Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Wɩsɩ kʋdɔŋ

Paludisme
Anopheles stephensi
Payaɣ wɩsɩ kʋdɔŋ ɖɔɖɔ se pʋtʋ kʋdɔŋ. Kʋdɔŋ piye nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɛzɩ kʋdɔŋ piye nɖɩ payaɣ se plazmodɩyɔm yɔ, nɖɩ haɣna wɩsɩ kʋdɔŋ. Pɔɖʋʋ halɩn̄ɩŋgʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se anofɛɛlɩ yɔ n̄asɩɣna ɛyʋ nɛ kɩɖɛsɩ-ɩ kʋdɔŋ piye nɖɩ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ kɩn̄asɩɣ ɛyʋ weyi wɩsɩ kʋdɔŋ kpa-ɩ yɔ, kɩn̄ɔʋ ɛ-calɩm taa kʋdɔŋ piye nɖɩ nɛ kiwolo kɩn̄asɩ weyi wɩsɩ kʋdɔŋ takpa-ɩ yɔ nɛ kɩɖɛzɩ ɛlɛɛ kʋdɔŋ piye nɖɩ nɛ ɛlɛ tɔlɩ kʋdɔŋ kpaakpaa. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ wɩsɩ kʋdɔŋ piye sʋʋ ɛyʋ calɩm taa yɔ, ɖɩkʋʋ ɛyʋ calɩm taa tooto pe wena alʋkɩna kʋdɔmɩŋ yɔ.

Fighting malaria (10695084334)
Pɩnaɣ 2013 taa wɩsɩ kʋdɔŋ kpa ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa 207 nɛ pa-taa lɛ, ɛyaa 627 000 hiɣ sɩm. Yee mbʋ wɩsɩ kʋdɔŋ kɩlɩɣna ɛyaa kʋʋ kedeŋ yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Piya nzɩ sɩtatalɩda pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ yɔ nɛ halaa hosi tɩnaa wɩsɩ kʋdɔŋ kɩlɩɣ kʋʋ. Ajɛya wena awɛ Sahara nɛ pɩ-tɛɛ Afrɩka hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ, a-ɛyaa mɩnʋʋ yɔɔ lɛ, wɩsɩ kʋdɔŋ kpa ɛyaa 80.

An Angolan women holds a box of Coartem, an anti-malarial drug
# Charles Darwin

|  |
| --- |
| **Charles Darwin** |
|  |
|  Charles Darwin |
| **Informa** |
| Ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ | Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ |
| Ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ | Wezuu lɛɣtʋ tʋ |
| Ɛ-ɖɩlʋlɩyɛ | Shrewsbury, Aŋgiletɛɛrɩ |
| E-efemiye kɩlʋlɩyɛ | lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 12 n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1809 |
| Ɛ-ɖɩsɩbɩyɛ | Downe tɛtʋ taa, Aŋgiletɛɛrɩ |
| E-efemiye kɩsɩbɩyɛ | ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 19 n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1882 |
|  |

Ɖajaa Charles Darwin
Palʋla Charles Darwin lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 12 n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1809 taa Shrewsbury tɛtʋ taa Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛsɩba ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 19 n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1882 taa Downe tɛtʋ taa, Aŋgiletɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.

Charles Darwin statue National History Museum, Londres
Darwin kɛ Britaniiki tʋ. Ɛlaba wezuu lɛɣtʋ (Biologie) yɔ. Payaɣ ɛ-halʋ se Emma Wedgwood. Ɛ-pɩɣa hɩɖɛ lɛ George Darwin. E-koou kɛlɛ Francis Galton. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Robert Darwin. E-ɖoo hɩɖɛ lɛ Susannah Wedgwood. Ɛ-cɔzɔ payaɣ se Erasmus Darwin.

Caricature of Charles Darwin as a monkey on the cover of La Petite Lune, a Parisian satirical magazine published by André Gill from 1878 to 1879.
## Ɛ-takayɛsɩ

Darwin ma takayɩsɩ nzɩ yɔ, sɩ-taa nasɩyɛ kɔyɔ :

* *De l'origine des espèces* (1859)
* *La Filiation de l'homme et la sélection liée au sexe* (1871)
* *L'expression des émotions chez l'homme et les animaux* (1872)
# Tomnaɣ lɛɣtʋ

**Tomnaɣ lɛɣtʋ** kɛ mbʋ pʋwɛ wezuu yɔ pɩ-lɛɣtʋ. Tɛtʋ lɛɣtʋ natʋyʋ nɛ mbʋ pʋwɛ wezuu yɔ pɩ-caanaʋ tɔm natʋyʋ pɛwɛ tomnaɣ lɛɣtʋ pɩlɩʋ taa.

**Lɛɣtʋ**

Caanaʋ tɔm‎ • Kedeŋa tʋʋzʋʋ lɛɣtʋ • Tɩnzɩ lɛɣtʋ • Tomnaɣ lɛɣtʋ‎
# Krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ

Ancient greek dialects-grc
Krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ caanaʊ tɔm kɛna Krɛsɩ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛ kpaɖʊ naakʊ nɛ ntalɩ kpaɖʊ naanza pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu-Chrɩstʊ.

Kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, yɔɔdasɩɩ kɔɖɔ sakɩyɛ, nɛ pekpeelɩ-sɩ lona naanza. Arcadochypriote nɛ Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa (Occidental) nɛ éolien nɛ ionien-attikii waa. Krɛsɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔɔdaɣ fɛyɩna tɔbʊʊ nɩʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ pacaɣ se pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ lɛ pɩkɩtɩ nɛ wɛ ageeda taa kʊnʊmɩŋ kɩbɩŋ yɔɔ. Tɔm kɛdʊ taa lɛ, Krɛsɩ kɩbɩnɩʊ lɩzɩʊ Attikii, kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ ionien-attikii mba yɔɔdʊʊ yɔɔ, kɩkɛ Atɛnɩ kɩbɩnɩʊ kʊŋʊŋ.

Kɩkɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa pamana sakɩyɛ krɛsɩ yɔɔlɩɩ masɩ. Helllénistikii alʊwaatʊ taa nɛ Hellénofɔnɩ ɛyaa tɛ ɖama siduu yele nɛ koinè pɩsɩ ɖama tɛ kʊnʊŋ. Koinɛ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna yɔɔdasɩ sakɩyɛ taa, ionien-attikii agbela taa nɛ kɩcaɣ nɛ kʊkʊʊ woɖe yɔ woɖe yɔ kʊnʊŋ lɛɛŋ tɛ labɩnaʊ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩbɩsɩ canaʊ lingua franca, nɛ kɩnɛ Latɛnɩ pe-heluu ɖama.

