Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Asemmili

**Asemmili** d yiwen n ufurk n tesnudert yeɣɣaṛ talɣa d tmuski n imuddiren yakk d yimuren-nsen (igmanen d yizeṭwan isnudranen). Asemmili s timmad-is yeqqen ɣer tesnamgunt (*Embryology*) d usemmili imserwes (*Comparative anatomy*) yakk d tesnudert tanamhazt, Sɣur timhalin i d-tzerrew tussna ayyi. Yettnulfu-d usemmili deg wakud meẓẓiyen s waṭas (tasnamgunt), yakk deg wakud ɣezzifen s waṭas (tamhazt). Dɣa asemmili n ufgan iga d yiwen gar tisnajjyanin tigejdanin.
Asemmili yebṭa ɣer sin n yimuren igejdanen, gan d Asemmili amatay d umikruskupay.

Asemmili amatay izerrew akayed n imuren d yigmamen n uɣersiw s usekkud anda yella deg-s afurk n usemmili ajumman. Ma deg usemmili mikṛu skupay ttusxedmen deg-s ifecka isekdanen deg tezrawt n izeṭṭiwen n tmuskiwin yemgaraden akken daɣen i yzerrew tikwatin.

Asemmili yettusken s tigzi tafarayt i twuriwin n yigmanen d tmuskiwin n tfekka talsant. Tirrayin n tezrawt n usemmili d tid yettusekren (yettusgerzen) s waṭas seg ukayad n iɣersiwen s usemmili n tfekkiwin-nsen d imeɣsuyen-nsen alammi tewweṭ ar usemres (asexdem) n titekniyin n tssugent tisnajjyanin g tsut tis 20 gar-asent azenzar X d tenzayt d tssugent s uzenzen adekran. Asemmili d tsenwurit ssulɣen-d tayuga n tussniwin yettwazrawen yakked (lwaḥa) deg waṭas n tmuzzag, anda snat n tussniwin-a zerrweny tamuski n tfekka d twuriwin-is s umdafar.

## Asenmel/Tabadut

## Izeṭṭiwen iɣersawen

Asuneɣ i yisegra n tekwatt taɣersawt. Yettujju s ujelkad
Tagelda taɣersawt d tin igebren ɣef imuddiren tugtakwatin, imuddiren-a gan d idnusčiyen yerna zemren ad nxixlen (ɣas akken kra deg-sen ggunin ɣef uɣanib n tmeddurt yettenxixilen s talɣa tasnawant)

## Asemmili n tnaɣlalin

## Asemmili n teraɣlalin

## Ifurken n usemmili

Asemmili ajumman d afukr ilan (yesɛan) azal meqqren i tezrawt n yisdagen n usemmili yettwaẓren s tefrer seg izerrigen uffiɣen n tfekka. Ayen yettaǧǧan imessujiyen d imeftaken ad ssazeln timersiwt d tegnit w ad semmilin timuskiwin tilqayanin yeqqnen ar yisdagen-a, Dɣa irem n *ujumman* d irem anilan yemmal-d d akken timuskiwin zgant-d zdat n tiggi d usfel n tfekka.

Ma d asemmili amikṛuskupan yeqqen ar userwes n tmuskiwin n usemmili (timikruskupyim) deg imuddiren yemgaraden.

## Amezruy n usemmili

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

* Asemmili n ufgan
* Asemmili n uɣersiw
* Asemmili n yimɣan

## Imniren
# Takrudert

**Takrudert** (d awal uddis seg *takrura* + *tudert*) d angaz deg tusniwin tigmawin yeɣɣaren tasuddest takrurant i yizegnan d imuren n tebniqt n yal amuddir ama d afgan neɣ d aɣersiw neɣ d imɣan
# Tasensileɣt

Tasensileɣt n uwtem n uqemrun
**Tasensileɣt** neɣ **Tasnalɣa** (S Teglizt *Morphology*) deg tesnudert d tussna yeɣɣaren talɣa d tiski n imuddiren yakk d iglamen-is (talɣa, Tiski, ini, ableɣ ...) yakk d talɣa d tiski n imuren n ugensu (n zdaxel) am yiɣsan d igmanen.

Tasensileɣt tga d afurk gar ifurken n tussniwin n tudert yettmuggu (yettemɛamal) d tezrawt n tasuddest n umuddir neɣ n temsartut d imuren ig kecmen g isegran-is.

