# Asụsụ Jingpo

| Jinghpaw *Jinghpaw ga* **Lua error in Module:Unicode\_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value).**Templeeti:Infobox Language/pronunciation |
| --- |
| Spoken in: | Myanmar, China, India  |
| Region: | Kachin State, Yingjiang County |
| Total speakers: | c. Templeeti:Sigfig |
| Language family: | Sino-Tibetan  Tibeto-Burman   Sal    Jingpho–Luish     **Jinghpaw**Templeeti:Infobox Language/script |
| Language codes |
| ISO 639-1: | *none* |
| ISO 639-2: | `kac` |
| ISO 639-3: | variously:Templeeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelistTempleeti:Infobox Language/codelist
Templeeti:Infobox Language/IPA |

 Edere akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara omenala Kachin na Myanmar na Jingpo.
**Jinghpaw** ( *Jinghpaw ga*, *Jìngphòʔ gà*, **Lua error in Module:Unicode\_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value).** ) ma ọ bụ **Kachin** ( Burmese , **Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA/data' not found.** ) bụ asụsụ Tibeto-Burman nke alaka ụlọ ọrụ Sal a na-asụ n’ụzọ bụ́ isi na Kachin Steeti, Myanmar ; Northeast India ; na Yunnan, China . Ndị Jinghpaw (ma ọ bụ Kachin), ndị otu agbụrụ dị iche iche bi na Kachin Hills, bụ ndị isi na-asụ asụsụ Jinghpaw, na-agụta ihe dịka 625,000 na-asụ asụsụ. Okwu a bụ "asụsụ Kachin" nwere ike ịpụta na asụsụ Jinghpaw ma ọ bụ asụsụ ọ bụla nke ndị Jinghpaw na-asụ, dị ka Lisu, Lashi, Rawang, Zaiwa, Lhawo Vo, na Achang . Asụsụ ndị a sitere na ngalaba dị iche iche nke ọkwa kacha elu nke ezinụlọ Tibeto-Burman .

A na-eji mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Latin emezigharị dee Jinghpaw; Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà okwu na-eji mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Burmese eme ihe, ma ewepụchala ya nke ukwuu. Ngwucha syllable Jinghpaw nwere ike ịgụnye ụdaume, imi, ma ọ bụ nkwụsị ọnụ.

Turung nke Assam na India na-asụ asụsụ Jingpo nwere ọtụtụ okwu mbinye ego Assamese, nke a na-akpọ *Singpho*, nke na-ekerịta 50% lexical myirịta na Jinghpaw.

## Olumba

Enwere opekata mpe 16 ụdị Jingpoish (Kachinic) (Kurabe 2014:59). E si na Kurabe (2014) nweta ozi igwe mmadụ na ọnọdụ e depụtara n'okpuru. Standard Jingpo na Nkhum bụ ụdị akọwara nke ọma, ebe Stephen Morey dekọtara ụdị Jingpoish nke India n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Ụdị Jingpoish dị na ugwu Kachin Steeti ka akọwachaghị nke ọma.

*Ethnologue* depụtara **Duleng** (Dalaung, Dulong ), **Dzili** (Jili), **Hkaku** (Hka-Hku), na **Kauri** (Gauri, Guari, Hkauri). Dị ka Ethnologue si kwuo, Dzili nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ dị iche, ebe Hkaku na Kauri dị nnọọ iche.

Ụdị Jingpoish ndị ọzọ a na-akọwachaghị gụnyere **Mungji** na **Zawbung** . **Shanke** bụ asụsụ a kọwara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nwere njikọ chiri anya na Jingpo, n'agbanyeghị na ndị na-asụ ya na-akọwa onwe ha dị ka Naga.