Koinè pɩsɩ pʊwayi kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ wɩsɩ ɖʊɖʊyɛ Romanɩ awiyaa caa kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pʊcɔ kɩ-huu nɛ kɩyele se Krɛsɩ sɔnɔ ŋgʊ ɛwɛ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Ɛndɩ-Erɔpʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ kɩbɩŋ lɛɛŋ yɔɔ, Krɛsɩ tɔmpe pɩsɩʊ kʊya ɛsɔtaa.
# Lɛɣtʋ

Baffled LIGO Scientists
**Lɛɣtʋ** (Fransɩɩ taa payaɣ se science, Latɛɛ taa ’lɛ scientia, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se sɩmtʋ) kɛna wembu ɛyʋ kpɛlɛkaa nɛ ɛsɩm-pʋ yɔ, wembu ɛyʋ sɩma se pɩkɛ toovenim, ndɛŋgbɛzaɣ fɛyɩ yɔ. Pɩkpɛndaa pɩkɛna sɩmtʋ, kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ wɛtʋ natʋyʋ taa tazʋʋ. Patazɩɣ se pañɩnɩ nabʋyʋ, tazʋʋ pʋmbʋ, pɩwɛna nɩmaʋ kɩtɩŋgʋʋ lɩŋŋŋ. Nɛ wembu pɔtɔŋ-pʋ se ɛɛɛ yɔ, paa anɩ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtakɩ nɛ ɛna nɛ etisi se toovenim ɛɛɛ.

Fish scientist in a laboratory
Wembu mansɩmawaa cejewiye (*communauté savante*), ɖɩnɖɩ kandayɩɣna sɩyansɩwaa yɔɔ, ñɩnɩɣ yɔɔ ’lɛ se sɩyansɩtʋ sɩmtʋ (*connaissances scientifiques*) ɛkɛna wembu ɛyaa ñɩnaa, pakpa petii, pɛlɛlɩ, paɖʋ tozo, nɛ paa anɩ ɛɖʋ pʋ-nʋmaʋ taa ɛlɩɩ sɩmltʋ kʋɖʋmatʋ tʋndʋ tʋ-yɔɔ, nɛ paa pɩkakɩlɩ we, weyi ɛɖɔma pʋ-nʋmaʋ taa paa le, ɛkalɩɩ kʋɖʋmatʋ tʋndʋ tʋ-yɔɔ’ɔ paa ɛzɩmtaa. Piyele nɛ sɩyansɩtʋ nʋmaŋɖɔm nɛ sɩyansɩtʋ tɔm taa wɛtʋ yɔ, paba kɛna sɩmtʋ lʋlʋʋ wembu yɔ, nɛ wembu ɛyaa lakɩna tʋmɩyɛ se pʋlʋlɩ sɩmtʋ yɔ. Wembu pasɩmna-wɛ yɔ kɛna wembu pañɩnɩɣ yɔ. pʋbʋʋ yɔ se pasɩna ɛyaa nɛ panɩɩ nɛ palɩzɩ kedeŋga nɛ kɔ-yɔɔ tɔm pɔ-tɔbʋʋ nɛ pɩsa nɩʋ kɛlɛʋ - pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se sɩmtʋ wendu tɩlɩɣ yɔ, tɩ nɛ wembu pɩwɛ keekee yɔ, ndɩwɛtʋ natʋyʋ ɛdaawɛɛ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa.

Scientist examines COVID-19 vaccine agar plate
Ɛzɩ kpalɩtʋ (*dogmes*) tɔŋgʋʋ se toovenim tɔm ɖɔɖɔ tɩñɩnɩɣ yɔ, sɩyansɩ ñɛfɛyɩ sɔnɔmɛndɛma tɔm taa. Paa ɛzɩmtaa kʋ-tɔm ɛdamaɣ weyi, ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛpɩɣyɩ. Sɩmtʋ maɣmaɣ nɛ ñɩnʋʋ nʋmɔŋɖɔm, ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ enii-wɛ nɛ ɛsɛ nɛ ɛlɛɣzɩ-wɛ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, sɩyansɩwaa ñɩnɩɣ se panɩɩ kedeŋga nɛ kɔ-yɔɔ wɛtʋ, nɛ pana pɩ-taa wembu pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩla ceewayɩ yɔ, nɛ pala-pʋ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ wazaɣ nakɛyɛ nʋmɔʋ taa. Ɛyʋ ɛwɛyɛ taa ɛnaɣ wembu yɔ, pʋmbʋ kpɛzɩɣnɩna sɩyansɩwaa pamba. Sɩmtʋ tʋndʋ tɩkɛna tɛkɩniki ɛsɩndaa wobinaʋ tigiɖe nɛ tɛkɩniki kʋkʋ ñɛwɛɛ wazaɣ sɔsɔa ɛyʋ wezuu caɣʋ taa.

Ɖoo kiɖe tɛɛ ’lɛ, sɩyansɩ kamalɩna filozofii sɛɛsɛɛ. Dominique Lecourt ma pʋmbʋʋ ɛ-takayaɣ nakɛyɛ taa se : ñɔkɔyɩnaʋ nimiye naɖɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ ɖitamsɩ sɩyansɩwaa nɛ lɩmaɣza labʋ tɔm wendu payaɣ se filozofii yɔ. Wembu pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ñʋʋ taa maɣzɩyaa nabɛye kɛqɛ Ionie pɩnzɩ mɩnaɣ VII ñɩŋga taa pʋcɔ palʋlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʋʋ. Pamba labɩna lɩmaɣzɩyɛ se wembu pɩlakɩ kedeŋga yɔɔ yɔ, pu-kubuuzutu wɛ kedeŋga yɔɔ. Kajalaɣ sɩyansɩ tɔm taa sɩmtʋ wɩla pʋmmbʋ na. Dominique Lecourt ñɔtɔma se filozɔfʋwaa kajalaɣñɩma ñalakaɣ ɖɔɖɔ sɩyansɩ (ɛlɛ pedesidiɣ filozofi nɛ sɩyansɩ).