## Amezruy

## Ismilen n tsensileɣt

## Tasensileɣt d usismel

## Imniren

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
# Tasnamgunt

| Tasnamgunt |
| --- |
| afurk seg tesnudert |
|  |
| Isefka |
| Adu-smil n |
tasnudert |
| Amur seg |
tasnudert d Tasnujjya |
| Illal-itt | embryologiste (fr)  |

**Tasnamgunt** (Seg uẓar SN i yeqqnen ɣer tussna akked tmussni, akked "amgun") d afurk n tesnudert i yettmuzzugen di tezrawt n wemgun, taneflit-is tazarlalant, akked wayen-nniḍen.
# Tasnamurt

Tagertilt n tegnit
**Tarakalt** neɣ **taseknakalt** d tussna yeɣɣaren tagnit d tumanin tigamanin d tifganin.

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

* Adrar
* Akal
* Asif
* Azaɣar
# Tusnazduɣt

**Tusnazduɣt** neɣ **Tareygama** (seg Tegrikt: *οἶκος = tanezduɣt* d *λογία = tussna*) d yiwen n ufurek n tesnudert yeɣɣaren tisedmirin gar n yimuddiren d twennaṭ-is tasnegmudrant igebren seg yimuddiren d isegra ur neddir ara.

## Amezruy

## Tusnazduɣt talsant

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
# Tiraɣlalin

| Tiraɣlalin |
| --- |
|  |
| Tasensartut |
|  |
| Tagelda | Animalia
 |
| aucune valeur  | **Invertebrata** ,
 |
|  |

**Tiraɣlalin** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Invertebrata**) d irem i d-issemsel umesnudran Afrensaw (*Jean-Baptiste Lamarck*) i wakken ad iglem iɣersiwen ur nli ara (ur nesɛi ara) ajgu n uzagur. Imalla tagrawt-a d tin igebbren yakk iɣersiwen anagar tinaɣlalin (Iselman, Timraradin, Tikelmanin, Igṭaṭ d temsuṭaṭ)

Imusnawen n tesnudert ggunin deg beṭṭu n iɣersiwen-a ɣef waṭas n yisefka, am: tmerwest, amruj afekkan d tissiwin timessiruwin

## Tigti n imuddiren

## Agzam d beṭṭu

* Timerwest: imesnudranen bṭan imuddiren ɣer tsendisin (*Bilateria*) d timmardisin (*Radiata*) ma d talmest taneggart d tirmarwasin (*Asymmetry*). Tiraɣalil sgensisent-d azal n 97% n yiɣersiwen yellan deg umadal

## Asesmel

* Tiswermin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

* Tinaɣlalin

## Imniren
# Aweqqas (aɣersiw)

| Aweqqas (aɣersiw) |
| --- |
|  |
| Tasensartut |
|  |
| Tagelda | Animalia |
| Adur | Chordata |
| Asmil | Chondrichthyes (fr)  |
| Afelafesna  | **Selachimorpha** Nelson, 1984
 |
|  |
| Isali amatan |
| Taɣbalut | Huile de foie de requin (fr)  d sharkskin (en)  |

**Aweqqas** (ashet : Iweqqasen), d yiwen seg tilmas n yiselman, yettidir meqqar seg 150 n yimelyan n iseggasen, llan ahat 350 n tilmas n uwqqas deg umaḍal, ttidiren seg Arktik ar Antraktika.

Lqedd d taẓeyt n yiweqqasen mgaraden gar 15 cm ed kra n yigramen (aweqqas aqerṭiw), d ugar n 18 cm ed waṭas n yiṭunen (aweqqas-izmek, d aslem ameqqran deg umaḍal).

## Tizmilin
# Tallit-Tanammast

Tillitin n amezruy n Turuft :  Taglest
  **Tallit-Tanammast**  Tallit tatrart  Tallit tazit (n tura)
**Tallit Tanammast** d tallit n amezruy n Tuṛuft, deffir taglest, gar lqern wis 5 (aɣelluy n amenkad arumani aneggaru) ed lqern wis 15 (Taleslalit).

## Tizmilin
# Taleslalit

**Tallit taleslalit** d amussu adelsan id yekkren deg tsut tis 14 alammi d tsut tis 17, Tazwara ynes tella-d deg taggara n Talliyin tilemmasin deg tmurt n Ṭelyan sin terna tedda ar yakk tmura n Uruppa

## Iẓuran

## Timentilin

## Inumaẓ

## Amezruy
# Titrawin

| Titrawin |
| --- |
|  |
| Tasensartut |
|  |
| Tagelda | Plantae |
| Tafesna | Asterales (fr)  |
| tawacult  | **Asteraceae** Bercht. & J.Presl, 1820
 |
|  |

**Titrawin** (isem ussnan: **Asteraceae**) d tawacult n imɣan yeṭṭafaren tafesna n tetrawiyin deg wesmil n tasnayyawin. Tawacult-a d tin ilan (yesɛan) amḍan meqqren yakk n yimɣan, anda tla (tesɛa) ugar n 23,000 n telmas yebṭan ɣef wazal n 1620 n tewsitin, ayen i d-tt-yettaǧǧan d tawacult tamɣawt tameqrant yakk, send n turɣisin d tibiwin.

