# Heksapoda

| Heksapoda Rentang waktu:  |
| --- |
|  |
| Serangga |
|  |
| Entognatha |
| Klasifikasi ilmiah  |
| Kerajaan: | Animalia |
| Filum: | Arthropoda |
| *Klad*: | Mandibulata |
| *Klad*: | Pancrustacea |
| Subfilum: | Hexapoda Latreille, 1825 |
| Kelas |
| * Entognatha
* Insecta
 |

Subfilum **Heksapoda** (dari bahasa Yunani berarti 'enam kaki') memenuhi jumlah terbesar spesies dari filum Artropoda dan merangkumkan semua serangga serta tiga kelompok artropoda tak-bersayap yang lebih kecil: Collembola, Protura, dan Diplura (tiga ini pernah dianggap sebagai serangga). Collembola sangat melimpah di lingkungan terestrial. Heksapoda diberi nama untuk fitur mereka yang paling khas: toraks terkonsolidasi dengan tiga pasang kaki. Kebanyakan artropoda lainnya memiliki lebih dari tiga pasang kaki.

## Evolusi dan kekerabatan

Dulu, subfilum Myriapoda telah dianggap sebagai kerabat terdekat dari Heksapoda, berdasarkan kemiripan morfologi. Ia dianggap sebagai subkelas dari subfilum Uniramia atau Atelocerata. Namun, pada abad ke-21, ini telah dipertanyakan, dan tampaknya kerabat terdekat Heksapoda merupakan Krustasea.

Heksapoda non-serangga ini berbagai dianggap garis evolusi tunggal, biasanya diperlakukan sebagai kelas Entognatha, atau beberapa baris dengan hubungan yang berbeda dengan kelas Insekta. Secara khusus, Diplura mungkin lebih erat terkait dengan Insekta dari Collembola atau Protura. Ada juga beberapa bukti yang menunjukkan bahwa kelompok heksapod mungkin tidak memiliki asal-usul yang sama, dan khususnya bahwa Collembola milik tempat lain.

Kladogram di bawah adalah hasil Bernhard Misof et al. (2014) yang menunjukkan hubungan antara ordo Heksapoda yang masih ada:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Heksapoda** |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Elliplura |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Collembola |
|  |
|  |
Protura |
|  |

 |
|  |
| Cercophora |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Diplura |
|  |
| Insekta |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Archaeognatha |
|  |
| Dicondylia |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Zygentoma |
|  |
| Pterygota |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Palaeoptera |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Odonata (capung / capung jarum) |
|  |
|  |
Ephemeroptera |
|  |

 |
|  |
| Neoptera |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Polyneoptera |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Haplocercata |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Zoraptera |
|  |
|  |
Dermaptera |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Plecoptera |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
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Orthoptera (belalang / jangkrik) |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notoptera |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Mantophasmatodea |
|  |
|  |
Grylloblattodea |
|  |

 |
|  |
| Eukinolabia |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Embioptera |
|  |
|  |
Phasmida |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
| Dictyoptera |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Mantodea (belalang sentadu) |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Blattodea (kecoak) |
|  |
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Isoptera (rayap) |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
| Eumetabola |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Condylognatha |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Thysanoptera |
|  |
|  |
Hemiptera (kepik) |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Psocodea |
|  |
| Holometabola |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Hymenoptera (semut / lebah / tawon / lalat gergaji) |
|  |
| Aparaglossata |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Neuropteriformia |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Neuropterida |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
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Raphidioptera |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Megaloptera |
|  |
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Neuroptera |
|  |

 |
|  |

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|  |
| Coleopterida |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Strepsiptera |
|  |
|  |
Coleoptera (kumbang) |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
| Panorpida |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Amphiesmenoptera |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Trichoptera |
|  |
|  |
Lepidoptera (kupu-kupu / ngengat) |
|  |

 |
|  |
| Antliophora |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Diptera (lalat rumah, nyamuk) |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
Mecoptera |
|  |
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Siphonaptera (pinjal) |
|  |

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## Referensi

## Pranala luar

* Informasi terkait dengan Hexapoda dari Wikispecies.
* Dichotomous key to the Hexapoda di Wikibuku
* "Hexapoda. Insects, springtails, diplurans, and proturans". Tree of Life Web Project. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2020-10-21. Diakses tanggal 2015-07-13.