Sɩyansɩ wɛna pilinzi ndɩ ndɩ nɛ paa weŋga’lɛ, kapama ɛsɛ nɛ sɩyansɩ sɩmtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ solo. Ɛzɩ matematikiwaa, simii, fiziki, piolozii, mekaniki, ɔpɩtiki, farɩmasii, asɩtronomii, arɩkiyolozii, tɔsʋʋ, sosiyolozii, ppw. Paatɔŋ se patʋʋ tʋʋʋ wembu yɔ, pɩtɛma, yaa nɔɔyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtasɩ pɩ-taa tʋʋʋ. Papɩzɩɣ patasɩ tʋʋʋ paa sɩyansɩ piliŋga weŋga ’lɛ ka-taa, pɩpɩzaa pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kpeɣu taa. Paa piliŋga weŋga ’lɛ, kɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ sɩyansɩ tem.
# Kedeŋa tʋʋzʋʋ lɛɣtʋ

Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa nakɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ kɔcɔŋna ɛzɩma kedeŋa wɛɛ yɔ pʋ-yɔɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, kɛkpɛlɛkɩɣ se katɩlɩ kedeŋa yɔɔ wɛtʋ nɛ kama nɛ katʋʋzɩ kedeŋa wɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ takayɩsɩ taa.
Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga keyekina se ɛyʋ ɛtɩlɩ mbʋ pɩlakɩ nɛ yolum yoluu nɛ lʋŋʋyɛ lʋŋʋʋ yɔ. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga keheyiɣna ɛyʋ soŋaɣ alɩwaatʋ nɛ niikaɣ alɩwaatʋ. Kasɩma kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ tɛ wɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kasɩma se, Amerika tɛtʋ wandamm taa lɛ, yolum yoluu alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ nɛ tʋnɛ nɛ lʋŋʋyɛ ñalʋŋ alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ nɛ tʋnɛ. Kasɩma se, Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ wandamm taa lɛ, alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ nɛ tʋnɛ yolum yoluu nɛ alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ nɛ tʋnɛ lʋŋʋyɛ lʋŋʋʋ.

Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga kasɩma ɖɔɖɔ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ lʋŋʋyɛ lʋŋʋʋ nɛ yolum ñoyoli yɔ. Tobi se, lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga, kasɩma kedeŋa kpeekpe tɛtʋ wandamm wandamm waa tɩŋa taa wɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ.

Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga katʋʋzʋʋna paa tɛtʋ wandamm ndʋ lɛ ti-lone nɛ tɩ-walanzɩ nɛ tɩ-laŋ nɛ tɩ-tɛtʋ wɛtʋ nɛ tɩ-taa ñɩm ndɩ ndɩ. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga kañɩnɩɣna nɛ katɩlɩ paa tɛtʋ wandamm ndʋ lɛ tɩ-ajɛya ñʋʋ. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga kañɩnɩɣna nɛ katʋʋzɩ paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ, ɖi-lone nɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ nɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ wɛtʋ nɛ tɩ-taa ñɩm tɩŋa lona.

Paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ, pɛtɛyɩ-ɖɩ ageeta sɔsɔŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ paa egeetiye nɖɩ lɛ, pɛtɛyɩ-ɖɩ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Pɩtɩŋa payɩ mbʋ yɔ, lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga kañɩnɩɣna nɛ katɩlɩ pɩtŋa nɛ katʋʋzɩ ɛyaa takayɩsɩ taa. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga ɖɔɖɔ kañɩnɩɣna nɛ katɩlɩ haba sɔsɔna ndɩ ndɩ nɛ cikpena wena pɛhɛ paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ, ɖɩ-taa yɔ. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga, kañɩnɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ se katɩlɩ tomiye nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɛyʋ nɛ mbʋ pʋcɔ-ɩ payɩ nɛ pɩta yɔ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa.

**Lɛɣtʋ**

Caanaʋ tɔm‎ • Kedeŋa tʋʋzʋʋ lɛɣtʋ • Tɩnzɩ lɛɣtʋ • Tomnaɣ lɛɣtʋ‎
# Ɖɩjaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ

Ɛyʋ tɛkɛ kpakpayaɣ se ɛsʋʋ lɩm tɛɛ. Ɛtɛkɛ sumaɣ se ɛsʋʋ tɩŋ yɔɔ. Ɛyʋ ɖɔŋ tataa. Paa weyi ɛwɛnɩ lone naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛcakɩ ɖɩ-taa. Lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyʋ cakɩ yɔ, lɛɣtʋ piliŋa nakɛyɛ nɛ kañɩnɩɣ se katɩlɩ ɛyʋ nɛ e-lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛcaɣ yɔ siŋŋ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kañɩnɩɣ se kana mbʋ pɩtamsʋʋ ɛyʋ nɛ e-lone nɖɩ ɛcaɣ ɖɩ-taa yɔ. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga payaɣ se ɖɩjaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ.

Ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ pikliŋa ñɩnɩɣ se katɩlɩ ɛyaa siŋŋ po-lona ndɩ ndɩ wena a-taa pacaɣ wezuu yɔ. Pɩtɩŋɩɣna ɛyʋ tɛ lakasɩ yɔɔ nɛ pʋcɔ ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa taa ñɩnɩyaa pɩzɩ patɩlɩ mbʋ pɩtamsʋʋ ɛyʋ nɛ e-lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛcaaɣ yɔ.

Pɩtɩŋa payɩ pɩ-tɩlʋʋ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛyaa wezuu tɩnaa tɩlʋʋ nɛ po-lona ndɩ ndɩ wena a-taa pacaɣ wezuu yɔ pɩ-tɩlʋʋ nɛ mbʋ pɩtamsʋʋ-wɛ nɛ po-lona yɔ pɩ-tɩlʋʋ payaɣ se ekosizitɛm. Ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa wɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa sɔsaɣ nakayɛ taa. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa kɩwalaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɖɩjaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa wɛɛ yɔ, ŋgaa lɛ mbʋ pʋcɔ-ɖʋ nɛ pɩta yɔ, pɩ-lɛɣtʋ piliŋa.

Ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa kɛ ɖizobiye lɛɣtʋ piliŋa. Pɩnaɣ 1866 taa ɖizobiye lɛɣtʋ piliŋ ñʋʋ. Wezuu kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɩlɩyʋ sɔsɔ, ɖajaa Ernst Haeckel lɩzɩna ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ Caama tʋ. Ɛma takayaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ ɛyaa-kɛ se « Morphologie générale des organismes ». Ɛ-takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛmaa se ɖɩjaɣyɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa kɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kañɩnɩɣ se katɩlɩ mbʋ pɩtamsʋʋ ɛyaa nɛ po-lona ndɩ ndɩ wena a-taa pɛcaɣ wezuu yɔ.
# Kɩbɩnjaazɩ Krɛsɩ

Delphi (XLVII) (5526015227)
Tɔmpiye kɩbɩjaazɩ Krɛkɩ ɖɩkɛ ɖooo kɩbɩjaazɩ Krɛkɩ tɛ ɛsakuliye ɛyaa nɛ tɩlɩtʊ tɛ ɛyaa. Ɖɩnɩɣ keeke kɔyɔ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kɩbɩjaazɩ Krɛkɩ tɔm lɛ, pɩkɛ Krɛkɩ kɩlɛɣzʊʊ yaa cɔlɩɩ tɛ Krɛkɩ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kpaɣɖʊ 5 alɩwaatʊ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Chrɩstʊ tɛ Athènes. Tanɩm nɛ sɔndʊʊ tɔm alɩwaatʊ nɛ kpaɖʊ 4 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Chrɩstʊ, Platon nɛ Aristote pɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ.

Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, Krɛkɩ lɔŋ laɣsɩ paɣlɩɣ lɔŋ lɔŋ. Takayasɩ maʊ taa kɩpaɣlaa panɛyɔ Iliade nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Odyssée kpaɣnɛ pɩfɛyɩ pekpoo kɛ kpaɣɖʊ 8 alɩwaatʊ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Chrɩstʊ. Ɛsakuliye ndɩ ɖɩsɩɣ ɖoŋ siŋ kpaɖɩŋ weyi ɛtɩŋgaɣ yɔ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖɩ-wala sakɩyɛ halɩ pɩtalɩ ageeta lɛɛnaa taa.

Apollo-WaltersArt
Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa, Alexandre kɩkɩlʊʊ tʊ yoŋ wabɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ wayɩ lɛ, Krɛkɩ ɛsakuliye sʊ ɖooo kɩbɩm ñɩnɖɛ taa se pɩsa nɛ palɩzɩ Room kewiɣsi tɛ ɛsakuliye.

Hɛkʊ taa ɛwadɩyɛ tɛ fɛʊ taa lɛ, Krɛkɩ ɛsakuliye laba tʊmɩyɛ siŋ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɛzɩma ɖɩpɩza nɛ ɖɩhiɣ yuŋ yaa ɖoŋ weyi Roma taa yɔ, ɖenɖe Krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ pɩsa tɩlɩyɛ tɛ ɛyaa kʊnʊŋ, nɛ ɖoŋ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩlakaɣ arabɩ malɩŋ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-ɖɩ ñalɩzɩ nɛ arabɩ kʊnʊŋ taa Krɛkɩ takayasɩ sakɩyɛ.

CarnegieMuseumofAncientGreek
Pamazɩɣ se mba kɛna ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kɩɖe tɩnaa (ɛyaa mba pʊcɔ Socrate alɩwaatʊ yɔ, Socrate maɣmaɣ nɛ Platon nɛ Aristote nɛ ŋgbaɣ ndɛ mbʊ yɔ). Mba lubina cɔlʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ, pamaɣzɩɣ se mba tʊlɩna lɔŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ tɔm piye piye ñɩnʊʊ (tomnasɩ dɔnɛ tɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ akɔnta labʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ tɩyɩnzɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊma). Krɛkɩ matʊ hiɣ pɩfɛyɩ pekpoo tɩlasɩ ŋñɩɩ, pɩtatalɩ ɖoŋ ɛzɩ pamazɩyaa Room mba yɔ.

Yomaa kpaʊ tʊmɩyɛ kɛpʊdʊʊ yuŋ tʊ weyi ɛtɩna kɩbɩnjaazɩ Krɛkɩ tɛ paɣlaka kɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ alɩwaatʊ tɩŋga taa. Krɛkɩ taa maɣzɩm tɩnaa laɖaa nabɛyɛ ɛzɩ Aristote mbʊ yɔ tɔŋ se yomaa kpaʊ tʊmɩyɛ kiɖe tɛ kaʊ ŋgʊ kɩtɩna Krɛkɩ ɛjaɖɛ, ŋgʊ lalaa ñɔtɔndʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ndɛ.
# Rɩkɛɛ

Sharks-coll-001
Kpakpayaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ payaɣ sɛ **rɩkɛɛ**. Kpakpasɩ ńzɩ, sɩkɛ nzɩ payaɣ se "cartilagineux" waa yɔ. Sɩ-n̄ʋŋ taa nɛ pɔŋ nɛ pɔŋ ɛnʋ ɛtalɩɣ ɛzɩ kakpaanzɩ yaa lʋbɛ mbʋ yɔ. Sɩwɛna keŋ si-siɣa taa nɛ sɩ-n̄ʋŋ cɔlɔ ɛzɩ kpakpasɩ lɛɛsɩ yɔ. Rɩkɛɛnaa wɛ paa lɩŋgamʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa. Kpakpasɩ ńzɩ, sɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɔsɩ sɔsɔsɩ nasɩyɛ taa.

Rɩkɛɛ kɩhʋlʋmaɣ sɔsaɣ, Dyer Island
Pɔɖɔ rɩkɛɛnaa pɩlɩʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛ *rais* naa taa yɔ. Paa nɛ mbʋ yɔ, rɩkɛɛnaa wɛ pɩlɩʋ cikpeluu ŋgʋ payaɣ se *élasmobranche* yɔ kɩ-taa; ɛzɩ *Cladoselache* nɛ *Xenacanthus* naa yɔ. Pana kajalaɣ rɩkɛɛnaa ɖooo Tɛfoniyɛɛ alɩwaatʋ taa, pɩlaba ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 420 "Ma' mbʋ yɔ. Rɩkɛɛnaa kɛ *Kɩrɛstasɩ* nɛ ɖɩnaaʋ -sɩ sɔnɔ, pɩlaba ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 100 "M" yɔ. Rɩkɛɛnaa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Sɩtala tindima 465 mbʋ yɔ. Pɛtɛyɩ-sɩ pɩlɩŋ 35 taa.

Rɩkɛɛnaa nabɛyɛ ɖɩma, ɛlɛ, patɩlɩ-wɛ nɛ pɔ-mɔɔ wena atapʋʋda yɔ. Rɩkɛɛnaa ɖaɣlakɩŋ talɩ ɛzɩ santimɛtɛnaa 17 mbʋ yɔ. Mba paɖaɣlɩ ḿbʋ yɔ, paba lɛ Etmopterus perryi n̄ɩma. Mba payaɣ paba se "rɩkɛɛ-baalɛɛnɩ" waa yɔ, paba ɖaɣlakɩŋ talɩ ɛzɩ santimɛtɛnaa 20 mbʋ yɔ. Paa mbʋ yɔ, "rɩkɛɛ-baalɛɛnɩ" tɔkɩ mbʋ payaɣ se planktɔŋ yɔ nɛ kɩcakɩ wezuu. Teŋgu tɛɛ kʋsʋʋ mɩɩɩ nɛ kihikiɣ kɩ-kʋtɔɔm. Rɩkɛɛnaa sakɩyɛ kɛ mba pɔtɔkɩ nandʋ yɔ. Pakpaɣ-tʋ ɖɔɖɔ kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Rɩkɛɛnaa wɛ paa teŋgu ŋgʋ lɛ kɩ-taa. Papɩsɩɣ petii teŋgu tɛɛ halɩ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 2 500 mbʋ yɔ. Rɩkɛɛnaa tɔsɔɔlɩ caɣʋ lɩm mbʋ pʋwɛ leleŋ yɔ pɩ-taa, ɛlɛ, Rɩkɛɛnaa lɛlaa n̄acakɩ pɩ-taa, ɛzɩ mba payaɣ se "rɩkɛɛ-bouledogues" waa nɛ "rɩkɛɛ de rivière" waa yɔ. Kpakpasɩ sɩnɛ, sɩsɩ pɩsɩɣ sɩcaɣ teŋgu lɩm taa sɩtɛ sɩcaɣ lɩm mbʋ pʋwɛ leleŋ yɔ pɩ-taa.