Magriṭṭij d tmafart d imɣan yettwassnen yakk di twacult-a.

## Asesmel

## Tiwsitin-is

* Timerẓuga – (a.u: **Cichorium**).
* Tawelman — (a.u: **Scorzonera**).
* Arɣim — (a.u: **Picris**).
* Addad neɣ Akicaw — (a.u: **Carlina**).
* Acikaw — (a.u: **Galactites**).
* Wamlal — (a.u: **Glebionis**).
* Tamafart — (a.u: **Lactuca**).
* Arjagnu neɣ Aqlilu — (a.u: **Centaurea**).
* Ilidu neɣ Acbartu — (a.u: **Erigeron**).
* Tasdella neɣ Amsekli — (a.u: **Echinacea**).
* Taɣeddiwt — (a.u: **Cirsium**).
* Aderyun neɣ Taysa neɣ Buzduz — (a.u: **Chrysanthemum**).
* Tizifut — (a.u: **Scolymus**).
* Timejt n tili — (a.u: **Arctium**).
* Tifaf — (a.u: **Cichorium**).
* Ilezɣi — (a.u: **Cichorium**).
* Tuga wezrem — (a.u: **Gutierrezia**).
* Mager Iṭij — (a.u: **Helianthus annuus**).
* Tuɣmest n temɣart – (a.u: **Taraxacum**).

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
# Azuniri

Deg teẓrawsit, kra n tegrawt iqqar fellas **Azuniri** mi ara ur t-ssegraw ara yakk irawen (ṛṛasat) n kra n telmest i tegber.

Ini azegza yemmal-d tagrawt tamesnayt tazunirit n temraradin. Tagrawt-a tesger seg yimerrew d kra seg yirawen-is, mači akk nsen. Acku, igḍaḍ d temsuḍaḍ d tigrawin i d-issiliɣen azuniri n tfesna tis snat.
## Asenmel

## Imedyan

## Imniren
# Timziɣwawin

| Timziɣwawin |
| --- |
|  |
| Tasensartut |
|  |
| taɣult  | **Eukaryota** Chatton, 1925
 |
|  |

**Timziɣwawin** (isem ussnan: **Eukaryote**), (si tegrikt: «*ευ - eu = izil, ilha*» yakk d «*κάρυον - karyon = aɣwaw*») d tagrawt n yimuddiren ukrisen, ttumiyyzen d tanga tajinumt anda tessutel deg uɣwaw ittuɣellfen s ufrar, ma d teɣratin-is zzin-asen-d yifraren. Timziɣwawin tegber seg yimɣan d yiɣersiwen d wadalen, akken i tga s umata d tugtakwat - s tmerniwt n kra n telmas yettusessemlen am tɣersmenziwin (**Protozoa**).

## Tiskanin n tekwatt

Tikwatin n tmziɣwawin ugarent tikwatin n tmenzɣwawin (**Prokaryota**), akken ilant tisuddsin yugten seg yifraren isɣunanen igensanen isem-it-sent tigmanin (**organelle**).

## Talsuffɣa

## Aɣawas n ufurk amehzan

## Tigeldiwin

## Imniren

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
# Thomas Cavalier-Smith

|  Thomas Cavalier-Smith |
| --- |
|  |
| Tameddurt |
| Talalit |
London, 21 Tuber 1942 |
| Taɣlent |
Tagelda Yedduklen |
| Lmut |
19 Meɣres 2021 |
| Tawacult |
| Tissulya akked |
Ema E-Yung Chao (fr)  |
| Tiɣri |
| Alma mater | King's College de Londres (fr)  Gonville and Caius College (fr)  Norwich School (fr)  |
| Tutlayin |
Taglizit |
| Amahil |
| Amahil |
Apṛufisur, amesnimɣi, biologiste de l'évolution (fr) , protistologiste (fr)  d microbiologiste (fr)  |
| Imɛellmen |
tasdawit n Oksford King's College de Londres (fr)  |
| Prizes |

