# Tetuwuhan

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aksara Latin |   | ꦗꦮ |   |   |

| Tetuwuhan Kalamangsa: 520 Ma
PraЄ
Є
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
↓

Kambrium tekan saiki, nanging pirsani teks |
| --- |
|  |
| Klasifikasi ngèlmiah |
| Dhomain: | Eukaryota |
| Unranked: | Archaeplastida |
| Karajan: | **Plantae** Haeckel, 1866 |
| Divisi |
| **Alga ijo Chlorophyta-alga ijo sajati
* Charophyta-alga ijo mawa karang

**Tetuwuhan dharat (Embryophyta)Tetuwuhan dharat ora duwé pambuluh (lumut)**
	+ Marchantiophyta—lumut ati
	+ Anthocerotophyta—lumut (ati) tanduk
	+ Bryophyta/Musci—lumut sajati
	+ †Horneophytopsida
* **Tetuwuhan mawa pambuluh (tracheophyta)**
	+ †Rhyniophyta
	+ †Zosterophyllophyta
	+ Lycopodiophyta—paku kawat
	+ †Trimerophytophyta
	+ Pteridophyta—paku-pakuan lan paku buntut jaran
	+ †Progymnospermophyta
	+ **Spermatophyta (tetuwuhan wewiji)**
		- †Pteridospermatophyta—paku (duwé) wiji
		- Pinophyta—tetuwuhan runjung
		- Cycadophyta—pakis haji lan kerabaté
		- Ginkgophyta—ginkgo
		- Gnetophyta—mlinjo lan kerabaté
		- Magnoliophyta—tetuwuhan ngembang

†**Nematophytes** |

**Tetuwuhan** utawa **thethukulan** iku ing èlmu Biologi tegesé titah kang kagolong Regnum Plantae, ing antarané: kabèh tetuwuhan mawa pembuluh, kang semu lan kang sajati (lumut ati, lumut, paku-pakuan uga tetuwuhan wewiji). Ing vèrsi taksonomi tetuwuhan tinentu, alga ijo uga kalebu ing karajan (*regnum*) iki. Tetuwuhan iku jinis titah autotrof kang mupangataké klorofil kanggo komponèn pangowah ènèrgi foton saka cahya srengéngé dadi ènèrgi kimiawi kang wujudé gula. Prosès pangalihan iki diarani prosès fotosintesis. Amarga solahé kang autotrof, tetuwuhan iku ana ing posisi angka siji ing ranté ilèn ènèrgi liwat titah (ranté panganan).
Amarga warna ijo dominan banget ing anggota karajan iki, mula jeneng liya kang dianggo yaiku **Viridiplantae** ("tetuwuhan ijo"). Jeneng liyané yaiku **Metaphyta**.

Klasifikasi tetuwuhan mangsa kapungkur nglebokaké uga kabèh jinis alga lan fungi (kalebu jamur lendhir) minangka anggotané. Kritik-kritik kang muncul sabanjuré agawé fungi dipisahaké saka tetuwuhan. Sanadyan stasioner, fungi asipat *saprotrof*, olèh ènèrgi saka sisa-sisa bahan organik. Kajaba iku, dhindhing sèl fungi ora kasusun saka bahan kang padha karo tetuwuhan lan malahan mèmper kéwan.
Sapérangan gedhé alga banjur wiwit dipisahaké saka kaanggotaan tetuwuhan amarga ora duwé diferensiasi jaringan lan ora ngembangaké klorofil minangka pigmen panangkap ènèrgi.

Panggunaan tèknik-tèknik biologi molekuler marang filogèni tetuwuhan pranyata mènèhi panyengkuyung pamisahan iki.

