# Tizumag n Maṣer Taqbut

Ameẓdu n tzumag n Giza.
**Tizumag** (asuf: tazamugt ) n Maṣer taqbut d yiwen seg yizamulen (azamul ) imeqqranen n tɣerma tamiẓrant. Bnant zik s wudem n yijaddaren (ajaddar ) neɣ n tqerrabin (taqerrabt ) akken ad gen daxel-nsent igelliden (agellid ) n Maṣer, i wumi qqaren Iferɛunen. Akud ameqqran n lebni-nsent yella-d deg tallit taqburt n umezruy n Maṣer, ladɣa gar tasuta tis 3 d tis 6. D asenfar ameqqran i d-yewwin aṭas n tmusniwin d tezmert n wemdan.

## Tasegda d Tusnakt

Deg wayen yeɛnan tasegda d usali n tzumagin, Iferɛunen sseqdacen tussniwin lqayen, ladɣa deg taɣult n tusnakt d tanzeggit.

* Tazamugt tebna ɣef uzadur (lsas) yesɛan talɣa n umkuẓ.
* Ɣef yidisan, tesɛa ukuẓ n yikerdisen (akerdis) i d-yemlilin deg yiwet n tqacuct.
* Tizumag tiqburin sɛant tasekta d ubleɣ ameqqran aṭas, i d-yessawden ad fkent tahuski i lebni-nsent.
* Iferɛunen sbedden tizumag-nsen s twelha yettwaqesden ɣer tneqqiḍin tigejdayin (Agafa, Anẓul, Amalu, Agmuḍ) s tseddi tameqqrant.

Azenziɣ n teskiwin tigensayin n Tzamugt Tameqqrant. Izirig agensay immal-d amkil amiran n tzamugt, ma d izirig aniri immal-d amkil amenzu.
Tasegda d tusnakt deg lebni n tzumag n Maṣer taqbut ur llint ara d ayen i d-yusan s wudem agacuran, maca d agemmuḍ n tmusniwin lqayen i sɛan yimaṣriyen n tallit-nni. Iferɛunen sseqdacen tanzeggit d tusnakt s telqayt akken ad sbedden iẓekwan-a imeqqranen. Azadur n tzamugt yebna ɣef umkuẓ imnekdi, anda tiɣemmar-is d tid i d-yemcabahen s tseddi tamagdazt. Yal idis seg ukuẓ-nni yesɛa talɣa n ukerdis i d-yemlilin ɣer yiwet n tqacuct. Ayen issewhamen ugar d akken talɣut d wazalen n tzamugin-a, ladɣa tin n Xufu, mtawan aṭas ɣer wazalen isnakiyen imeqqranen. Imnadiyen n umezruy mazal ttqelliben deg yisemliyen iqburen akken ad fehmen ugar ɣef tarrayin s wacu d-wwin asiḍen-a(leḥsab-a), d wamek i ssawḍen ad sbedden idɣaɣen s yiwen n uktili ur nesɛi amgirred.

Ɣef wayen yeɛnan tasegda n lebni s timmad-is, taẓayt n yidɣaɣen d wamek i ten-sbedden d ayen yessutren asiḍen ameqqran. Akken ad ssawḍen idɣaɣen-nni ẓayen aṭas ɣer tqacuct, sseqdacen tarrayin n tmekanikt yecban tamṣukt n urfad d yikarkaren s wacu i d-jebbden iḥedran n yidɣaɣen. Tizumag ur llint ara d lebni awḥid i d-yezzin i yiman-is kan deg tneẓruft, maca d aḥric seg unagraw ameqqran n tzeɣwa. Ɣer tama n tzamugt, leqmen-d yidgan nniḍen i yesɛan azal ameqqran, am ufakan anda i d-ttilin yisaragen d usideg n tẓallit i ugellid-nni i d-yemmuten. Afakan-a yesɛa tuqqna tusridt ɣer tzamugt, yettili d tasurift tagejdant deg walluy n rruḥ n uferɛun ɣer yigenni.

Deg taggara, ma nmuqel ɣer tuqqna yellan gar uẓayer n tzamugin d tesnallunt, ad naf belli imaṣriyen n Maṣer sbedden-tent s twelha yettwaqesden ɣer tneqqiḍin tigejdayin n wakal: Agafa, Anẓul, Amalu akked Ugmuḍ. Taseddi tamagdazt n uwelleh-a tebna ɣef tmusni n yetran akked wamek i d-tberrun yitran deg yigenni. S tmuɣli nsen i d-itezzin ɣef tfukt d yetran imeqqranen, ssawḍen ad rreṣṣin lsas n lebni-nsen. Asali n yijaddaren-a d ayen yessutren tamusni ur nfennu deg tsengama d tusnakt, ayen i d-yettbegginen tizemmar timassanin i d-yeǧǧa umezruy-nsen akken ad idiren i lebda deg tcfawt n talsa.

## Asɣan d Tmettant

Deg tmetti n Maṣer taqburt, asɣan yesɛa azal ameqqran deg tudert n yal ass.