ẓer
* membre de la Royal Society prix international de biologie  (2004) médaille Frink  (2007) médaille linnéenne  (2007)
 |
| Membership |
Tkebbanit Tageldant Société royale du Canada (fr)  |
|
zoo.ox.ac.uk… |

**Thomas Cavalier-Smith** d amesnuder abriṭani. Ilul-d ass n 21 Tuber 1942 deg temdint n London.
# Amenkud (tasnudert)

Deg tesnudert, **Amenkud** (s Tlatint *imperium*) d yiwet n taggayt tamessartit id yezgan sufell n tgelda, tikwal tettwameggez (yettwaḥsab) d akken-it d anamek n irem n **tɣult** igan d atrae fell-as. Ɣas akken sin n yirmanwen-a ur zdin ara yakk, s umaẓlay irem n umenkud d win yifen taɣult deg usatal n tinnagrawt tanemhazt

## Deg umezruy

S umazray, d irem n *umenkud* id yettussumren d amezwaru. S terwest d uɣmar (asigeg) n yiwen n umenkud ɣef tgeldiwin yettwaɣen (tigeldiwin n usismel)

## Tisenfal

## Izɣanen

## Idrasen imessartiyen n iden

* Amenkud, Afuɣal, Taɣult (*Superregnum, Imperium, Dominium*)
* **Tagelda** (**Regnum**)
* Adu-tgelda (*Subregnum*)
* Afurk (*Ramus*, « *branch* » s Teglizit)
* Azdar-tgelda (*Infraregnum*)
	+ Afel-adur, Afel-agzam (*Superphylum, Superdivisio*)
	+ Adu-wadur, Adu-gzam (*Subphylum, Subdivisio*)
	+ Azdar-adur (*Infraphylum*)
		- *Ifelasmil* (*Classis*)
		- **Asmil** (**Classis**)
		- Adu-smil (*Subclassis*)
		- Azdar-smil (*Infraclassis*)
			* Afelfesna (*Superordo*)
			* **Tafesna** (**Ordo**)
			* Adu-tfesna (*Subordo*)
			* Azdar-tfesna (*Infraordo*)
			* Imzik-tfesna (*Microordo*)
				+ Afeltwacult (*Superfamilia*)
				+ **Tawacult** (**Familia**)
				+ Adu-twacult (*Subfamilia*)
				+ Taɣreft (*Tribus*)
				+ Adu-teɣreft (*Subtribus*)
					- **Tawsit** (**Genus**)
					- Adu-tewsit (*Subgenus':)*
					- Tigezmi (*Sectio*)
					- Adu-tgezmi (*Subsectio*)
						* **Talmest** (**Species**)
						* Adu-telmest (*subspecies*)- Adras asnudran amaddud (unṣib) aneggar
						* Irzi, Azɣer gan d idrasen isnudranen irmadduden (arunṣib)
						* Adu-rzi (*subvarietas*) - Adu-zɣer gan d idrasen isnudranen irmadduden
						* Talɣa (*Forma*)
						* Adu-telɣa (*Subforma*)

## Iɣbula

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

* Asismel n Linné
* tinnagrawt tanemhazt
# Tasenɣersiwt

**Tasnaɣersiwt** d tarrayt tusnant yeɣɣaren ɣef iɣersiwen, Tasnaɣersiwt d angaz seg tasnudert dgi tella daɣen tɣuri n yemɣan umi qqaren tasnimɣan.

## Isimilen d istirfen n tgelda n uɣersiw

Tettwasismel (tettwagzam) tagelda n iɣersiwen ar sin n ismilen (igezzumen)

* **Tiraɣlalin**:

* **Tinaɣlalin**

## Imniren
# Tadulmest

**Tadulmest** (isem uddis seg: *Ddaw* + *talmest*) deg tsensartut (ama n tesnimɣan neɣ tsenɣersiwt) d aswir alemmas i d-yezgan srid s ddaw n telmest deg usismel n Linnaeus.

Tadulmest deg tsenɣersiwt tettumeggez d aswir amessarti amyiwen yellan s ddaw n telmest. Ma deg tesnimɣan zemren ad ilin idrasen imessartiyen nniden s ddaw-as am yirzi.

