# Leðurblökur

| Leðurblökur Tímabil steingervinga: Síð-paleósen - nútíma |
| --- |
|  *Corynorhinus townsendii* á flugi |
| Vísindaleg flokkun |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Ríki: | Dýraríki (*Animalia*)  |
| Fylking: | Seildýr (*Chordata*)  |
| Flokkur: | Spendýr (*Mammalia*)  |
| Ættbálkur: | **Chiroptera** Blumenbach, 1779 |

 |
| Undirflokkar |
| * Stórblökur (*Megachiroptera*)
* Smáblökur (*Microchiroptera*)
 |

**Leðurblökur** (fræðiheiti: *Chiroptera*) eru ættbálkur spendýra. Það sem helst einkennir leðurblökur eru fit sem myndast hafa milli útlima og gera þeim kleift að fljúga. Leðurblökur eru einu náttúrulega fleygu spendýrin þótt sum önnur spendýr (t.d. flugíkorni) geti svifið stutta leið.

Talið er að til séu um 1.100 tegundir leðurblaka í heiminum sem er um fimmtungur af öllum þekktum tegundum spendýra.

## Upphaf

Elstu steingervingar leðurblakna (Chiroptera) er um 50-60 milljón ára og litu mjög svipað út og þær gera í dag. Líklegast er að svifdýrin sem leðurblökurnar þróuðust upp úr hafi tekið á loft til þess að annaðhvort að flýja rándýr eða til þess að elta skordýrin sem voru að byrja að fljúga á sama tíma.

## Heimkynni

Leðurblökur lifa nánast allstaðar í heiminum fyrir utan nokkrar eyjar og norður- og suðurpólinn. Þær vilja helst vera á heitum svæðum og lifa víðs vegar; í borgum, skógi, fjöllum o.fl. Leðurblökur eru næturdýr og lifa oftast á myrkum stöðum sem skýlir þeim frá veðri t.d trjám, hellum og námum. Þær eru hópdýr og lifa oft frá hundrað talsins upp í þúsund.

## Fæða

Ávextir og skordýr er helsta fæða leðurblaka. Sumar stærri leðurblökur veiða mýs, fiska og smærri dýr. Blóðsugu-leðurblökur eru þekktar fyrir að drekka blóð en þær bíta V-lagað sár og sleikja upp blóðið.

## Mökun

Til þess að heilla gagnstæða kynið þurfa karlarnir að gera allskonar fluglistir. Þegar mökunar tíminn er kominn þá fljúga allar leðurblökurnar í þéttum hópum og leika sínar kúnstir. Eftir að hafa fundið sér maka fer parið saman á rólegri stað og lýkur mökunarferlinu.

## Bergmálsmiðun

Leðurblökur eru ekki blindar eins og margir halda. Þær hafa einfaldlega ekki góða nætursjón heldur nota þær bergmálsmiðun. Bergmálsmiðun virkar þannig að leðurblökurnar framkalla hátíðihljóð sem lendir á föstum hlutum í kring og bergmálar síðan til baka. Ef hljóðið fer fljótt til baka er stutt í hlutinn. Með bergmálsmiðun geta leðurblökur séð 360° í kringum sig. Þegar leðurblökurnar ferðast hins vegar í hópum, skiptast þær á að þegja svo ekki verði ruglingur og óreiða á flugi. Hlustað er á eina leðurblöku sem virkar eins og leiðtogi í þeim hóp.

## Flokkunarfræði

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| **Chiroptera** |

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| Stórblökur (*Megachiroptera*) |
Flughundar (*Pteropodidae*)  |
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| Smáblökur (*Microchiroptera*) |

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Stóreyrnablökur (*Megadermatidae*)  |
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Craseonycteridae  |
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Felliblökur (*Rhinopomatidae*)  |
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Hipposideridae  |
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Skeifublökur (*Rhinolophidae*)  |
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| Yangochiroptera |

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Miniopteridae  |
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Héramunnblökur (*Noctilionidae*)  |
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Mormoopidae (*Pteronotus*)  |
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Mystacinidae  |
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Thyropteridae |
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Furipteridae  |
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Mormoopidae (*Mormoops*)  |
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Blaðnefsblökur (*Phyllostomidae*)  |
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Halablökur (*Molossidae*)  |
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Svipublökur (*Emballonuridae*)  |
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Sogskálablökur (*Myzopodidae*) |
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Svipublökur (*Taphozous*)  |
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Natalidae  |
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Eiginlegar leðurblökur (*Vespertilionidae*)  |
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| Innanverð flokkunarfræði leðurblakna (*Chiroptera*), samkvæmt rannsókn frá 2011 |

  *Þessi líffræðigrein er stubbur. Þú getur hjálpað til með því að bæta við greinina.*

## Tenglar

* *Evolution*; sótt 17/05/2016 Geymt 13 maí 2016 í Wayback Machine
* *Facts About Bats*; sótt 17/05/2016
* *Á hverju lifa leðurblökur?*; sótt 17/05/2016
* Leðurblökugreinar á Vísindavefnum
* *Bat Facts*; sótt 17/05/2016
* *Bats Shut Traps When Flying in Groups*; sótt 17/05/2016