖɩma n̄ʋʋ nɩyɛ : ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ-ɩ, pamaʋ size hiŋ naalɛ nɛ lʋbɛ (27) kɛ mbɩ yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size pɩkɛna n̄ʋŋ naalɛ matʋ. Pʋtɔbʋʋ size ɖɩmaɣ naalɛ (2) nɛ pɩkɔɔ lɛ ɖɩtasɩ maʋ lʋbɛ nɛ pakpɩtɩna ɖama.

Pɩtɛ matʋ ndʋ tɩ-naalɛ pɛkpɛm kɛ pakalɩʋ size hiŋ naalɛ nɛ lʋbɛ. Hiŋ naalɛ nɛ lʋbɛ n̄ʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ wondu cɛŋga nakayɛ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pakalɩʋ nɛ pama size hiŋ naalɛ nɛ lʋbɛ kɛ mbɩ yɔ, mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɖɩnaɣ n̄ʋʋ naalɛ wɛ matʋ natʋlɛ taa. N̄ʋʋ naalɛ ɖeke ɛzɩ pamaʋ size naalɛ (2) yɔ, wɛ wɛtʋ natʋlɛ taa.

Papɩzʋʋ pama naalɛ (2) ɖeke kɛ kɔɔnɔɔ taa, pama ɖɔɖɔ naalɛ nɛ n̄ʋʋ nakʋyʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ-ɩ pamaʋ size naalɛ nɛ pakpɩtɩ-ɩ nɛ n̄ʋʋ lʋbɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ size naalɛ kɛ hiu ɛlɛ pɩtɛkɛ naalɛ yɔ. Paa n̄ʋʋ ŋgʋ lɛ, kɩkɛ manaʋ yaa tɔm kɩmamatʋ mayaɣ. Yee ɛyʋ ɛcaɣ size ɛyɔɔdɩ n̄ʋʋ nakʋyʋ tɔm yaa ɛzɩ-ɩ ɛyaɣ kʋ kɔyɔ, pɩtɛkɛ size ɛmaɣ kʋ nɛ panɩ kʋ-tɔm ndʋ ɛcaɣ size ɛyɔɔdɩ yɔ, ɛlɛ, ɛyaɣ kɩ-hɩɖɛ nɛ ɛyʋ nɩɩ lɛ ɛpɩzɩ nɛ ɛma-kʋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɩ-tɛ masɩ tɩŋgɛ.

N̄ʋʋ nakʋyʋ hɩɖɛ pɩsɩɣ pʋwɛ kɛlɛʋ ɛzɩ payaɣʋ size hiu nɛ loɖo (16) nɛ pamaɣ kɛlɛʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa "seize" yɔ. N̄ʋʋ kʋyʋ masɩ pɩsɩɣ pʋwɛ kaɖɛ ɛzɩ payaɣ size hiu nɛ lʋbɛ nɛ pamaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "dix-sept" yɔ. N̄ʋʋ matʋ sɔsɔtʋ kaɖɛ n̄ɩndʋ natʋyʋ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ, tɩɖɔɖɔkʋ ɛzɩ-ɩ n̄ʋŋ nanza yaa pɩɖɛ mbʋ yɔ. N̄ʋʋ naaza n̄ɩŋgʋ nakʋyʋ kɔyɔ : kudoku nɛ taŋga nɛ canta (1525).
# Cɔlɩyɛ

**Cɔlɩyɛ**, krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ λογική / logikê, ɖɩkɛ tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna λόγος / lógos nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se tovonum, yɔɔdaɣ nɛ hʊhɩyɛ pɩkɛ kajalaɣ taa lɛ, yɔɔdaɣ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ, tɔm ndʊ tɩmɩna yɔ ndʊ tɩwɛ ɖeu paɣtʊ kpeekpe ɛsɩndaa yɔ. Tɔmpiye nɖɩ Xénocrate kaalɛɣna-ɖɩ labɩnaʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe. Cɔlɩyɛ tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖooo kɩbɩnjaazɩ alɩwaatʊ taa ɖɩkɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ piliŋa sɔsɔ nakɛyɛ, pɩnɛ maɣzɩm ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ (ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ) nɛ tomnasi ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ (kedeŋa kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ).