## Assiseɣ (asemmi)

## Ilugan

## Idrasen imessartiyen n iden

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
# Tasnimɣit

| tasnimɣan |
| --- |
| tugrint takidimant, afurk seg tesnudert, tamuzzegt tagejdant n tezrawt, tamuzzegt d discipline scientifique (fr)  |
|  |
| Isefka |
| Adu-smil n |
tasnudert |
| Timeẓrit seg |
tasnudert |
| Izerrew |
imɣi |
| Hashtag (fr)  |
Botany |
| Amezruy | histoire de la botanique (fr)  |
| Illal-itt | amesnimɣi d agerraw n yimɣan |
| Aferdis n umedya | phycologie (fr)  |

**Tasnimɣit** d tarrayt tussnant i tudert n yimɣan, Tasnimɣit d yiwen n uyaw n tesnudert, Imussnawen qqaren-as tikwal **tasnudert tanimɣit**.

## Di tallit tamzikt

## Di tallit talemmast

## Di tallit tamaynut

## Imniren
# Alkem n uzeffar imiɣes

**Alkem n uzeffar imiɣes** neɣ **Agzum n ADN** d amsedfar n unuklyutid deg DNA s usexdem n izmulen (GACU) i yicubar. S unect n wayen yettwassnen fell-as,

## Isegren n ADN d RNA

## Taseddast n ADN

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
# Tasnamdant

| Talsasnet |
| --- |
| tugrint takidimant d tamuzzegt tagejdant n tezrawt |
|  |
| Isefka |
| Adu-smil n | sciences sociales (fr)  |
| Amur seg | sciences sociales (fr)  |
| Isem aẓaran | ἄνθρωπος |
| Izerrew | humanité (fr)  |
| Amezruy | histoire de l'anthropologie (fr)  |
| Illal-itt | amusnaw n leɛbad |

**Tasnamdant** neɣ **Tasnafgant** (s teglizit: Anthropology) d tussna iy zerrwen ɣef wemdan deg waṭas n tamiwin d tɣulin. Tussna ayi tebḍa ɣer waṭas n ifurken:

* tassnalsa tamettit: d tussna iy zerrwen tikelli n yimdanen itraren.
* tassnalsa tadelsant d tussna iy zerrwen tiski n yidelsen inafganen d twuri-nsen deg yal adeg d wakud.
* tassnalsa tasnilest: d tussna iy zerrwen asemdi n tutlayt deg tudert timettit n wemdan.
* Tassnalsa taɣarant: d tussna iy zerrwen tamhazt tasnudrant n wemdan.
* Tasenzikt: d tussna iy zerrwen idelsen iqdimen n wemdan. Dɣa, tasnizikt deg Marikan tettumeggez d tussna yeqqnen ɣer tesnamdant, maca di Uṛuppa ttwalint d tussna yebḍan iman-is ɣef tesnamdant, yerna teqqen ugar ɣer umezruy.

## Tagmuẓart

Tasnamdant d amnid n wawal *anthropolog* i d-yekkan seg wawal Alatin amaynut *Anthropologia*. Awal-a yebnan ɣef sin n wawalen deg tutlayt Taqbaylit (*tasna*; d azwir i d-yekkan seg uẓar Amaziɣ *SN* i yeqqnen ɣer tussna d tmussni, yakk d umnid n wedfir agrigi *logia*. Ma d "amdan" di "Tasnamdant" d awal ilan adfir '*Amdan*, d amaslaḍ n tewsit Homo).

## Amezruy

## Ismilen n tesnamdant

## Assaɣ n tesnamdant ɣer tussniwin timettiyin nniḍen

## Imniren
# Tasensakrart

**Tasensakrart** neɣ **Tasenzitmurt** d tugrint tussnant irezzwen (yeɣɣaṛen) uguren idawsanen deg imsegrawen imazdaɣen, Asnagar-is, Asedger-is deg wakud d wadeg yakk d yimgan yessemdawen deg tdawsa d waṭṭanen n imezdaɣ

## Tasnettit

## Amezruy
# Arraz n Nopel i tsenwurit neɣ tasnujjya

Arraz n Nopel i tsenwurit neɣ tasnujjya|  |
| Isem aẓaran |
(sv) Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin |
| Anaw | arraz ussnan Arraz Nobel |
| Yettusemma ɣef |
Alfred Nobel |
| Amur seg |
Arraz Nobel |
| Aɣbal |
1901 – |
|  |
|  |
| Ansa |
Stukulm |
| Tamurt |
Sswid |
|  |
|  |
| Tettwanefk-d sɣur |
Tasdawit n Karulinska |
| Imernayen | Svante Pääbo (fr)  (2022)  |
|

---

 |
| Tansa n web |
nobelprize.org… |

**Arraz n Nopel i tsenwurit neɣ tasnujjya** d arraz id yettwafken yiwet n tikkelt deg yal aseggas sɣur tasbeddit n Nobel i yisnirmen ilan (yesɛan) azal deg tɣulin n tussniwin n tudert d tasnujjya, Arraz-a iga d yiwen gar smus (5) n irrazen n Nobel id yennulfan deg useggas n 1895 sɣur umsekrar n Swid Alfred Nobel id yesnulfan adinamit