Rɩkɛɛ
Hɛɛnzɩ ɛzɩ kagbaanzɩ yaa lʋbɛ mbʋ yɔ wɛ rɩkɛɛnaa tamasɩ tɛɛ nɛ hɛɛnzɩ nzɩɩ pefeziɣna. Rɩkɛɛnaa wɛnɩ pɔɔyɩŋ nɩɩyɛ po-tomnasɩ yɔɔ nɛ pɩkandɩɣ pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ kʋdɔmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ ɛɛsʋʋ po-tomnasɩ taa. Pɔɔyɩŋ ɛnʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛlakɩna nɛ payaɣ lɩm camɩyɛ. Rɩkɛɛnaa nɔsɩ taa kela pɩla yem pɩlaɣpɩlaɣ nɛ kɩbɩna holuu nɛ kɩfana n̄ɔn̄ɔʋ.
# Hɛkʊ nɛ Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ

**Hɛkʊ nɛ Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ** kɛ Eerɔpʊ tɛ canaʊ tɔm alɩwaatʊ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩpaɣzɩna kpaɣɖʊ 5 pʊwolo pɩtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ 15. Kpaɣɖʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa Room Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ tɛ Ampiiri paɣzɩ tɔlʊʊ nɛ kɩtɛzɩ tɛŋgɛlɛɛ Ɖanʊʊ lʊlʊʊ alɩwaatʊ nɛ kajalaɣ ñɩnʊʊ nɛ natʊ sɔsɔtʊ alɩwaatʊ.

Wɛɛ anaa awɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ alɩwaatʊ nɛ alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɛtɛyɩ-tʊ pʊɖɔɔ. Ɖɩnaɣ hayi Alɩwaatʊ Kɩmaɣnatʊ (kpaɣɖʊ 6 ŋtalɩ 10 ŋgʊ), hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ Kɩmaɣnatʊ (kpaɣɖʊ 11 ŋtalɩ 13 ŋgʊ) nɛ kɩɖɩnatʊ Alɩwaatʊ Kɩmaɣnatʊ (kpaɣɖʊ 14 ŋtalɩ 15 ŋgʊ).

Ɛyaa kɩɩɖɔʊ nɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɩɩɖɔʊ nɛ ɛyaa sʊʊ nɛ lɩʊ kɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ kɩɖɩnaʊ alɩwaatʊ taa wɛ halɩ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ hayi Kɩmaɣnaʊ Alɩwaatʊ nɛ ɛyaa mɛɛsa tokuli waa sʊʊ nɛ pasɩɩ kewiisi kɩfasɩ kɛ Room Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ ajɛyɛ kɩbɩna lonaa taa. Paa yee alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛɛzɩtʊ ɛlaba pɩlɩna ɛyaa ɛsakuliye cɔlɔ kɔyɔ, patapɩzɩɣ patʊɣʊ pa-tɩ nɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ cɔlɔ tɛ ŋgʊ. Room Ampiri wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩɩna tɛtʊ ñamsʊʊ tɛ tɩlasɩ yɔ kɩɩwɛna ɖoŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩyɛ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Ampiri Pɩzantɛ.

Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kilesa kɩ-tɛ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ kɩmaɣnɩyɛ taa nɛ Afrika nɛ Hayi kiŋ pɩtɩŋna malɩŋ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ñʊŋ tɩ-naa kpaɣɖʊ 7 alɩwaatʊ taa. Wɩsɩ Ɖɩdʊyɛ taa lɛ, kewiisi ajɛyɛ naayɛ mʊwaaɣ Room paɣtʊ naa sakɩyɛ, pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, Krɩstʊ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba kaaɖɩna a-tɩ cɛyʊʊ nɛ amaɣ maacɔ yaa mʊwanɩ waa ɛsɔ sɛtʊ kuduyuŋ.

Frankɩ waa kewiyaɣ ɖɛzɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ, ɛyaa mba paɖanɩ fezuu Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa Krɩstʊ ñɩma tɛ Ampiri kɛ kpaɣɖʊ 9 alɩwaatʊ taa pʊcɔ kɩkɛsɩ kɩ-tɩ pɩlɩna Hayi yɔɔ Vikings waa tɛ yoŋ nɛ Hɔŋirii mba tɛ yoŋ nɛ Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa yɔɔ kiŋ nɛ malɩŋ tɛ ñɩŋ nɛ Haɖɛ yɔɔ kiŋ.

Pɩnaɣ kudoku wayi lɛ, kpaɣna Alɩwaatʊ kɩmaɣnatʊ hɛkʊ taa ndʊ taa lɛ, Eerɔpʊ ajɛyɛ taa ɛyaa ɖɔ piŋ pɩtɩŋna lɛɛzʊʊ kpɛlɩ nɛ kpɛlɩ tɩlɩtʊ yɔɔ, mbʊ piyeba nɛ pehikiɣ tɔɔnasɩ sakɩyɛ haɖaʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa.
# Thomas d'Aquin

St-thomas-aquinas
Thomas Aquinas in Stained Glass crop
**Thomas d'Aquin** kɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊ nɔɔyʊ. Ɛkɛ ɛsɔtɔm mʊyʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ nɛ pasɩma-ɩ camɩyɛ nɛ ɛsɔtɔm takayɩsɩ nzɩ ɛmaa yɔ nɛ lɔnɖɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ takayɩsɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Palʊla-ɩ pɩnzɩ 1224 nɛ 1225 pɛ-hɛkʊ taa kɛ Akino tɛtʊ taa kɛ ɖaɣ sɔsɔɣa nakɩyɩ taa nɛ ɛsɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ lʊbɛ pɩnaɣ 1274.