Kpaɣ ɖooo Hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa fɛyɩ keekee kɛ tɩ yɔɔ keɖeɣa wondu lʊbɛ taa (trivium pʊ-tɔbʊʊ yɔɔdaɣ paɣtʊ yaa tɔm tʊzʊʊ paɣtʊ, quadrivium pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ñʊŋ kɩtɩlɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ, siŋ lɩzʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ, tɩyɩnzɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ minziiki tʊmɩyɛ).

Kpaɣ ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 17 wɛɛ taa, Leibniz ñɩna siŋ kɛ cɔlɩyɛ tɔm yɔɔ ndʊ palɩna piŋ Aristote cɔlʊʊ tɔm. Ɛñɩkɩɣ nesi Aristote tɔmpee naatozo naayɛ yɔɔ mbʊ se ɛyʊ ɛwɛɛ ɛtɛŋna se ɛkaɣ sɩbʊ kɛlɛ ɛtakɩɣ se ɛɖʊ-tʊ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-laɣsɩ taa. Ɛnʊ kɛna kajalaɣ tʊ weyi ekpeɣa nɛ eyele kpayi kpayi cɔlɩyɛ lɩɩ. Emmanuel Kant ñalɩzɩɣ cɔlʊʊ tɔmpiye nɩɣ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se pɩkɛ lɛɣtʊ kpayi kpayi nɛ paɣtʊ nɛ siɣsiɣ caɣʊ kɛ paa mbʊ pɩ-taa.

Pɩnaɣ 1847 posusa takayaɣ nakɛyɛ tɔm George Boole mana-kɛ payaa-kɛ se *Mathematical Analysis of Logic*, nɛ *An Investigation Into the Laws of Thought, on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities*. Ka-taa peeɖe Boole yɔɔdʊʊ cɔlɩyɛ kɩfaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ tɔm, ɖɩwɛna kɛlɛmɩŋ nɛ tʊʊzʊʊ paɣtʊ.

Tɔm kɛdʊʊ taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ pɩkɛdɩna ɛyaa sakɩyɛ nɛ cɔlɩyɛ tɔm kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Aristote paɣtʊ naatozo ndʊ nɛ ɛzɩma pataka ɖooo Leibniz cɔlɔ se pɩsa nɛ palabɩna akɔnta nɛ kʊyʊm kʊyʊm kalɩnaʊ. Tɔm kɛdɩtʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩpaza ɖɩwɛ ɖeu piŋ ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ taa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛzɩ Aristote yaa Stoïci ɛyaa tɛ mbʊ yɔ yaa Leibniz waa pɛ-tɛ mbʊ yɔ palaba ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ cɔlɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ.
# Pɩnzɩ kutoku

Pɩnzɩ kutoku kɛŋna pɩnzɩ mɩŋɩŋ hiu. Fenasɩ takayaɣ taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ kpɛɖɛ ŋga fɛyɩ. Fenasɩ takayaɣ ŋga ɖɩɖɩɩna-kɛ naʊ nɛ ɖɩtɩŋɩɣ kapaɣtʊ yɔɔ yɔ, Anno Domini lɩzɩna-kɛ nɛ kacalaɣ pɩnaɣ kutoku paɣzɩna kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɔɔnɔɔ wiye pɩna kɔɔnɔɔ ŋga; pɩnzɩ kutoku naalɛ ñɩŋga ñapaɣzɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɔɔnɔɔ wiye pɩnaɣ 1001 nɛ pɩnzɩ kutoku naadozo ñɩŋga ñapaɣzɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɔɔnɔɔ wiye pɩnaɣ 2001.