Irrazen n iden ttwafken i yittekkiyen n iden deg tsengama, Takrura, Tasekla d telwit

## Isalen imatuyen

## Umuɣ n imerna (wid id t-iwwin)

## Irrazen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

* Tasbeddit n Nobel
* Alfred Nobel
# Tizeɣlilin

| Tizeɣlilin |
| --- |
|  |
| Tasensartut |
|  |
| Tagelda | Plantae |
| Tafesna | Ranunculales (fr)  |
| tawacult  | **Ranunculaceae** Juss., 1789
 |
|  |

**Tizeɣlilin** (Isem ussnan: **Ranunculaceae**) d yiwet n twacult n yimɣan isnayyawen. Tawacult-a tegber seg 2500 n telmas yeṭṭafaren ugar n 60 n tewsitin.

## Aglam

## Umuɣ n tewsitin

* Ameẓẓuɣ n tili – (*Ranunculus*).
* Tadalt – (*Helleborus*).
* Awnaman – (*Adonis*).
* Azbilkin – (*Delphinium*).
* Isni ugellid – (*Aconitum*).
* Azanzu – (*Clematis*).
* Tawsisent – (*Anemone*).
* Tawnuct – (*Aquilegia*).
* Ajeǧǧig n tnekra – (*Pulsatilla*).
* Akeftis – (*Coptis*).
* Buzenzir – (*Mercurialis*).

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
# Tizumbiyin

| Tizumbiyin |
| --- |
|  |
| Tasensartut |
|  |
| Tagelda | Plantae
 |
| division (fr)  | **Pinophyta** Reveal, 1996
 |
|  |
| Isali amatan |
| Taɣbalut | résine naturelle (fr) , conifer root (en) , bois tendre (fr) , scent of evergreen needles (en)  d conifer resin (en)  |

**Tizumbiyin** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Pinophyta**) d ad-adur n yimɣan yeṭṭafaren adur n tnifsanin igan d amur seg yimɣan igranen. Dɣa tga d asmil meqqren wis sin deg tegrawt n yimɣan inifsanen seld n tmesdurifsanin.

Tilmas timezdayin yakk s waṭas deg wad-adur-a gant d: taydiwin, idgel, Tawment, Tumert, Tsuga, Tumert n Douglas, Larix, Tiddi, Taqqa, Araucaria, Agathis, Podocarpus yakk d yigni.

Tizumbiyin daruɣ (meḥsub) ttemɣayen-tt-d deg yakk ideggan n umadal. Yerna d nutenti i yettilin yakk d timezdayin ugar n telmas niden deg twennaṭin-nsent. Maca anecta ur yegdil ara tanegra n wamur ameqran n telmas-is seg tallit tasisfant, anda anagar n 650 n telmas n tzumbiyin kan i mazal ur ngirent ara ar tura.

## Umuɣ n twaculin

## Tasensileɣt

## Tanzagt n tudert

## Amezruy anamhaz

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
# Timsefranin

| Timsefranin |
| --- |
|  |
| Tasensartut |
|  |
| Tagelda | Plantae |
| Tafesna | Lamiales
 |
| tawacult  | **Lamiaceae** Martinov, 1820
 |
|  |

**Timsefrarin** neɣ **Timsefranin** (isem ussnan: **Lamiaceae**) d tawacult n yimɣan timagnulaniyin yeṭṭafaren tafesna n timesferranin. Tawacult-a d tin igebren seg wazal n 7 500 n telmas yebṭan ɣef 236 n tewsitin.

## Tiwsitin tigejdanin

* Asinus — (*Acinos*)
* Taselmett iẓekwan — (*Ajuga*)
* Arbib n merruyet — (*Ballota*)
* Tadart — (*Calamintha*)
* Amezri — (*Galeopsis*)
* Tanesfalt — (*Glechoma*)
* Takmezzut — (*Teucrium*)
* Azegṭuf umlil — (*Lamium*)
* Amezzir — (*Lavandula*)
* iferzizwi — (*Melissa*)
* Agaref — (*Phlomis*)
* Tinsnadamin — (*Stachys*)
* Afrux ufalku — (*Teucrium*)
* Taɣensit — (*Ocimum*)
* Asir — (*Thymus*)
* Merruyet — (*Marrubium*)
* Tazzurt — (*Salvia*)
* Tameẓra — (*Origanum*)
* Azuy – (*Thymus*).