### Ndịda

* **Standard Jinghpaw** bụ ụdị ụdị Jinghpaw dị ka ejiri mee ihe n'etiti ndị Kachin na Myanmar, yana ndị agbụrụ na-abụghị ndị Kachin na Kachin State . Ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu okwu bi na Kachin State, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ bi na Shan State na Sagaing Division . A na-asụ ya na Myitkyina, Bhamo, na Kutkai . Ọgbọ ndị na-eto eto na-achọkarị ịkpọ /ts / na /dz / ka [ s ] na [ z ], na-agbanwe ha na /s / ( [ sʰ ] ). Standard Jinghpaw dị ka a na-ekwu na steeti Shan na-enwekarị *ʔə* - agbakwunyere na okwu monosyllabic, na-etinyekwa urughuru ajụjụ *ʔi* n'ihu ngwaa.
* **Nkhum** / **Enkun**恩昆 ( *n̩˧˩kʰum˧ ka˧˩* ) a na-asụ na Lianghe, Ruili, Longchuan, na mpaghara Luxi nke Yunnan, China. Ọ bụ olumba Jingpo a kacha asụ na China. Olumba Nkhum na-egosiputa ọdịiche ndekọ aha adịghị ike, ebe Shadan adịghị. Ọ bụ ezie na olumba Shadan na-enwekarị -ŋ, Nkhum anaghị emekarị. A na-eji *Tongbiguan 铜壁关*dị iche iche nke Nkhum dị ka ụdị ọkọlọtọ Jingpo na China. A na-ahụkwa obere akpa ndị na-ekwu okwu na Gengma County .
* **Shadan** / **Shidan**石丹 ( *ʃă˩tan˧˩ ka˧˩* ; *ʃă˩tam˧˩ ka˧˩* ) ka a na-asụ na Yunnan, China. A na-asụ ya n'ime obodo Kachang 卡昌 na Taiping 太平 (na Getong 格同 nke Mengzhi 蒙支, Zhengtonghong 正通硔, na Longpen 龙盆 ), nke dị na Ying County, 刱 County Ying.ji.
* **Gauri** / **Khauri** ( *kau˧ʒi˧˩ ka˧˩* ) ka a na-asụ n'ugwu Gauri, nke dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Bhamo . Obodo nta gụnyere Prang Hkudung, Man Dau, Hkarawm Kawng, Manda, Ka Daw, Lamai Bang, Bum Wa, Ma Htang, Jahkai, na Loi Ming. Na China, ihe dị ka mmadụ 300 na-asụ Gauri na Hedao 贺岛 na Hongka 硔卡 obodo Longchuan County, na Kachang 卡场镇 nke Yingjiang County.
* **Mengzhi**蒙支 ( *muŋ˧˩tʃi˧˩ ka˧˩* ) bụ ihe dị ka mmadụ 200 na-asụ n'ime obodo abụọ nke Getong 格同 na Zhengtongyou 正通猶 na Mengzhi 蒙支, Yingjiang County盈江县.
* A na-asụ **Thingnai** nso Mohnyin, ndịda steeti Kachin.

## fonology

Ihe ndị a dị na Standard Jingpo:

### Consonants

|  | Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | (Alveolo-)<br id="mwAWg"><br>palatal | Retroflex | Velar | Glottal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| plain | pal. | fric. | plain | pal. | plain | pal. | fric. |
| Nasal | <small id="mwAYo">voiced</small> | m | mʲ |  | n | nʲ |  |  | ŋ |  |  |  |
| <small id="mwAZ4">glottalized</small> | ˀm | ˀmʲ |  | ˀn | ˀnʲ |  |  | ˀŋ |  |  |  |
| Plosive | voiceless | p | pʲ | pᶼ | t |  |  |  | k | kʲ | kᶼ | ʔ |
| aspirated | pʰ | pʰʲ | pʰᶼ | tʰ |  |  |  | kʰ | kʰʲ | kʰᶼ |  |
| voiced | b | bʲ | bᶼ | d |  |  |  | ɡ | ɡʲ | ɡᶼ |  |
| Affricate | voiceless |  |  |  | ts |  | tɕ |  |  |  |  |  |
| voiced |  |  |  | dz |  | dʑ |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fricative |  |  |  | s |  | ɕ |  |  |  |  | (h) |
| Approximant | central | w |  |  | l |  | j | ɻ |  |  |  |  |
| <small id="mwAkM">glottalized</small> | ˀw |  |  | ˀl |  | ˀj | ˀɻ |  |  |  |  |

* /h/ is only marginal and often appears in loanwords.
* /ɻ/ can also be heard as a fricative [ʐ].