* Tazamugt ur telli ara d aẓekka kan, maca d allal fakan i walluy n rruḥ n ugellid ɣer yigenni.
* Iferɛunen uminen s tmeddurt deffir n tmettant.
* Akken ad tedder rruḥ-nni, ilaq tafekka ad teqqim ur tenger ara, ɣef waya i tt-ḥerzen akken iwata send tanṭelt.

Tazamugt n ufarɛun Dǧidefraɛ yettwasdermen
Deg tɣerma n Maṣer taqburt, asɣan ur yelli ara d asfukel kan n wayen i d-yezzin i wemdan neɣ d ansayen s wacu d-ttmektayen iẓuran-nsen, maca d lsas ameqqran ɣef wacu tebna tmetti meṛṛa. Ayagi yettban-d s wudem lqayen deg wayen yerzan tamettant d tekti n wemdan ɣef taggara n tudert-is. Iferɛunen ur uminen ara belli tamettant d taggara n tudert neɣ d afna n wemdan. Ɣur-sen, d tasurift kan neɣ d abrid ara yawin agellid ɣer yiwet n tudert nniḍen i ten-yugaren deg tehri, yiwet n tudert yerzan tamagdazt n yigenni. Ɣef waya, ayen akk bnan, ayen akk farsen, d wayen akk xedmen yezzi ɣef tikti-a n tmeddurt deffir n tmettant, anda agellid ad yuɣal d aḥric seg yitran d yigelliden imeqqranen.

Akken ad d-teḍru tuɣalin-a ɣer tudert tabadut, imaṣriyen n zik d yimassanen n usɣan fkan azal ameqqran i tfekka n wemdan. Uminen belli rruḥ n wemdan, i wumi qqaren "Ka" (tanezmart n tudert) akked "Ba" (timanit), yesri tafekka taɣarawt ɣer wacu ara d-yuɣal i lebda. Ma yella tenger tfekka-nni neɣ terka, rruḥ ad yijli deg tallunt ur yettissin ara amkan-is, yerna ur yezmir ara ad ikemmel abrid-is. Ɣef aya i d-sbedden tarrayt lqayen i weḥraz n tfekka (mummification), i yellan d tamhelt tasnujjant d tesɣanit deg yiwet n teswiɛt. Sseqdacen isafaren d yimengiyen yemgaraden akken ad ḥerzen tafekka n uferɛun ur tetteɣmay ara, iwakken ad teqqim tettwaḥrez i uɛeddi-s ɣer wamaḍal n ddaw-akal. Tamhelt-a ur telli ara d aḥraz kan n weksum, maca d tasekkirt lqayen yettwawellhen s tẓalliyin d yisefra akken ad sifsusen azaglu n tuɣalin n rruḥ.

Tizumag s timmad-nsent ur tellint ara d aẓekka kan asaddaw i d-yessemrasen i tneṭṭelt n tfekka, maca d allal n usali, d "tmacint n usiweḍ ɣef umaḍal uffir seld tamettant". Talɣa-s i d-yemlilin deg tqacuct temmal-d iẓenẓaren n tfukt i d-yersen ɣef wakal, neɣ ahat d isurifen i s wacu ara yali ugellid ɣer yigenni akken ad yeskcem iman-is deg unmegger usrid akk d bab-is, agellid n tfukt "Ra". Daxel n tzamugt, lebni ur yelli ara d ilem; neggren-d isaragen d tzeɣwa s wudem yebnan ɣef tseddi tameqqrant. Kra seg yisaragen-a ttwawellhen srid ɣer yetran, am yitran n "Sirius" d "Orion", i yellan deg tesnimant-nsen d ixxamen n yigelliden, iwakken ad fken i rruḥ n uferɛun abrid awezɣi ara t-yawin ɣer tudert deffit n lmut.

S umata, aḥric n usɣan d tmettant deg lebni n tzamugin yettbeggin-d aḥulfu ameqqran n wemdan i yebɣan ad yernu akud. Ɣas akken llan deg tallit taqburt, asali n yijaddaren-a d agemmuḍ n tugdi n nnger d lebɣi n usali ɣer tɣara tameqqrant. Tizamugin-a, s idɣaɣen-nsent ẓayen d iserwan-nsent uffiren, d inigan ɣef yiwen n uɣref i iserfen akk tiɣawsiwin-is tisufanin akken ad yessiweḍ ad yekcem ɣer tudert yugaren akud, iwakken ula d ccfawat-nsen ad idirent i lebda, d ayen i d-yessidren ar ass-a udem n tɣerma-nsen deg umezruy n talsa.

## Tizumag Tixatarin

Llant aṭas n tzamugin deg Maṣer, maca tiggi d tid i d-yufraren:

* **Tazamugt n Xufu (Khéops):** D yiwet seg tmerwin n ddunit taqburt, d nettat i d tameqqrant akk.
* **Tizumag n Xafreɛ d Menkawreɛ:** D tizumag i d-yezzin i tin n Xufu, d amur ameqqran deg tgemmi nsen.
* **Tazamugt n Djoser:** D tazamugt tamezwarut akk, tesɛa talɣa n isurifen.