## Asemres

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
# Timẓin

| Timẓin |
| --- |
|  |
| Tasensartut |
|  |
| Tagelda | Plantae |
| Tafesna | Poales (fr)  |
| Tawacult | Poaceae |
| Taɣreft | Triticeae (fr)  |
| Tawsit | Hordeum (fr)  |
| talmest  | **Hordeum vulgare** Linnaeus, 1753
 |
|  |
| Isali amatan |
| Taɣbalut | Hordei Fructus Germinatus (en) , orge (fr) , barley bran (en)  d Q15789710  |

**Timẓin** (assaɣ ussnan: *Hordeum vulgare*) d talmest n imɣan n imseggasen yeṭṭafaren tawsit n temẓin deg tawacult n tumedt

## Aṭṭanen d wuguren

Timẓin d imɣi ig zemren ad yeglu s wurnan deg kra n tegnatin acku d igber seg yiwet n tanga isem-is glutin

## Timẓin deg tasnudert

## Ismawen

## Isseqdac

## Imniren
# Anden

| Anden |
| --- |
|  |
| Isalan imatuyen |
| Agaz yeflalen |
Aconcagua (fr)  |
| Talayt sufel n weswir n yilel |
6 962 m |
| Teɣzi |
7 000 km |
| Tehri |
500 km |
| Tajumma |
3 300 000 km² |
| Tarakalt |
|  |
| anagraw amsideg araklan | ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Azrar n idurar |
cordillère américaine (fr)  |
| Tamurt |
Bolivia, Cili, Kulumbya, Ikwadur, Piru, Venezuela d Tarjentint |
| Asideg araklan |
Tamrikt n Wenẓul |
| Taladrert |
| Geology |
| Tallit tasnaklant |
Mésozoïque (fr)  |

**Idurar n Anden** neɣ **Andes** (s Tespanyult: *Cordillera de los Andes*) d azrar n idurar ɣeziffen, Yeččuṛen d ifarnuyen, yezga-d deg umalu n Temrikt n Wenẓul, azal n teɣezi-ynes yessaweṭ ar 8000 n yikilumtren seg Venezuela arma d tigzirt n Wakal n Tmes. D tehri n 500 km, Akken daɣen illan-t tqacucin ugarent 5000 m di teflel

Adrar iflalen (iɛlayen) akk deg wezrar n Anden d taqacuct n Aconcagua s teflel n 6.959 n imitren

## Imezdaɣ

Azal ameqran n wid yettidiren deg idurar n Anden d Imezdaɣ iẓaṛanen n Marikan, ddren deg yegnan iflalen ay d-yezgan gar idurar-nni seg tkerrazt (tfellaḥt) yerna ssajjawen kra seg yifarisen-nsen am Tneɣlust, am akken ay ddren daɣen seg tkessawt.

## Akal d iylan

Akal n idurar-a n Anden ur ylullesn ara, Maca yeččuṛ d imɣuzen yerna llan waṭas n telmas n yemɣuzen am iɣir, uzzal akk d Afitṛul

## Tiwlafin d tugnin
# Tafṛansist

| Tafṛansist |
| --- |
|
français — langue française |
| At tutlayt tayemmat | tutlayt tayemmat: 77 200 000 (2019) tutlayt tis snat: 208 157 220 (2016) tutlayt tayemmat: 76 795 640 (2016) tutlayt tayemmat: 75 917 870 (2012) tutlayt tis snat: 153 299 770 (2012) |
| Tawacult n tutlayin | * Tutlayin tiwenduṛupiyin
	+ langues italiques (fr)
		- langues latino-falisques (fr)
			* Tutlayin tilatiniyin
				+ langues romanes italo-occidentales (fr)
					- langues romanes occidentales (fr)
						* langues romanes gallo-ibériques (fr)
							+ langues gallo-romanes (fr)
								- Gallo-Rhaetian (en)
									* langue d'oïl (fr)
										+ Tafransist
 |
| Agaraw n tira |
alphabet français (fr)  d braille français (fr)  |
| Ingalen n tutlayt |
| ISO 639-1 | `fr` |
| ISO 639-2 | `fra fre` |
| ISO 639-3 | `fra` |
| Glottolog | `stan1290` |
| Wikipedia | `fr` |
|  |

**Tafṛansist** (s tefṛansist: *La langue française*) d yiwet n tutlayt taṛumantit, teṭṭef amkan wis sebɛa seg tutlayin i yettmeslayen aṭas deg umaḍal akk d wemkan wis 18 deg tutlayin i yettmeslayen ugar am tutlayt tayemmat, ttmeslayen-tt nnig n 80 n yimelyunen n medden deg umaḍal akk am tutlayt tamezwarut, d wazal n 190 n yimelyunen n midden am tutlayt tis snat, d wazal n 274 n yimelyunen deg umaḍal s umata. Wid akked tid i tt-yettmeslayen ttilin deg 54 n tmura deg umaḍal s umata.

