# Balkan

**Balkan** inggih punika nama sajarah lan nama géografis kanggé nedahaken satunggiling tlatah ing Éropa Kidul-wétan. Tlatah punika wiyaripun antawis 550,000 km² kanthi sing ndunungi kinten-kinten of 55 yuta. Nami saking basa Yunani kanggé tlatah *Ujung Balkan*  inggih punika Ujung Haemus (Χερσόνησος του Αίμου, *Chersónisos tou Aímou*). Tlatah punika mendhet nama saking Gunung Balkan ingkang mujur saking Bulgaria tengah dumugi tlatah Serbia wétan.

Garis saking titik paling lèr Adriatic dumugi titik paling lèr Seganten Cemeng (Black Sea)
Peta Etnik Balkan sebelum Perang Balkan I.
Ujung Balkan peninsula (Miturut Garis Danube-Sava-Kupa)
Peta Pulitik Balkan
## Dhéfinisi lan wates

### Ujung Balkan

Tlatah Balkan dipunhubungaken déning toya saking tigang sisih, inggih punika: Seganten Cemeng utawi *Black Sea* ing sisih wétan, lan cabang saking Seganten Mediterania utawi *Mediterranean Sea* ing sisih kidul lan kilèn (kalebet seganten Adriatik, seganten Ionian, seganten Aegean lan seganten Marmara).

### Balkan

Idhèntitas Balkan dipundominasi déning posisi geografinipun; kanthi historis tlatah punika minangka dalan simpang saking rupi-rupi budaya. Dados pepanggihan antawis Basa Latin lan Basa Yunani rikala jaman Kakaisaran Romawi, dados tujuan mlebetipun bangsa Pagan Slavs, tlatah ingkang dados patemonipun agami Kristen Orthodox lan Katulik, ugi dados titik patemon antawis agami Islam lan Kristen, lan minangka tujuan tumrap pengungsi Yahudi wekdal mangsa *Inquisition*.

Balkan sapunika dados tlatah ingkang gadhah warni-warni lan bènten-bènten basa etnik, dados papan kanggé basa-basa Basa Slavik, Basa Romawi, lan Basa Turki, ugi Basa Yunani, Basa Albania, lan sanèsipun. Miturut sajarah kathah ètnik sanès kanthi basanipun piyambak-piyambak ingkang dumunung wonten ing tlatah punika, antawisipun:ètnik Celts, Illyrians, Romawi Kuno, Avars, Vlachs, lan rupi-rupi sukubangsa saking Jerman.

### Kontroversi

Tapel wates lèr Ujung Balkan limrahipun wujud garis ingkang katarik saking Kali Danube, Sava lan Kali Kupa, lan satunggiling segmen ingkang ngubungaken *mata air* Kali Kupa kaliyan Lempongan Kvarner.

Dhéfinisi sanès bab wates lèr Ujung Balkan sampun dipunusulaken::

* Garis Danube-Sava-Krka River-Postojnska Vrata-Vipava River-Soča)
* Garis Danube-Sava-Ljubljansko polje-Idrijca-Soča
* Garis Dniester-Timişoara-Zagreb-Triglav
* Garis Trieste-Odessa (Trieste-Odessa line)
* Garis Lempongan Trieste-Ljubljana-Sava-Danube ()

### Dhéfinisi Ingkang Umum Wayah Punika

Wonten ing sadhéngah nagari Kilèn, nagari-nagari ingkang dipunanggep kalebet Balkan inggih punika:

* Albania
* Bosnia-Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Kroasia
* Montenegro
* Yunani
* Républik Makédonia Lor
* Serbia
* Turki, nanging namung Turki pérangan Éropa (kanthi tradhisional dipunwastani Rumelia utawi Thrace wétan)

Sawetawis nagari ingkang kala-kala ugi dipunlebetaken tlatah Balkan:

* Moldova
* Rumania
* Slowak

### Negari-nagari Ingkang Magepokan

Negari sanès ingkang boten kalebet Balkan naging caket lan gadhah prabawa ageng dhumateng geopulitik, budaya lan sajarah Balkan antawisipun:

* Ostenrik (pirsani : Ostenrik-Hungary, : Assassination in Sarajevo)
* Siprus (pirsani : Cyprus Dispute)
* Honggari (pirsani : Ostenrik-Hungary)
* Italia (see : Triest lan : History of the Venetian Republic)
* Ruslan (pirsani : History of Serbia)

## Organisasi Regional

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Barkas:SEECP members.pngSoutheast European Cooperation Process (SEECP) member states | Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe      members     observers      supporting partners |
| Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)
     members
     former members, joined the EU | Central European Initiative (CEI) member states |
| Southeast European Cooperative Initiative (SECI)      members      observers |  |

Deleng uga Black Sea Regional organizations

## Padunung lan komposisi miturut kebangsaan lan agami

Bangsa-bangsa ingkang dumunung wonten ing Balkan mliginipun:

* Romanians (22 yuta)
* Greeks (10.5 yuta)
* Turks (10 yuta)
* Serbs (8.5 yuta)
* Bulgarians (6.6 yuta)
* Albanians (6 yuta)
* Croats (4.5 yuta)
* Bosniacs (2 yuta)
* Slovenes (2 yuta)
* Macedonians (1.3 yuta)
* Montenegrins (0.3 yuta)
* Sanèsipun (Roma,...)

Agami ingkang kathah dipunanut ing tlatah Balkan inggih punika (Eastern Orthodox lan Katulik) Kristen lan Islam. Eastern Orthodox minangka agami utami ing:

* Bulgaria (Bulgarian Orthodox Church)
* Greece (Church of Greece)
* Republic of Macedonia (Serbian Orthodox Church and uncanonical Macedonian Orthodox Church)
* Montenegro (Serbian Orthodox Church and uncanonical Montenegrin Orthodox Church)
* Romania (Romanian Orthodox Church)
* Serbia (Serbian Orthodox Church)

Roman Catholicism minangka agami utami ing:

* Croatia
* Slowén

Islam minangka agami utami ing:

* Albania
* Bosnia lan Herzegovina
* Turki

## Réferènsi

* Banac, Ivo. *Historiography of the Countries of Eastern Europe: Yugoslavia*, *American Historical Review*, v 97 #4 (October 1992), 1084-1104.
* Banac, Ivo. *The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics* Cornell University Press, [1984].
* Carter, Francis W., ed. *An Historical Geography of the Balkans* Academic Press, 1977.
* Dvornik, Francis. *The Slavs in European History and Civilization* Rutgers University Press, 1962.
* Fine, John V. A., Jr. *The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century* [1983]; *The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest.* Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, [1987].
* John R. Lampe and Marvin R. Jackson; *Balkan Economic History, 1550-1950: From Imperial Borderlands to Developing Nations* Indiana University Press, 1982
* Jelavich, Barbara. *History of the Balkans*, 2 vols. Cambridge University Press, [1983].
* Jelavich, Charles, and Jelavich, Barbara, eds. *The Balkans in Transition: Essays on the Development of Balkan Life and Politics since the Eighteenth Century* University of California Press, 1963.
* Király, Béla K., ed. *East Central European Society in the Era of Revolutions, 1775-1856.* 1984
* Komlos, John, ed. *Economic Development in the Habsburg Monarchy and in the Successor States: Essays* 1990.
* Mazower, Mark, *The Balkans: A Short History*, 2000
* Traian Stoianovich; *Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe* 1994.

## Ugi pirsani

* Balkans
* : History of Balkans
	+ : Historical regions of the Balkan Peninsula
	+ : Balkan Wars
* : Balkan languages
	+ : Balkan Sprachbund
* : Balkanization
* : Orient Express
* : Music of Southeastern Europe
* : The Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina

## Pranala njawi

* South-East Europe Review
* BalkanBaby travel writing, analysis and photos from the Balkans
* Balkan History by Steven W. Sowards Archived 2007-10-15 at the Wayback Machine.
* SEEurope.net Archived 2006-10-04 at the Wayback Machine.-news coverage on Southeastern Europe
* Southeast European Times
* The Centre for South East European Studies Archived 2008-12-19 at the Wayback Machine.
* Balkans region: Oil and Gas Fact Sheet-United States Department of Energy Analysis Brief
* Balkans urged to curb trafficking - BBC
* News from Balkans