# 歯茎吸着音

| 歯茎吸着音 |
| --- |
| ǃ |
| IPA 番号 | 178 |
| IPA 表記 | [ǃ] |
| IPA 画像 |  |
| Unicode | U+01C3 |
| 文字参照 | &#451; |
| JIS X 0213 |  |
| X-SAMPA | !\ |
| Kirshenbaum | c!  |
| 音声サンプル |

**歯茎吸着音**（はぐき きゅうちゃくおん）は、子音のひとつ。

国際音声記号では感嘆符[ǃ]で表わされる。かつては「c」を縦に伸ばした[ʗ]が用いられていたが、1989年に取り消された。

## 概要

歯茎吸着音の発音は歯吸着音のものに類似しているが、舌尖（舌端でなく）を歯茎の後部に接触させることで閉鎖を作る。

かつてそり舌音や硬口蓋音とされたこともあった。歯茎吸着音の記号[ǃ]自体、もともとは歯吸着音を表す記号の下にそり舌音を表す点を加えたものだった。しかし、ラディフォギッドとトレイルによって、むしろ歯茎音と呼んだ方がよいとされた。

吸着音は本質的に軟口蓋音または口蓋垂音との二重調音であり、国際音声記号では[k͡ǃ]のように書くか、あるいはタイを省略して[kǃ]のように書くことができる。同様に帯気音は[kǃʰ]、有声音は[ɡǃ]、鼻音は[ŋǃ]のように書かれる。

ズールー語およびコサ語の正書法では「q」と書かれる（qh [kǃʰ], gq [ɡǃ], nq [ŋǃ]）。

## 言語例

* ズールー語：qaqa [kǃàːkǃá] 「元に戻す」、isinqe [ìsìːŋǃé] 「尻」
* コサ語：ukuqoba [ukúkǃoɓa] 「石を割る」
* ナマ語：[kǃoas] 「くぼみ」、[kǃʰoas] 「帯」、[ŋ̥ǃʰoas] 「物語る」、[ŋǃoras] 「トウモロコシを収穫する」、[kǃˀoas] 「会合」。

* Ladefoged, Peter (2001). *A Course in Phonetics* (4th ed.). Heinle & Heinle. ISBN 0155073192
* Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). *The Sounds of the World's Languages* (英語). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0631198154.
* プラム, ジェフリー・K、ラデュサー, ウィリアム・A 著、土田滋; 福井玲; 中川裕 訳『世界音声記号辞典』三省堂、2003年。ISBN 4385107564。

* Peter Ladefoged; Sandra Ferrari Disner (2012) [2001], “14. Consonants around the world”, *Vowels and Consonants* (3rd ed.), Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 9781444334296,  （ナマ語の吸着音の一覧と音声データを含む）

**子音**

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**肺臓気流**|  | 両唇 | 唇歯 | 歯 | 歯茎 | 後部歯茎 | そり舌 | 硬口蓋 | 軟口蓋 | 口蓋垂 | 咽頭 | 声門 |
| 破裂 | p | b | (p̪) | (b̪) | (t̪) | (d̪) | t | d |  |  | ʈ | ɖ | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | q | ɢ | ( ʡˤ) |  | ʔ |  |
| 鼻 | (m̥) | m | (ɱ̊) | ɱ | (n̪̊) | (n̪) | (n̥) | n |  |  |  | ɳ |  | ɲ |  | ŋ |  | ɴ |  |  |
| ふるえ | (ʙ̥) | ʙ |  |  |  |  | (r̥) | r |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ʀ |  |  |
| はじき |  | (ⱱ̟) |  | ⱱ |  |  |  | ɾ |  |  |  | ɽ |  | (ɟ̆) |  |  | (ɢ̆) |  | (ʡ̆) |  |
| 摩擦 | ɸ | β | f | v | θ | ð | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ç | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | h | ɦ |
| 側面摩擦 |  |  |  |  | ɬ | ɮ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 接近 |  | (β̞) | (ʋ̥) | ʋ |  |  | (ɹ̥) | ɹ |  |  |  | ɻ |  | j |  | ɰ |  |  |  |  |  |
| 側面接近 |  |  |  |  | (l̥) | l |  |  |  | ɭ |  | ʎ |  | ʟ |  |  |  |  |

 |  |

**非肺臓気流 表
* 話
* 編
* 歴
| 吸着 | ʘ | ǀ | ǃ | 𝼊 | ǂ | ǁ | (ʞ) |
| 入破 | ɓ | ɗ̪ | ɗ | (ᶑ) | ʄ | ɠ | ʛ |
| 放出 | pʼ | (t̪ʼ) | tʼ | ʈʼ | cʼ | kʼ | (qʼ) | sʼ |

**その他**| 同時調音 | ʍ | w | ɥ | ɕ | ʑ | ɧ |
| (k͡p) | (ɡ͡b) | (ŋ͡m) |

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 喉頭蓋音 | ʜ | ʢ | ʡ |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 舌唇音 | (t̼) | (d̼) | (n̼) | (θ̼) | (ð̼) |

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| その他側面音 | ɺ | (ɭ̆) | (ɫ) |

 |
|

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 破擦音 | p͡ɸ | b͡β | p̪͡f | b̪͡v | t͡θ | d͡ð | t͡s | d͡z | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | ʈ͡ʂ | ɖ͡ʐ | t͡ɕ | d͡ʑ | c͡ç | ɟ͡ʝ | k͡x | ɡ͡ɣ | q͡χ | ɢ͡ʁ | t͡ɬ | d͡ɮ | ʔ͡h |  |

 |
| 記号が二つ並んでいるものは、左が無声音、右が有声音。網掛けは調音が不可能と考えられる部分。 丸括弧内はIPA子音表（2005年改訂版）に記載されていないもの。
 |

国際音声記号 - 子音 * 表
* 話
* 編
* 歴