Tafṛansist, am tutlayin nniḍen n umaḍal am tapurtugit, d taspenyult, taṭelyanit, takaṭalantit d tṛumanit, tekka-d seg tlatinit, d tutlayt n Tmurt n Iṛumaniyen. Ttemcabin-tt daɣen, deg wazal-a, kra n tutlayin tiɣermiyin am tutlayt taqṭanit neɣ tuksiṭantit, d tutlayt i ttmeslayen yimezdaɣ n Usiṭanya deg wenẓul n Fransa, d tutlayt n Neapolitan, d tutlayt n yimezdaɣ n Naples deg Ṭṭelyan, d tiyaḍ.

## Tiwelhiwin
# Herbert Spenser

|  Herbert Spenser |
| --- |
|  |
| Tameddurt |
| Talalit |
Derby (fr) , 27 Yebrir 1820 |
| Taɣlent |
Tagelda Yeddukklen n Briṭanya tameqrant d Irlanda |
| Tutlayt tayemmat |
Taglizit |
| Lmut |
Brighton (fr) , 8 Duǧember 1903 |
| Ideg n uẓekka |
cimetière de Highgate (fr)  |
| Tawacult |
| Baba-s |
William George Spencer |
| Tissulya akked |
aucune valeur |
| Tiɣri |
| Tutlayin |
Taglizit |
| Amahil |
| Amahil |
afelsuf, économiste (fr) , amusnaw n leɛbad, psychologue (fr) , aneɣmas, amesnametti, amaru, amesnimɣi d ameskar |
| Imɛellmen | The Economist (fr)  |
| Important works | *The Study of Sociology (en)  Mr. Martineau on Evolution (en)  Social Statics (en)*  |
| Nominated to |

ẓer[show]
* arraz n Nobel i telwit (1901) [[arraz n Nobel i tsekla]] (1902)
 |
| Membership |
Académie des sciences de Turin (fr)  Athenaeum Club (fr)  X Club (mul)  Takadimt n Linsyan Takadimt n Linsyan |
| Amussu |
libre-pensée (fr)  positivisme (fr)  utilitarisme (fr)  |
| Taflest |
| Asɣan |
agnosticisme (fr)  |
|  |

**Herbert Spenser** (s taglizit: *Herbert Spencer*), illul ass n 27 yebrir 1820 deg Derby, yemmut ass n 8 duǧember 1903 deg Brayton, d afelsuf ed argaz n tasenmettit aglizi, yiwen seg meden wi yettak deg tiẓri n temhazt n Carle Darwin.

## Tizmilin
# Asgunef

**Asgunef** neɣ **Annefu** d amesni n weksujin seg uzɣar (beṛṛa) n tfekka ar tikwatin n izeṭṭiwen n tfekka., Yakk d umesni n unaksid n ukaṛbun (Co²) seg tkawatin ar azɣar

Asgunef deg tfekka yettili-d s snat n temhalin:

* Asgunef uffiɣ: anda turin tsummuntt azwu yeččuren d Uksijin (s uzizzer) d werẓam (aserreḥ) n wezwu yeččuren d CO² s azɣar (s usɣunef

* Asgunef agensu: Anda tikwatin n tfekka ɣelltent (sfayadent) seg wuksijin id wwint seg yidammen. Dɣa d asgunef agensu i d agejdan deg tufki n tfasa i tfekka d usuɣel n wučči ar tenga tamiddurt neɣ ar Protoplasm. Tazzla n usgunef d tin yemgaraden s waṭas s unect n waddar (ɛla ḥsab leɛmeṛ) acku ɣer warrac meẓẓiyen id tettili ugar wala ɣer imeqqranen. Ɣer isegmiyen (llufanat) id ilulen sakken kan ttilin-d gar n 30 ar 40 n imussa n usgunef deg tesdidt (dqiqa). Maca deg temɣer ttadren-d ar 16 kan deg tesdidt

## Asgunef ɣer yimɣan

## Asgunef s wugar n yiwer n tarrayt

## Tiwlafin

*
*
*
*

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

* Anagraw amesgunef
* Turin