Pakpa-ɩ kiɖeɖeu hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ 1323 nɛ Pie V kpaɣ-ɩ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1567 se ɛnaʊ ɛnʊ kɛŋna kristu mba kpaaŋ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ. Pɩnaɣ 1880 kɛ Léon XIII kpaɣ Thomas d'Aquin kɛŋna sukuli kɩtɛzɩŋ nɛ katolika tɔm kpɛlɛkʊ yɔɔ kandɩyʊ. Ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɛŋna takayɩsɩ kɩkalasɩ pɛdɩya yɔɔ feŋgiyu. E-tomnaɣ wɛ mɛncɛlɩmantɩ ɛsɔwaa ɖaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ Tuluzi yɔ kɛ-tɛ kɩlaʊ ndene sɔsɔyɛ tɛɛ.
# Ceu takayaɣ

Quran cover
Opened Quran in Tunisia
**Ceu takayaɣ** (arabɩ kʊnʊŋ taa ُرْآن, al-Qor’ân pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ñʊʊ taa ɖɔkʊʊ tɔm, pɩkɛ tɔm kiɖeɖetu Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ nɔmɔʊ taa malɩŋ tɩnaa cɔlɔ, nɛ pamazɩɣ nɛ pɔtɔŋ se pɩkɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm. Takayaɣ ŋga kɩkɛ kajalaɣ ñɩŋa nɛ kɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ takayaɣ ŋga kakɩlɩ pɩnʊʊ takayasɩ kɩmamasɩ kɛ arabɩ taa pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ sɔnɔ ɛzɩ ɖɔɖɔ kɛɛkɛɛ malɩŋ tɩnaa yɔɔdʊʊ yɔ.

Malɩŋ tɩnaa cɔlɔ lɛ, Ceu takayaɣ taa wɛ Allah tɔm, nɛ tɔm kiheyitu (āyāt) ndʊ Ɛsɔ tiyiyu Mahomet kɔna yɔ (محمد, Muḥammad, ɛsamɩ-ɩ) kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 610 ŋtalɩ 612 pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-sɩm pɩnaɣ 632 pɩtɩŋna tiyiyu Gabriel yɔɔ (جبريل, Jibrîl).

Opened Quran
Nabʊyʊ taa payaɣ Ceu takayaɣ yem al-kitâb (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ), adh-dhikr (tɔbʊʊ se tɔzʊʊ) yaa ɖɔɖɔ encore al furqân (tɛyʊʊ). Tɔbʊʊ nɩɣ mbʊ pɩ-taa, ɛkɛ malɩŋ tɩnaa tɔm ndʊ tɩɩwɛ ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ Allah cɔlɔ potolubutu kulubu yɔ se tɩkɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe tɔm yɔ.

Arabɩ tɔmpiye Qor'ân » (قُرَْآن) lɩna qara'a (قرا) liɖe taa nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se ñʊʊ taa ɖɔkʊʊ nɛ yɔɔdʊʊ. Tɔmpiye Qor'ân kɛ laɣsɩ tɔmʊʊ nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se kalʊʊ, ñʊʊ taa kalʊʊ. Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkpaɣ ɛyʊtʊ hɩɖɛ nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ tɔm ndʊ tiyiyu heyi Mahomet yɔ.
# Wɛɛ kɩfana yaa alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ (Renaissance)

Sandro Botticelli - La nascita di Venere - Google Art Project - edited
Wɛɛ kɩfana yaa lʊlʊʊ kɩfam alɩwaatʊ pɩkɛ alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ wɛɛ ndʊ pɛkpɛnda matʊ alɩwaatʊ nɛ lɔnzɩɖɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ pɩlɩna ɛyʊ yɔɔ nɛ canaʊ taa lɛɛtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ ndʊ tɩpaɣzɩna Itaali ɖaɣnɩɣ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam alɩwaatʊ yɔ. Ɖɩcɔna nɛ ɖɩnaɣ yɔ ɖaɣnɩɣ lʊlʊʊ alɩwaatʊ hɩɣ pɩtɩ pɩtɩŋna nesi tɛ ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ wonduu laɖaa tʊma yɔɔ, mba papɩzaɣ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ nɛ ɛyaa po-wonduu tɔm yɔ.

Pʊcɔ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam alɩwaatʊ natʊyʊ lɩɩ Itaalii tɛtʊ sakɩyɛ taa kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 13 ŋtalɩ 14 alɩwaatʊ (Duecento nɛ Trecento) pɩtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ 15 alɩwaatʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ Itaali hɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ taa nɛ Ɛsɩpañɩ taa nɛ ERɔpʊ nɛ Hayi kiŋ hɔɔlɩŋ cikpeŋ nɩɩyɛ taa nɛ Caama ɛzɩ mbʊ ɛyʊ yaɣ se kajalaɣ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam alɩwaatʊ (Quattrocento) nɛ pɩtalɩ Erɔpʊ tɩŋga taa kpaɣɖʊ 16 wɛɛ taa (Cinquecento).

Pɩtɩŋna Jean Delumeau weyi ɛkɛ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam tɛ tɩlɩyʊ niye mʊyʊ yɔ ɛ-yɔɔ lɛ, ɖɩnɩɣ se lʊlʊʊ kɩfam tɔmpiye lɩna Itaali nɛ nesi tɛ ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ tʊma laɖaa cɔlɔ kpaɣna kpaɣɖʊ 19 wɛɛ taa (Itaalɩ ɛyaa tɔŋ se sɔnɔ se Rinascimento). Tɔmpiyen lʊlʊʊ kɩfam walɩ wobu yɔɔ wobu yɔɔ.

Città di Stra - Villa Pisani - Facciata 45.407738,12.013244
Tɔmpiye lʊlʊʊ kɩfam ndɩ ɖɩkɛ wɛɛ pɩtɛkɛ se matʊ nɛ ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ wonduu lɛɛzɩɣ kɩfam alɩwaatʊ ndʊ, palaba-tʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kajalaɣ pɩlɩna Jean-Jacques Ampère pɩnaɣ 1840 taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛkɛdaɣ Fransɩɩ canaʊ matʊ tɔm pʊcɔ kpaɖʊ 12 nɛ pʊwayɩ kɛ Jules Michelet pɩnaɣ 1855 alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛkpaɣ ɛ-tɩ mbilim kpaɣɖʊ 16 taa nɛ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam tɔm pɩlɩna Fransɩɩ yɔɔ yɔ. Tɔmpiye ndɩ Suwiisi nesi tɛ ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ tʊma canaʊ tɔm kɛɖɩyʊ ɖaɣnɩ tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kpaɣʊ pɩnaɣ 1860 ɛyʊ ɛnʊ lɛ, Jacob Burckhardt (pɩnzɩ 1818 ŋtalɩ 1897) kɛ ɛ-takayaɣ ŋga ɛma pɩlɩna Itaali ɖaɣnɩɣ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam tɔm yɔɔ yɔ.