## Dhéfinisi

Nalika sawijining tetuwuhan dikarepaké minangka grup organisme tinamtu utawa taxon, racaké tegesé salah siji konsèp. Panglompokané yaiku:

| Jeneng | Lingkup | Katrangan |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Tetuwuhan dharat, uga ditepungi minangka Embryophyta utawa Metaphyta. | Plantae *sensu strictissimo* | Golongan iki kalebu liverworts, hornworts, mosses, lan vascular plant, lan uga fossil plants kang mèmper karo golongan iki. |
| **Green plants** – uga ditepungi minangka **Viridiplantae**, **Viridiphyta** utawa **Chlorobionta** | Plantae *sensu stricto* | Golongan iki kalebu tetuwuhan dharat plus manéka golongan alga ijo, kalebu stonewort. |
| Archaeplastida, Plastida utawa Primoplantae | Plantae *sensu lato* | Kompok iki kalebu tetuwuhan ijo ig dhuwur plus Rhodophyta (alga abang) lan Glaucophyta (alga glaucophyte). |

Cara liya yaiku liwat sawijiningcladogram, kang nuduhaké gayutan evolusionèr. Sajarah évolusi tetuwuhan durung ditata kanthi pepak, nanging salah siji kang wis ditampa yaiku. Those which have been called "plants" are in bold.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Archaeplastida**  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Glaucophyta (glaucophyte algae)  |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Rhodophyta (alga abang)  |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Viridiplantae**  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Chlorophyta (péranganing alga ijo)  |
|  |
| Streptophyta  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
streptophyte algae (péranganing alga ijo)  |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Charales (stoneworts, often included  ing alga ijo)  |
|  |
|  | **land plants** utawa embryophytes |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
groups traditionally called "algae" |

## Rupa

Watara 350,000 spésies saka tetuwuhan kang ana wektu iki. Taun 2004, watara 287,655 spésies wis ditepungi, ing antarané 258,650 yaiku awujud tetuwuhan ngembang, 16,000 bryophyta, 11,000 pakis lan 8,000 alga ijo.

**Karagaman tetuwuhan**| Golongan informal | Jeneng divisi | Jeneng umum | Cacahing spésies |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ganggang ijo | **Chlorophyta** | ganggang ijo (chlorophyta) | 3,800  |
| **Charophyta** | ganggang ijo (desmids & charophytes) | 4,000-6,000  |
| Bryophyta | **Marchantiophyta** | liverworts | 6,000-8,000  |
| **Anthocerotophyta** | hornworts | 100-200  |
| **Bryophyta** | mosses | 12,000  |
| Pteridophyta | **Lycopodiophyta** | club mosses | 1,200  |
| **Pteridophyta** | ferns, whisk ferns & horsetails | 11,000  |
| Tetuwuhan wewiji | **Cycadophyta** | cycads | 160  |
| **Ginkgophyta** | ginkgo | 1  |
| **Pinophyta** | conifers | 630  |
| **Gnetophyta** | gnetophytes | 70  |
| **Magnoliophyta** | flowering plants | 258,650  |

## Pirsani uga

* Woh
* Kembang
* Tetuwuhan jamu lan bumbu
* Jinising tanduran

## Réferènsi

## Pranala njaba

Wikibooks
Wikibooks *Dichotomous Key* gadhah kaca kanthi sesirah
*Plantae*

* Jones, T. M., Reid, C. S., Urbatsch, L. E. "Visual study of divisional Plantae". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2020-04-13. Dibukak ing 2016-10-10. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (pitulung)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (requires Microsoft Silverlight)
* *Tetuwuhan* ing Encyclopedia of Life
* Chaw, S.-M.; et al. (1997). "Molecular Phylogeny of Extant Gymnosperms and Seed Plant Evolution: Analysis of Nuclear 18s rRNA Sequences" (PDF). *Molec. Biol. Evol*. **14** (1): 56–68. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025702. PMID 9000754.
* Index Nominum Algarum
* Interactive Cronquist classification
* Plant Resources of Tropical Africa Archived 2010-06-11 at the Wayback Machine.
* Tree of Life Archived 2015-06-30 at the Wayback Machine.

Database botani lan vegetasi
* African Plants Initiative database
* Australia
* Chilean plants at *Chilebosque*
* e-Floras (Flora of China, Flora of North America and others)
* Flora Europaea
* Flora of Central Europe (ing basa Basa Jerman)
* Flora of North America
* List of Japanese Wild Plants Online
* Meet the Plants-National Tropical Botanical Garden Archived 2007-06-16 at the Wayback Machine.
* Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - Native Plant Information Network at University of Texas, Austin
* The Plant List Archived 2019-05-23 at the Wayback Machine.
* United States Department of Agriculture Archived 2013-10-05 at the Wayback Machine. not limited to continental US species

Cithakan:Klasifikasi tetuwuhan