# Asụsụ Lamo

**Lamo** (a na-akpọkwa **mBo** ; IPA: mbo˥ ; **'Bo skad** ) bụ asụsụ Sino-Tibet na-enweghị nkewa a na-asụ na Tshawarong, Zogang County, Chamdo Prefecture, Tibet . Suzuki & Nyama debere ya n'oge na-adịbeghị anya (2016). sMad skad, asụsụ dị iche iche nwere njikọ chiri anya, na-asụkwa na Tshawarong.

Suzuki & Nyima (2018) na-edepụta ụdị Kyilwa (格瓦) nke Dongba Township (东坝乡).

## Aha

*Changdu Gazetteer* na-akpọ Lamo (2005: 819) dị ka *Dongba* (东坝话), dịka a na-ekwu na Dongba Township (东坝乡), Zogang County . Jiang (2022) na-ezokwa aka na asụsụ dị ka *Dongba* (东坝话).

Ndị Khams Tibet na-ezo aka na ndị na-asụ Lamo dị ka *mBo* ma ọ bụ *mBo mi* ('bo mi). N'ọdịnala, ndị na-asụ Lamo na-akpọkwa onwe ha *Pomi*, n'agbanyeghị na ndị niile na-asụ Lamo amachaghị aha a. Ha na-akpọ asụsụ ha *Lamo* . Ụfọdụ ndị na-asụ Lamo na-akpọkwa asụsụ obodo ha *ˊmbo hkə* .

Lamo autonyms site na ọnọdụ (gSerkhu, nke a tụlere n'okpuru, bụ obere ụdị dị iche iche nwere nghọta):

| Asụsụ | Autonym | Ebe |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Lamo | [la55 mo55] | Obodo Dongba 东坝乡, Dzogang County |
| Lamo | [la55 mɛ53] | Obodo Zhonglinka 中林卡乡, Dzogang County |
| gSakhu | [sə55 khu55] | Obodo Shangchayu 上察隅镇, Dzayul County |

## Ọnụọgụ igwe mmadụ

Ihe dị ka ndị ọkà okwu 4,000 na-asụ Lamo, ndị nwere puku abụọ na Dongba Township, na puku abụọ na-asụkwa na obodo Zhonglinka. Obodo abụọ a dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Nujiang na Dzogang County .

Obodo Lamo na gSerkhu site na obodo:

| Asụsụ | Obodo, County | Obodo nta |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Lamo | Obodo Dongba 东坝乡, Dzogang | Junyong 军拥村, Gewa 格瓦村, Puka 普卡村, Bazuo, and Jiaba 加坝村 |
| Lamo | Obodo Zhonglinka 中林卡乡, Dzogang | Shizika 十字卡村, Luoba 洛巴村, Ruoba 若巴村, Wadui 瓦堆村, na Wamei 瓦美村 |
| gSakhu | Obodo Shangchayu 上察隅镇, Dzayul | Benzhui 本堆村, Muzong, Cuixi 翠兴村, na Sangba |

## Olumba

Enwere olumba abụọ:

* **Lamo** (aha Tibet maka asụsụ: mBo-skad)
* **Lamei**

Enwere ụyọkọ obodo 5 na-asụ Lamo na Dongba Township, nke bụ Kyilwa, Phurkha, Gewa, Gyastod na Gyasmed. Ụyọkọ obodo fọdụrụnụ, n'ime mkpokọta obodo iri na atọ dị na Dongba Township, bụ obodo ndị Khams Tibet na-asụ asụsụ.

Ndị mmadụ 1,500 ruo 2,000 na-asụ Lamei n'ime ụyọkọ obodo ise na-asụ na obodo Zhonglinka. Ụyọkọ obodo Sitrikhapa, Wangtod, Wangmed, Rongba na Laba nwere naanị ndị na-asụ Lamei. Woba, Pula, na Zuoshod obodo ụyọkọ nwere ma Lamei na Khams Tibet na-asụ asụsụ.