Pakalʊʊ pɩnzɩ kutoku yɔ pɩtakɩlɩ kaɖɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pakalʊʊ akɔnta ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ kutokiŋ hiu lɛ pʊsɔzɩ kʊɖʊm. Mbʊ labɩna yee pɩkɛ pɩnaɣ ɛzɩ 1999 yɔ palakɩ 190 pɔsɔzɩ 1 lɛ pɩlaba 20, pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ wɛɛ pɩnzɩ kutokiŋ naatozo ŋga taa.
# Claude Debussy

Claude Debussy ca 1908, foto av Félix Nadar
Claude Debussy kɛ Fransɩɩ hendu luɖuu yaa hendu lɩzɩyʊʊ. Palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1862 taa kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 Saint-Germain-en-Laye tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 1918 taa lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 Paari tɛtʊ taa. Wɩsɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɛsɩwaɣ pɩnaɣ 1894 taa kɛ kajalaɣ minziki kɩfalʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ lɛ, Debussy caŋ ɛñɩɣ niiye kpaagba ɛtʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ ɛsɩnda miziki ɖoŋ. Tobi taa lɛ, ɛkɛ Wagner ɛgbaɣdʊ pɩnaɣ 1889 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ pʊwayi lɛ, ɛkɛ kʊɖʊɖʊm kaɖɩnaʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tʊ e-fezuu caɣʊ tɩŋga taa, nɛ ekizi ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ cɔlʊtʊ lɩmaɣza tɩŋɛ payi.

Quant j'ai ouy le tambourin
Piyano kaakɛnɩ ɛ-tʊma taa kajalaɣ tʊmɩyɛ (ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ ɖɔʊ Fransɩɩ minziki taa nɛ Gabriel Fauré ñɩŋgʊʊ taa) nɛ ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tayʊʊ kitiluu nakʊyʊ ŋgʊ kiseɣtuu ɛyʊ siŋ yɔ. Claude Debussy kɛnɛ minziki ŋgʊ kɩhɛzɩɣ ɛyʊ laŋɩyɛ nɛ helim kɩbam yɔ pɩ-lɩzɩyʊ. Kɩwɛtʊ caɣ ɖeu pɩtɩfɛyɩ miziki hɔɔlʊʊ taa siŋ. André Boucourechliev cɔlɔ lɛ, ɛnʊ kaanɩ kɛʊ kpaɣɖʊ 20 wɛɛ taa miziki kɩlʊʊ keeke.

Ɛ-caa Manuel-Achille, ɛɛkɛ sɔɔja kɩbɩnʊ nɛ e-ɖoo Victorine Manuory, patɩŋa paakɛ cʊŋ ɖeɣsi pɛdɩyaa. Fenasɩ hiu nɛ kʊyʊmaɣ wayɩ lɛ, hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 pɩnaɣ 1860 taa, palʊlɩ ɛ-kɔɔ Adèle loniye kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Pɔsɔ Claude Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 1864 taa kɛ Saint-Germain Ɛsɔ kpaŋ taa nɛ ɛ-tɛ kpaŋgbamɩŋ kɔyɔ kozaɣ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ ɛnɛyɔ Achille Arosa nɛ halʊʊ ñɩnʊ yɔ ɛ-caa neŋ Clémentine Debussy.

Beau soir
Debussy labɩ pɩnzɩ hiu kɛ Paari nesi tɛɛ ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ tʊma ɖɩlaɖɛ. Ɛsʊ pɩta nɛ ɛla pɩnaɣ lɛ, Ambroise Thomas kaakɛnɩ sukuli ñʊʊ tʊ. Powona-ɩ pama ɛ-hɩɖɛ piyano ɖaŋ taa Antoine Marmontel, aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 pɩnaɣ 1872 nɛ pʊkɔma kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa lɛ powona-ɩ henduu ɖɩ-kpɛlɛkɩyɛ ɖaŋ taa kɛ Albert Lavignac cɔlɔ. Ɛyaa tɩŋa tɔŋ se ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa kpansʊyʊ nɛ paa ɖoye lɛ, ɛcakɩ wayi kɛ sukuli. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ, e-ɖoo kpɛyɩ nɛ ɛsa laɣsɩ nzɩ sɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ, pɩtɛ lɛɛzɩ pʊyʊ pʊɖɔ. Kɔyɔ ɛ-tɛ wɩlɩyaa ñɔtɔŋ se ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ ñʊʊ taa lɔŋ yɔ nɛ kɛcɛyɩɣ katɩ yɔ.