'David' by Michelangelo JBU0001
Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɛ tɔm kpɛlɛkʊʊ kɛ kɔlɛzɩ ɖaŋ taa Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1942-1943 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Fransɩɩ canaʊ tɔm kɛdɩyʊ Lucien Febvre wɩlɩɣ se Jules Michelet labɩna tɔmpiye ndɩ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-lɩmazaɣ yɔɔ kɛnɛ. Ɖɩnaɣ kɔyɔ Jules Michelet lakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ wɩyaʊ Louis 14 yɔɔ kɛnɛ ŋgʊ pɩwɛyɩ pɔdɔdɩyɛ nɛ ɛ-halʊʊ tɛ sɩm.
# Mʊndʊsʊʊ kpaɣɖʊ (Siècle des lumières)

Ɛsakuliye yaa tɩlɩtʊ yaa mʊndʊsʊʊ kpaɣɖʊ, pɩkɛ lɔŋsɩɖaa nabɛyɛ wɩlɩyɛ Erɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ taa (1715 ŋtalɩ 1789 pɩnzɩ taa) nɛ pamaɣzɩm kaakɛ se palʊbɩna cɩkpɛndʊʊ tɔm nɛ pɛkpɛlɛkɩ lɔŋ. Lɔnzɩnɖɛ kpɛlɛkɩyaa nɛ lɔŋ sɩnɖaa seɣtana tɩlɩtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ pɩtɩŋna lɩmaɣza lɛɛzʊʊ cɔlɔ mbʊ pʊlʊkaɣna maɣzɩm kɩdɛkɛda nɛ kɩɩkpeɣtʊ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba tɛ kañatʊ nɛ ajɛyɛ kewitu kajatʊ cɔlɔ.

Kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ tɛ ñʊʊ yabɩtʊ pɩnaɣ 1688 alɩwaatʊ kaakɛna kajalaɣ maŋgbaŋgaɣ. Ɛlɛ, Fransɩɩ tʊ nɔyʊ yeki se ɖɩnɩɣ se alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩkɛ Louis 14 kewiyutu tɛmtʊ tɛ wɛɛ (pɩnzɩ 1670 ŋtalɩ 1820 taa). Fransɩɩ tɛ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ ɖɩzɩna tɔm ndʊ.

Keɖeɣa tʊmɩyɛ wondu laɖaa cɔlɔ lɛ, pɩkɛ cɔɔlɩɩ nɛ rokoko nɛ miiziki pɛhɛkʊ taa alɩwaatʊ, barok nɛ miiziki nɛ cɔɔlɩɩ alɩwaatʊ tɛ miiziki. Tɔmpiye ndɩ ɖɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ lakɩ-ɖɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, ɛzɩma ɖɩ-tɛ ɛsɩnda wobinaʊ nɛ ɛsakuliye nɛ ɛyaa tɛ lɛɛzɩtʊ kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1970 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ.

Mʊntʊsʊʊ kpaɣɖʊ. Pɩkɛ kpaɣɖʊ ŋgʊ kɩsɔɔla mʊntʊsʊʊ nɛ tɩlɩtʊ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ pɩtakɛ Ɛsɔ pɩyʊ tɛ maɣzɩm kikpeɣtu mbʊ pɩlɩna maasɩŋ pɩyʊ cɔlɔ yɔ. Mbʊ palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ yeke koŋ mbʊ se pɩɩkɛ canaʊ tɔm ndʊ paawɩla yɔ. Pʊlʊkɩ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛyʊ ɛtɩlɩ pʊwɛ ɖeu nɛ pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu, ɖenɖe keeke ɛyʊ ɛsakula yɔ.

Palʊkɩ se paha siɣye cɩkpɛndʊʊ yaa mbʊ payi pʊwɛ cɩkpɛndʊʊ taa yɔ. Maɣzɩm pɩɩwɛ ɛyaa cɔlɔ nɛ pʊwɛ ɖɔɖɔ paale. Pɩlɩna lɔnsɩɖɛ kpɛlɛkɩyaa tɛ kalɩhʊnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, mʊtʊsʊŋ pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ masɩma lɔŋ waa Erɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊlɩna kɩfam wondu ndʊ tɩyɔɔ. Pɩkɛ mʊtʊsʊʊ takayasɩ ɛjaɖɛ.
# Kʊdɔŋ sɔtʊ

Kʊdɔŋ sɔtʊ, pɩkɛ pɩyʊ kɩɖɛɖɛʊ nɛ pɩpɔzɩɣ ɛyʊ caɣzɩɣ, nabʊyʊ taa kuludaɣ, peeɖe ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tomnaɣ yɔkʊʊ nɛ maʊʊ laɣsɩ nɛ ɛ-tɛ pʊtʊnaa se ɛñɔɔzɩ ɛ-tɩ camɩyɛ. Tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ kɩkɩndɩyɛ, ɖɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa kɛnɛ, (lɩm, sɔzɩŋ lɩm, sɔtʊ, kɔyɛ yaa kʊdɔŋ, sɔŋ lɩɣ, ɖazʊʊ sɔŋ, kɩɖɛɖɛʊ). Lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ lɩɣ nɛ ɖɩtɔŋ se yee kʊdɔŋ sɔtʊ tɩnaa kɛ ɖɛzɩya, kɛlɛ nabayɛ ŋñɩɩɩ yem kɛna kʊdɔŋ kɔnɩyaa. Pɛkpɛnda 3600 kɛlɛ pa-taa peeɖe lɛ 129 yeke kɛna kɔdɔŋ kɔnɩyaa. Ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ pɩlɩna kʊdɔŋ sɔtʊ tɩnaa mba pɔ-yɔɔ (mb apefezuu yaa paafezuu yɔɔ) yɔ wala sakɩyɛ nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ mbʊ yɔ tɩtɛmda.

Kʊdɔmɩŋ kɩɖɛzɩŋ ɛzɩ kpaŋ haɣ kʊdɔŋ, kɩnamɩyɛ yaa ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ mbʊ kpaɣ ɛyaa ɖooo kpaɣɖɩŋ ɖɔɔ kɔyɔ. Egipiti kɩbɩnʊʊ taa takayasɩ mayaa kaayɔɔda kalɩkatʊ kʊdɔŋ tɔm, Krɛkɩ nɛ Room nɛ ɖooo Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ taa mba takayasɩ nasɩyɛ ñaayɔɔda kɔdɔmɩŋ kɩɖɛzɩŋ nɩɩyɛ tɔm ɖɔɖɔ. Ɖɔkɔtɔ takɩyʊ nɛ wiliyu Jean Hameau kaalaba ɛ-kajalaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ pɩlɩna kɩɖɛzɩyaa mba pɔ-yɔɔ kɛ Bordoo ɖɔkɔtɔ kewiyaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ ɛsɩndaa pɩnaɣ 1837, ɛla lɩmaɣzɩyɛ lɛɛɖɛ ɖɩɖɩ yɔ se pamaɣzɩ ɖɛzɩyaa mbapɔ-tɔm kɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ɛsɩndaa pɩnaɣ 1843.

Pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ lɛɣtɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa lɩzaɣ pʊtʊnaa kɩɖɛzaa pɩtɩŋna cʊ wondu kɩcatɩŋ yɔɔ nɛ palɩzɩɣ ŋñɩɩ cɛkasɩ. Pɩkɔma pɩnzɩ 1887 nɛ 1892 hɛkʊ taa lɛ tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Mimitri Ivanovski pɩzɩ ɛna cɔkɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ kʊdɔŋ, sɛmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ kʊdɔŋ, nɛ ɛwɩlɩɣ se tɩŋ cɩyɩm taa kaawɛ kʊdɔŋ nakʊyʊ nɛ patapɩzɩɣ pacatɩɣ-kʊ. Ivanovski maɣzɩ se pɩkɛʊ sɔtʊ kʊdɔŋ nakʊyʊ yaa pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ kpaagbaa ŋñɩɩ cɛkaɣ tʊ nɔɔyʊ.

Holandi kpɛlɩ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Martinus Beijerinck tasɩna kpazʊʊ ɖoŋ tʊma ana nɛ, pɩnaɣ 1898 lɛ ɛtɛyɩ ŋñɩɩ cɛkaɣ tɛ tɔm nɛ pɩtasɩna piyeke ɛlɛ ɛyɔɔdɩ ɖɔɖɔ sɔtʊ tɔm, ɛpasɩ cɩyɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa tɛma wɛʊ kʊdɔŋ yɔ nɛ ɛɖʊ tɩŋ lɛɛkʊ taa kɛlɛ kʊkʊ paɣlɩna kʊdɔŋ, ɛla mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ taa tɩŋ yɔɔ kʊdɔŋ kɩtɔyɩna tɩŋ sakɩyɛ kɛlɛ ɛtɔŋ se kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ɖoŋ piŋ ɛzɩ kajalaɣ ñɩŋʊ yɔ. Beijerick ya pʊtʊ ɛnʊ se Contagium vivum fluidum (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ añɔm fezuu ŋgʊ kɩyɔɔlʊʊ). Alɩwaatʊ kʊyʊmntʊ tɩ-taa pana nɔɔ heŋ kʊdɔŋ kɩɖɛzʊʊ ɛlɛ Friedrich Löffler nɛ Paul Frosch labɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ. Tuutu, kelema kɩsɩkʊ, ɛsɔ cɔyʊ, kpizim kʊdɔŋ pɛkɛ ɛyʊ cɔlɔ kʊɔmɩŋ kɩɖɛzɩŋ weyi ɛlɩna sɔtʊ kʊdɔŋ cɔlɔ. Kʊdɔmɩŋ lɛɛŋ wɛɛ ɛlɛ tɔm caɣ kaɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛɖɛʊʊ piŋ kpaɣ sidaa, SRAS, ɖiziye kʊdɔŋ, ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ, mɔɔŋ tɛɛ calɩm kpemtu, Ebola mbʊ yɔ pɛkɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ kɩɖɛzɩŋ.
# Kegbeɣlasi lɩmaɣzɩyɛ

Kegbeɣlasi lɩmaɣzɩyɛ
Kegbeɣlasi lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɛ tʊʊzʊʊ piliŋa nakayɛ, tʊʊzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Caama ɛyʊ Georg Cantor lɩzana tʊ kpaɣɖʊ 19 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ. Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ kegbeɣlaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm pɩsa kiɖe kpeɣluu nɛ tɩɣyʊʊ lɩmaɣza cɔlɔ, pɔ-yɔɔ yɔ pama pʊtʊnaa mba palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ tʊʊzʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa kpaɣ ɛzɩ kɩlabɩm, taabalɩyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ, pilim ñʊŋ, kamaɣ wɛʊ ñʊʊ, tʊʊzɩyɛ tɛ, siŋ ñʊŋ nɛ ndɩ ndɩ ñʊŋ ŋgbaɣ mbʊ ŋɖɛɛ. Mbʊ tɩna nɛ pɔtɔŋ se kegbelaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɛ keem kɛlɛ Hilbert pɩzɩ yɔɔdʊʊ se tɩkɛ ɛsɔdaa koboyaɣ ŋga Cantor lɩza tʊʊzʊʊ tɩnaa yɔ.

Mbʊ ɛlaba yaa kiɖe nɖɩ ɛsɩ tʊʊzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa yɔ wayi lɛ, Cantor pɩlɩna kegbelaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔɔ ɛɖanɩɣ labʊ lɩmaɣza kɩfana lɛɛna kɔzɩ kɔzɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛtɔŋ se maatɛŋ ñʊŋ wɛɛ yɔ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛkɛdɩ nɛ ɛmaɣzɩ pɩlɩna ñʊŋ kɩfaŋ yɔɔ (kʊyʊm kʊyʊm kalʊʊ nɛ naalɛ naalɛ kalʊʊ).

Cantor kɛna kajalaɣ tʊ weyi ɛlɩza kegbelaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɛ pɩnzɩ 1880 pazɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛlakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ kʊyʊm kɛtʊ yɔɔ pɩlɩna kɔlɔmɩŋ naatozo tʊ pilinzi mazʊʊ yɔɔ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1870 lɛ pɩwɩla Cantor se ɛlɩzɩ taa lɩyʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm nɛ ɛma maatɛŋ waa kpaɖʊʊ yɔɔ kpaɖʊʊ yɔɔ, kʊyʊm kʊyʊm kalʊʊ nɛ naalɛ naalɛ waa kalʊʊ. Matʊ ndʊ pekizi-tʊ ɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ pɩtɩŋna keziyaa nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ ɛkɛ tɛzɩyʊ payaɣ-ɩ se Leopold Kronecker kɛlɛ sɔnɔ yɔ tʊʊzɩyaa sakɩyɛ tisa tɔm ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ.

Kpaɣɖʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa, Cantor kaahiɣ ɛjandʊ pɩlɩna ñʊʊ taa hola kʊdɔŋ yɔɔ, kɛlɛ ɛ-maɣzɩm pɩlɩna kiliŋili tɔm yɔɔ kaawɛ tɩɖɩna yɛlʊʊ pɩlɩna ɛ-takayasɩ kiyekasi yɔɔ nɛ pasɩm-sɩ, kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 19 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ pɩtɩŋna Richard Dedekind nɛ Göttigen nɛ David Hilbert nɛ Ernest Zermelo pɔ-yɔɔ.