### Udaume

|  | N'ihu | Central | Azu |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Elu | i |  | u |
| N'etiti | e | ə | o |
| Dị ala |  | a |  |

### Ụda

Jingpo nwere ụda anọ n'ime mkpụrụokwu mepere emepe, yana ụda abụọ n'ime mkpụrụokwu mechiri emechi (elu na obere). A naghị edokarị ụda n'akwụkwọ, n'agbanyeghị na enwere ike dee ya site na iji ụda olu dị ka ndị a:

| Ụda | Ọkpụkpụ |
| --- | --- |
| Elu | a |
| N'etiti | a |
| Dị ala | a |
| Na-ada | â |

## Okwu okwu

Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Jingpo nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke mkpụrụ Tibeto-Burman na ngwaahịa ndị na-abụghị Tibeto-Burman, gụnyere Burmese na Shan . Okwu mbinye ego Burmese na-egosipụta stratas abụọ, stratum ochie nke na-egosipụta ụda olu nke asụsụ Burmese na-agbanwe agbanwe, yana stratum ọhụrụ na-egosipụta okwu ndị e nwetara site na phonology Burmese ọgbara ọhụrụ. Strata ochie nwere okwu agbaziri site na Burmese site na Shan, nke na-egosipụtakwa phonology tupu oge a nke okwu Burmese. Jingpo agbaziwokwa ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ sitere na Shan, bụ́ ndị ọ na-enwe mmekọrịta chiri anya n'asụsụ agbụrụ ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. Jingpo, dị ka asụsụ franca dị n'ebe ugwu ugwu Myanmar, n'aka nke ya bụkwa isi mmalite nke okwu n'asụsụ mpaghara ndị ọzọ dị ka Rawang na Zaiwa .

## Akwụkwọ edemede Latin

Usoro odide Jingpo bụ mkpụrụedemede sitere na Latin nke nwere mkpụrụedemede iri abụọ na atọ, yana obere akara eji eme ihe, nke ndị ozi ala ọzọ Baptist America kere na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19. Ola Hanson, bụ́ otu n’ime ndị na-emepụta mkpụrụ akwụkwọ, bịarutere Myanmar na 1890, mụtara asụsụ ahụ wee dee akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Kachin–English nke mbụ.

|  |
| --- |
| **mkpụrụedemede Jinghpaw**  |
| A ʔà | Ă ʔa̰ | E ʔɛ̰ | Ē ʔɛ̀ | È ʔɛ́ |
| I ʔì | O ʔɔ̀ | U ʔù | AI ʔàɪɴ | AU ʔáʊɴ |
| AW ʔɔ́ | OI ʔʊ̀ɛ́ | B ba̰ | CHY t͡ɕa̰ | D da̰ |
| G ɡa̰ | GY ɡa̰ja̰ | H ha̰ | J d͡ʑa̰ | K ka̰ |
| KY ka̰ja̰ | HK kʰa̰ | HKY kʰa̰ja̰ | L la̰ | M ma̰ |
| N na̰ | NG ŋa̰ | NY ɲa̰ | P pa̰ | HP pʰa̰ |
| HPY pʰa̰ja̰ | R ja̰ | S sʰa̰ | SH ʃa̰ | T ta̰ |
| TS sa̰ | HT tʰa̰ | W wa̰ | Y ja̰ | Z za̰ |

## Nkọwa okwu Burmese

A na-edekwa Jingpo n'asụsụ Burmese.

### Consonants

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Burmese | ဗ | ပ | ဖ | မ | ဝ | ဒ | တ | ထ | န | ည | စ | ၡ | ရ | လ | ယ | ဇ | ဆ | ချ | ဂျ | ဂ | က | ခ | င | ဟ | အ | ပ် | ဖွ | ွ | ြ | ျ |
| Latin | b | p | hp | m | w | d | t | ht | n | ny | s | sh | r | l | y | z | ts | ch | j | g | k | hk | ng | h | ' | pf | f | w | r | y |
| IPA | [b] | [p] | [pʰ] | [m] | [w] | [d] | [t] | [tʰ] | [n] | [ɲ] | [s~sʰ] | [ɕ] | [ɻ~ʒ] | [l] | [j] | [t͡s] | [t͡sʰ] | [t͡ɕ] | [d͡ʑ] | [ɡ] | [k] | [kʰ] | [ŋ] | [h] | [ʔ] | [pf~ʰp]] | [f] | [-ʷ-] | [-ᶼ-] | [-ʲ-] |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Burma | ိ | ု | ေ | ေါ | ဝ် | ယ် |
| Latịn | i | u | e | o |
| IPA | [i] | [u] | [e] | [o] | [-u] | [-i] |

### Ụda olu ndị ọzọ

* ာ - ụda
* ် – na-aka akara aka mgbanaka ikpeazụ site n’imechi ọnụ [-a]

## Ntụaka

.