First movement of "Children's corner"
Henduu natʊyʊ Debussy teɣa kɔla fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1873 alɩwaatʊ Marmontel tɛ, Alphonse Duverrnoy koo ɛ-nɔɔ taa se tɩwɛ ɖeu piŋ. Marmontel ñɔsɔzɩ pɩyɔɔ pɩsɩŋa pɩnaɣ lɛ, tɔm natʊyʊ ɖɩhʊyɛ se pɩɣa kɩbaŋa, camɩyɛ henduu teyu kɩbanʊ, ɛkaɣ kɛʊ henduu lɩzɩyʊ siŋ, lidaʊ wɛ e-fezuu kɩyakɩŋ kɩkɔmɩŋ taa. Ɛlɛ, ɛ-sukuli ɖaŋ taa lɛ, pahʊna-ɩ se ɛlaɣsɩ yaa ɛ-yɔɔdaɣ ɛyaa ɛsɩnda tacaɣ kpoyi. Ɛcɛɣ ɛ-tɩ nɛ ɛñɔɔzɩ nɛ Marmontel ma mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1874 taa se pɩwɛ ɖeu, ñɛ-tɛ kalɩtʊ taa nɛ tɔm yaʊ matʊ taa nɛ nɔ-yɔɔdaɣ taa.
# YouTube

Logo de Youtube
YouTube kɛ mbʋ payaɣ se ɛntɛrɩnɛtɩ yɔ, pɩ-hayɩm tɛ wilaʋ nakʋyʋ. Kɩkɛ « site web » nakʋyʋ. Ɛntɛrɩnɛtɩ hayɩm taa wilaʋ ŋ́gʋ kɩ-taa wɛ fideyonaa ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛyaa mba palakɩ tʋmɩyɛ nɛ YouTube yɔ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛyaa mba pasʋʋ wilaʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa yɔ, papɩzɩɣ petiyini ɖama pe-fideyonaa ndɩ ndɩ.

Siège de YouTube, San Bruno, California
Papɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ pala ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ fideyinaa mba petiyiɣni ɖama yɔ pɔ-yɔɔ. Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ 2005 ñɩŋa taa pama YouTube kpou. Ɖajanaa panɛ : Steve Chen nɛ Chad Hurley nɛ Jawed Karim pamana-kʋ. Ɛyaa naadozo panɛ, paakɛ PayPal pɩlɩʋ taa tʋmlaɖaa kɩbɩma nabɛyɛ.

Steve Chen
Aloma fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2006 ñɩŋa taa Google yaba PayPal pɩlɩʋ. Liidiye dollars waa 1,65 miiliyarɩ kɛ Google hɛyaa nɛ kɩtɩɣyɩ PayPal pɩlɩʋ. San Bruno tɛtʋ taa PayPal pɩlɩʋ taa tʋmɩyɛ wɛɛ. San Bruno tɛtʋ kɛ Californie ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ natʋyʋ.

Chad Hurley - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2009
Pɩnaɣ 2009 taa pɔcɔnaa nɛ pana lɛ, ɛyaa ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa 350 mbʋ yɔ sʋʋ YouTube pɩlɩʋ taa paa fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa. Aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ lutozo ñɩŋʋ (28) wiye, pɩnaɣ 2010 taa, pɔcɔnaa lɛ, ɛyaa mba patamsɩ pa-kpasɩ nɛ YouTube pɩlɩʋ yɔ, patalɩ ɛyaa miiliyarɩ.

Saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pɔcɔnaa lɛ, kpasɩ nzɩ sɩtamsɩnɩ sɩ-tɩ nɛ YouTube pɩlɩʋ yɔ, sɩ-taa payɩ lɛ, PewDiePie kpayaɣ yɔɔ ɛyaa kɩlɩna ɖɔʋ. Salaŋ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2016 taa, pɔcɔnaa pana lɛ, ɛyaa ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa nɩɩnɩwa (50) yɔ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ wɛ PewDiePie kpayaɣ yɔɔ. YouTube pɩlɩʋ taa fideyonaa tɩŋa taa payɩ lɛ, Ɖajaa Wiz nɛ Ɖajaa Charlie Puth pɛ-tɛ fideyoo ŋgʋ payaɣ se *See You Again* (pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se 'Pɩlabɩ tasɩ' kabɩyɛ taa) yɔ ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ cɔnaʋ.

Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa palɩzɩ *See You Again* tɛ fideyoo nɛ ɛyaa miiliyarɩ waa 2,9 nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ cɔŋna fideyoo ŋ́gʋ. Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 2017 taa YouTube kaɖa kpayɩ se ɛyaa miiliyarɩ cɔŋna fideyinaa paa evemiye nɖɩ.
# Fiyoolɔɔ

Fiyoolɔɣ Stainer
Fiyoolɔɣ kɛna mʊsɩ labʊ wonu kɩmabʋʋ. Palaba-kʋ nɛ nimasi n̄ɩʋ n̄ɩʋ nɛ sɩkpɩtina ɖama ɖɔɖɔ camɩyɛ. Kʋ-yɔ nɛ wondu 71, tɩ-wɛ ɖasɩ tɩyɛ. Pɛkpɛnda wondu ndʊ nɛ ɖama. Wonuu fiyoolɔɣ kʋnɛ kɩ-wɛna nimasi nanaaza, nɛ hɛkʋʋ nɛ hɛkʋʋ lɛ pila kagbaanzɩ. Nimasi sɩnɛ yɔ, sɩ-yɔɔ kɛ fiyoolɔɣ tʋ yaa maɖʋʋ kpɩtʋʋna nɛ e-nee yaa. Ɛ-kpɩtʋʋ nɛ eyeki mbʋ lɛ, kɛ wilitu yaa tilitu lɩʋ.

Violoniste
Mʊsɩ labʊ wonu mabʋʋ kpɛlɛkʋ ɖeɖe yaa cɔlʋtʋ ɖeɖe ɛzɩ katɔr(quatot) nimasi n̄ɩŋgʋ ɖeɖe yaa mʋsɩ tɩnaa ɖɩjaɣyɛ sɛmfoniiki hɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, fiyoolɔɣ mʊsɩ labʊ wonu wonuu kʋnɛ kɩ-kɛna kɩklɩ kɛʋ cikpeluu yɔ.
Kɩ-tɛ witu yaa sɛʊ polindaa kɩlɩna wɛʋ ɖɔɖɔ wilitu taa yaa tilitu hɔlʋʋ taa fɩɩnɩnɩ ɛ-hɔʋʋ taa. Kɩ-na alɩto pɔ-hɔʋʋ kɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ. Panɛ pa-taa peɖe ɖɔɖɔ pʋtɔbʋ pɔ-hɔʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ taa mba kɛlɛ fiyoolɔnsɩyɛɛlɛ nɛ kɔntrebassɩ. Palɩza mʊsɩ labʊ wonu wonuu kɩmabʋʋ kʋnɛ kɛ kpaɖʋ 16 taa kɛnɛ. Ɖɩtɩlɩ kpakpa size wonuu kʋnɛ kɩcaŋga kʋtɔyɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ lɔŋ kpem.

