# Perang tanding

*Kode Kehormatan—Perang tanding di Bois De Boulogne, Dekat Paris*, ukiran kayu Godefroy Durand, *Harper's Weekly* (Januari 1875)
**Perang tanding** atau **duel** ialah perkelahian antara dua orang, dengan bersenjata lengkap, sesuai dengan peraturan yang telah ditetapkan. Perang tanding dalam bentuk ini dipraktikkan pada Zaman Eropa Modern Awal dengan preseden dalam kode kekesatriaan Abad Pertengahan, dan berlanjut hingga kurun waktu modern (kira-kira abad ke-18 hingga akhir abad ke-19) terutama dalam kalangan perwira militer.

Selama abad ke-17 dan 18 (dan lebih awal), perang tanding kebanyakan dilakukan dengan menggunakan pedang (rapier, dan pedang kecil), tetapi bermula pada akhir abad ke-18 di Inggris, perang tanding lebih umum dilakukan dengan menggunakan pistol. Duel anggar dan pistol terus ada sepanjang abad ke-19.

Perang tanding didasarkan pada kode kehormatan. Pertarungan ini dilakukan bukan untuk membunuh lawan, melainkan untuk mendapatkan "kepuasan", yaitu untuk mengembalikan kehormatan seseorang dengan menunjukkan kesediaan untuk mempertaruhkan nyawanya dengan berduel, walaupun tradisi perang tanding pada mulanya diperuntukkan untuk golongan bangsawan lelaki. Bagaimanapun, pada zaman modern, pertarungan ini telah meluas kepada kelas atas secara umum. Perang tanding dengan pistol atau pedang terkadang dilakukan antara perempuan.

Undang-undang menentang perang tanding kembali pada periode pertengahan. Konsili Lateran IV (1215) melarang perang tanding, dan undang-undang sipil di Kekaisaran Romawi Suci yang menentang perang tanding telah disahkan di tengah Perang Tiga Puluh Tahun.
Sejak awal abad ke-17, perang tanding menjadi ilegal di negara-negara tempatnya dipraktikkan. Pertarungan ini sebagian besar ditinggalkan di Inggris pada pertengahan abad ke-19 dan di Eropa Daratan pergantian abad ke-20 dan menurun di Amerika Serikat Timur pada abad ke-19 dan pada saat Perang Saudara Amerika meletus, perang tanding mulai berkurang, bahkan di
Selatan. Pendapat umum, bukan undang-undang, menyebabkan perubahan tersebut. Penelitian mengaitkan penurunan perang tanding dengan peningkatan kapasitas negara.

## Rujukan

### Sumber

* Baldick, Robert. *The Duel: A History of Duelling*. London: Chapman & Hall, 1965.
* Banks, Stephen. *Duels and Duelling*, Oxford: Shire, 2012.
* Banks, Stephen. *A Polite Exchange of Bullets; The Duel and the English Gentleman, 1750–1850*, (Woodbridge: Boydell 2010)
* Banks, Stephen. "Very little law in the case: Contests of Honour and the Subversion of the English Criminal Courts, 1780-1845" (2008) 19(3) *King's Law Journal* 575–594.
* Banks, Stephen. "Dangerous Friends: The Second and the Later English Duel" (2009) 32 (1) *Journal of Eighteenth Century Studies* 87–106.
* Banks, Stephen. "Killing with Courtesy: The English Duelist, 1785-1845," (2008) 47 *Journal of British Studies* 528–558.
* Bell, Richard, "The Double Guilt of Dueling: The Stain of Suicide in Anti-dueling Rhetoric in the Early Republic," *Journal of the Early Republic,* 29 (Fall 2009), 383–410.
* Cramer, Clayton. *Concealed Weapon Laws of the Early Republic: Dueling, Southern Violence, and Moral Reform*
* Freeman, Joanne B. *Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic* (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001; paperback ed., 2002)
* Freeman, Joanne B. "Dueling as Politics: Reinterpreting the Burr-Hamilton Duel." *The William and Mary Quarterly,* 3d series, 53 (April 1996): 289–318.
* Frevert, Ute. "Men of Honour: A Social and Cultural History of the Duel." trans. Anthony Williams Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995.
* Greenberg, Kenneth S. "The Nose, the Lie, and the Duel in the Antebellum South." American Historical Review 95 (February 1990): 57–73.
* Hopton, Richard (1 January 2011). *Pistols at Dawn: A History of Duelling*. Little, Brown Book Group Limited. ISBN 978-0-7499-2996-1.
* Kelly, James. *That Damn'd Thing Called Honour: Duelling in Ireland 1570–1860* (1995)
* Kevin McAleer. *Dueling: The Cult of Honor in Fin-de-Siecle Germany* (1994)
* Morgan, Cecilia (1995). "'In Search of the Phantom Misnamed Honour': Duelling in Upper Canada". *Canadian Historical Review*. **76** (4): 529–562. doi:10.3138/chr-076-04-01.
* Rorabaugh, W. J. "The Political Duel in the Early Republic: Burr v. Hamilton." *Journal of the Early Republic* 15 (Spring 1995): 1–23.
* Schwartz, Warren F., Keith Baxter and David Ryan. "The Duel: Can these Gentlemen be Acting Efficiently?." The Journal of Legal Studies 13 (June 1984): 321–355.
* Steward, Dick. *Duels and the Roots of Violence in Missouri* (2000),
* Williams, Jack K. *Dueling in the Old South: Vignettes of Social History* (1980) (1999),
* Wyatt-Brown, Bertram. *Honor and Violence in the Old South* (1986)
* Wyatt-Brown, Bertram. *Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South* (1982),
* Holland, Barbara. "Gentlemen's Blood: A History of Dueling" New York, NY. (2003)