**gSerkhu** bụ ụdị Lamo dị iche iche, nke ọ na-enwe nghọta n'etiti ha. Ndị na-asụ Khams Tibet na-ezo aka na asụsụ ahụ dị ka **Sikhu** . gSerkhu bụ ihe dị ka mmadụ 400 (ụlọ 80) na-asụ n'ime obodo 4 nke ndagwurugwu gSerkhu, nke bụ Benzhui, Muzong, Cuixi, na Sangba, ha niile dị na Shangchayu Town, Dzayul County . Dzayul County nwekwara ndị ọkà okwu Khams Tibet bụ ndị si na mpaghara Lamo na-asụ Dongba, Dzogang County kwaga na mbụ. Jiang (2022) na-ezo aka na asụsụ dị ka *Suku* ma ọ bụ *Sukuhua* (素苦话).

## Nhazi

Suzuki & Nyima (2016, 2018) na-atụ aro na Lamo nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ Qiangic . Guillaume Jacques (2016) na-atụ aro na mBo bụ asụsụ rGyalrongic nke alaka Stau - Khroskyabs (Horpa-Lavrung).

Suzuki & Nyima (2018) mara na Lamo nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ abụọ ọzọ edekọtara na nso nso a nke Chamdo, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Tibet, ya bụ Larong (nke a na-ekwu na ndagwurugwu Lancang River nke Zogang County na Markam County ) na Drag-yab (nke a na-asụ n'ebe ndịda Zhag'yab County ). A na-akpọ asụsụ ndị a ọnụ asụsụ Chamdo .

Lamo atụnyere Tibet Tibetan na Proto-Tibeto-Burman (Nyima & Suzuki 2019):

| Gloss | Lamo | Tibet dere | Proto-Tibeto-Burman |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| otu | ˉdə | gcig | \*tyak ~ \*gt(y)ik |
| anọ | ˉl aga | bzhi | \* b-ləy |
| Asaa | ˉn̥i | bdun | \*s-ni-s |
| iri | ˉʁɑ | bcu | \*ts(y)i (y) ~ \*tsyay |
| ị | ˉ nə | khyod | \*na-ŋ |
| inyinya | ˊre | rta | \* s/m-mkpọ |
| ọbara | ˉse | krag | \*s-hywəy-t |
| mmamịrị | ˉqo | gcin | \*kum |

## Lexicon

Suzuki & Nyima (2016) depụta okwu Lamo ndị a.

| Gloss | Lamo |
| --- | --- |
| one | də˥ |
| two | na˥ |
| three | sɔ̰̃˩ |
| four | lə̰˥ |
| five | ɴʷɚ̰˥ |
| six | tɕi˩ |
| seven | n̥i˥ |
| eight | ʱdʑə˥ |
| nine | ᵑɡo˥ |
| ten | ʁɑ˥ |
| hundred | ʱdʑi˥ |
| 1.SG pronoun | ŋa˥ |
| 2.SG pronoun | nə˥ |
| 3.SG pronoun | kə˥ |
| blood | sa˥ |
| urine | qo˩ |
| meat | tɕʰi˥ |
| iron | ʰtɕɑ˥ |
| needle | ʁɑ˩ |
| fish | ɲɛ˩ (Tibetic loan) |
| pig | pʰo˥ ɦu |
| horse | re˩ |
| sky | nɑ˥ |
| land | sɛ˥ tɕʰɛ (Tibetic loan) |
| sand | ɕe˩ mɛ (Tibetic loan) |
| hillside | ɴɢa˥ |
| snow | jʉ˥ |
| road | tɕɯ˥ |
| water | tɕə˥ |
| eat | wə˥- |
| sleep | nə˥- |

## fonology

Suzuki & Nyima (2018) na-akọ phonology nke olumba Kyilwa. Ha ewepụtala nkwubi okwu na Lamo "nwere ike inwe mmepe ụda olu dị iche na nke ndị ọzọ".