violin étendue
Fiyoolɔɣ wonuu mʊsɩ labʊ wonu n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnɛ, kɩ-paza kʋwɛ fefeɖe kɛ mʊsɩ labʊ wonu kʋcɔlʋʋ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ kiŋ hɔlʋʋ taa. Soo lɩzɩyɩyaa sʋsaa sakɩyɛ maɣ tɔm coɣ kɛ wonuu fiyoolɔɣ ŋgʋ kɩ-yɔ (concertos yɔ, nɛ mʊsɩ labʊ wonu kuduyuu tɛ n̄ɩŋgʋ yɔ, nɛ pɩtasɩna sɛmfoniki hɔlaɣ yɔ ɖɔɖɔ). Pamakaɣ pamaɣma kɛ(Vivaldi, nɛ Bach, nɛ Mozart ɖɔɖɔ). Fiyoolɔɣ maɖaa nabɛyɛ mba paawɛ kpaɖʋ 19 taa yɔ, pa-hɩlaɣ ka-wilaɣ yaa kaɣsɛna kedeŋa kpeekpe siŋŋ. Pɩlɩna po-soo tɩlɩtʋ mabʋ yɔ. Pa-taa nɔɔyʋ hɩɖɛ kɛlɛ Paganini.
# Ɖaɣlakɩŋ (longeur)

Mètre à ruban
Payaɣ mbʊ se ɖaɣlakɩŋ (longueur) yɔ, paa wonuu kɩlɩzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna kɩ-ɖaɣlakɩŋ. Wondu natʊyʊ ɖaɣlakɩŋ pɩzɩɣ ɛkɛ kʊɖʊmʊm, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ wondu ndʊ tɩɖaɣlɩ kɩmaŋ. Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, ɖaɣlakɩŋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ.

Ɖaɣlakɩŋ sɔsɔŋ wɛɛ nɛ ɖalakɩŋ cikpeŋ ñɛwɛɛ. Ɖaɣlakɩŋ sɔsɔŋ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se « longueur » nɛ payaa ɖaɣlakɩŋ cikpeŋ se « largeur ». Ɖaɣlakɩŋ sɔsɔŋ kɩlɛmʊʊ yaa kumoɖe kɔyɔ « L » nɛ ɖaɣlakɩŋ cikpeŋ kumoɖe lɛ « l ». Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se yee pama mayaɣ « L » kɔyɔ, ɛyʊ naɣ mbʊ se wonuu nakʊyʊ ɖaɣlakɩŋ tɔm pɔyɔɔdʊʊ nɛ yee pama mayaɣ « l » yɔ, pɩwɩlɩɣ se wonuu nakʊyʊ tɛ ɖaɣlakɩŋ cikpeŋ tɔm pɔyɔɔdʊʊ.

Nonius of a caliper; shows value 3.58 mm
Ɖɩkpaɣ kuduyuŋ nɔnɔsɩ nɛ ɖɩna. Kuduyuu nɔnɔɔ tɛ pɔɔyʊʊ wɛna hɔɔlʊʊ naanza. Hɔɔlɩŋ naanza ɛnʊ, ɛɖaɣla kɩmaŋ naalɛ naalɛ. Hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ ɖaɣlʊʊ yɔ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se « longueur » nɛ payaa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩtatalɩ hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ ɖaɣlʊʊ yɔ se « largeur ». Hɔɔlɩŋ kitibiŋ wɛ naalɛ, ɛ-ɖaɣlakɩŋ wɛ kɩmaŋ. Hɔɔlɩŋ kitibiŋ ɛnʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «longueur ». Hɔɔlɩŋ kɩkaaŋ ñɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ naalɛ nɛ ɛlɛ ɖa-lakɩŋ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɩmaŋ. Payaɣ ɛlɛ ɖa-lakɩŋ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se « largeur ».

Cale etalon
Pamaɣzɩɣ wonuu ɖaɣlakɩŋ nɛ mɛta. Wonuu ɖaɣlakɩŋ pɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ mɛta (mètre) kʊɖʊmʊʊ yaa mɛtanaa naalɛ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʊ-yɔɔ. Wonuu ɖaɣlakɩŋ pɩzɩ pɩkɛ santimɛta kʊɖʊmʊʊ yaa naalɛ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʊ-yɔɔ. Wondu ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ ɖaɣlʊʊ yɔ, tʊtʊ ɖaɣlakɩŋ kɛɣ kilomɛtanaa ndɩ ndɩ mbʊ yɔ. Wonuu ɖaɣlakɩŋ ɛɛlɩɣna soŋaɣ yaa niikaɣ yaa nabʊyʊ cɔlɔ.