### Karya masyhur

* *Duels and Duelling* (Stephen Banks) 2012.
* *The Code of Honor; or, Rules for the Government of Principals and Seconds in Duelling*, John Lyde Wilson 1838
* *The Field of Honor* Benjamin C. Truman. (1884); reissued as *Duelling in America* (1993).
* *Savannah Duels & Duellists*, Thomas Gamble (1923)
* *Gentlemen, Swords and Pistols*, Harnett C. Kane (1951)
* *Pistols at Ten Paces: The Story of the Code of Honor in America*, William Oliver Stevens (1940)
* *The Duel: A History*, Robert Baldick (1965, 1996)
* *Dueling With the Sword and Pistol: 400 Years of One-on-One Combat*, Paul Kirchner (2004)
* *Duel*, James Landale (2005). ISBN 1-84195-647-3. The story of the last fatal duel in Scotland
* *Ritualized Violence Russian Style: The Duel in Russian Culture and Literature*, Irina Reyfman (1999).
* *A Polite Exchange of Bullets; The Duel and the English Gentleman, 1750–1850*, Stephen Banks (2010)

### Daftar pustaka

* Marek Żukow-Karczewski (1987), *Pojedynki w dawnej Polsce* (Duels in the old Poland), Przekrój, 2204, 17.

## Pranala luar

* Ahn, Tom, Sandford, Jeremy, and Paul Shea. 2010. "Mend it, Don't End it: Optimal Mortality in Affairs of Honor" mimeo
* Allen, Douglas, W., and Reed, Clyde, G., 2006, "The Duel of Honor: Screening for Unobservable Social Capital," *American Law and Economics Review*: 1–35.
* Banks, Stephen, Dead before Breakfast: The English Gentleman and Honour Affronted", in S. Bibb and D. Escandell (eds), Best Served Cold: Studies on Revenge (Oxford: Inter-Disciplinary Press, 2010)
* Banks, Stephen "Challengers Chastised and Duellists Deterred: Kings Bench and Criminal Informations, 1800-1820" (2007) ANZLH E-Journal, Refereed Paper No (4)
* Kingston, Christopher G., and Wright, Robert E. "The Deadliest of Games: The Institution of Dueling" Dept. of Econ., Amherst College, Stern School of Business, NY Univ.
* Karya di Wikisource:
	+ "Dueling" . *New International Encyclopedia*. 1905.
	+ "Duel" . *Encyclopædia Britannica* (Edisi 11). 1911.
	+ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Duel" . *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
	+ "Duel and Dueling" . *Encyclopedia Americana*. 1920.
	+ *The Duel* by Anton Chekhov
	+ "The great Winglebury duel" in *Sketches by Boz* by Charles Dickens
	+ "The Duellists. Fable VI." by Christopher Smart di Wikisource