|  | Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| plain | sibilant |
| Nasal | voiceless | m̥ | n̥ |  |  | ȵ̊ | ŋ̊ | ɴ̥ |  |
| voiced | m | n |  |  | ȵ | ŋ | ɴ |  |
| Plosive/ Affricate | tenuis | p | t | ts | ʈ | tɕ | k | q | ʔ |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | tsʰ | ʈʰ | tɕʰ | kʰ | qʰ |  |
| voiced | b | d | dz | ɖ | dʑ | g | ɢ |  |
| Continuant | voiceless |  |  | s | ʂ | ɕ | x | χ | h |
| voiced |  |  | z |  | ʑ | ɣ | ʁ | ɦ |
| Approximant | voiceless |  | l̥ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| voiced | w | l |  |  | j |  |  |  |
| Trill |  | r |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Prenasalisation na preaspiration pụtara dị ka mmalite.

|  | N'ihu | Central | Azu |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mechie | i | ʉ | ɯ | u |
| N'etiti etiti | e | ɵ | o |
| N'etiti |  | ə ( ɚ ) ( əˠ ) |  |
| Oghere-etiti | ɛ |  | ɔ |
| Mepee | a |  | ɑ |

Udaume ndị a niile nwere ogbo na-eku ume na imi . Enwere okwu abụọ ole na ole achọtara obere, ya bụ retroflexed /ɚ/ na velarized /ə ɣ /.

Nhazi mkpụrụokwu: c CGV

Ụda ndị ahụ dị elu ma na-arị elu, dịka na Larong na Drag-yab . Ngalaba na-ebu ụda bụ mkpụrụokwu abụọ mbụ nke okwu ọ bụla. A na-ewepụ syllable nke abụọ na TBU mgbe ụfọdụ.

## Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ

Nkọwa ntụzịaka na Lamo:

* **n-** : *ˊnə- sə* 'egbu', *ˊna-qɑ* 'chew', *ˊnu-pho* 'drop'
* **th** -: *ˊtho-xɯ* 'gaa', *ˊtho-ndzo* 'gakọta', *ˊthe-ji* 'ere'
* **k-** : *ˊka-tɵ* 'zụta', *ˉko'-ɕa* 'na-agbaji n'ime iberibe'
* **t-** : *ˉtu'-rɑ* 'nata', *ˉtə'-tɕa* 'wear (a okpu)'
* **l-** : *ˉla'-mbo* 'akwatu'
* **w-** : *ˉwo'-ɕa* 'na-akwa', *ˊwu-ndzə* 'rie'

Nkọwa ntụzịaka nwere *le* 'bịa' na Lamo:

* ˊne** -le* : ' gbadata/ gbadata'
* ˊthe** -le* : '(ọ) bịarutere' (zuru oke/orist naanị)
* k- : (anaghị eme)
* ˊtə'** -le* : 'bịa n'elu/bịaruo nso nso ọkà okwu'
* ˉle** -le* : 'bịarute n'ebe dị nso na ọkà okwu ma ọ bụchaghị nso ha'
* ˊwu** -le* : 'bịa n'ebe ọkà okwu nọ n'otu ọkwa nke kwụ ọtọ'

## Ntụaka

* Suzuki, Hiroyuki na Tashi Nyima. 2016. *'Bo skad, ụdị dị iche iche a ma ama na-abụghị ndị Tibe nke a na-asụ na mDzo sgang, TAR: okwu mmeghe nkenke maka ọnọdụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze, ụda, na okwu* . Ọmụmụ ihe nke anọ na asụsụ Sino-Tibet nke Southwest China (STLS-2016). Mahadum Washington, Seattle, Septemba 8–10, 2016.
* Suzuki, Hiroyuki na Tashi Nyima. 2017. Nkọwa nke ngwaa morphology nke Lamo (mDzo sgang, Tibet). Akwụkwọ ewepụtara na ogbako mba ụwa nke iri ise maka asụsụ Sino-Tibet na asụsụ (Beijing).
* Suzuki, Hiroyuki na Tashi Nyima. 2018. Mmekọrịta akụkọ ihe mere eme n'etiti asụsụ atọ na-abụghị Tibe na Chamdo, TAR . *Usoro nke Mgbakọ Mba Nile nke 51st na asụsụ Sino-Tibet na asụsụ asụsụ (2018)* . Kyoto: Mahadum Kyoto.