# Konvoi Arktika pada Perang Dunia II

| Konvoi Arktik pada Perang Dunia II |
| --- |
| Bagian dari Perang Dunia II |
|  Pemandangan dari kapal penjelajah HMS *Sheffield*
 saat kapal tersebut berlayar dalam tugas konvoi melalui perairan Samudra Arktik. Di latar belakang adalah kapal-kapal dagang dari konvoi tersebut. |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Tanggal | Agustus 1941 – Mei 1945 |
| Lokasi | Laut Norwegia dan Samudra Arktik |
| Hasil |
Kemenangan Sekutu |

 |
| Pihak terlibat |
|  Britania Raya  Uni Soviet  Kanada  Amerika Serikat  Norwegia |  Jerman |
| Korban |
|
85 kapal dagang 16 kapal perang |
4 kapal perang 30 kapal selam |

**Konvoi Arktik pada Perang Dunia II** adalah konvoi melalui samudra yang berlayar dari Britania Raya, Islandia dan Amerika Utara ke pelabuhan-pelabuhan utara di Uni Soviet – terutama Arkhangelsk dan Murmansk di Rusia. Terdapat 78 konvoi antara Agustus 1941 sampai Mei 1945, berlayar melalui beberapa laut dari Samudra Atlantik dan Samudra Arktik, dengan dua celah tanpa pelayaran antara Juli dan September 1942, dan Maret dan November 1943.

## Referensi

### Catatan kaki

### Daftar pustaka

* Hill, Alexander (2007). "British Lend Lease Aid and the Soviet War Effort, June 1941 –June 1942". *The Journal of Military History*. **71** (3): 773–808. doi:10.1353/jmh.2007.0206. JSTOR 30052890.
* Hinsley, F. H. (1994) [1993]. *British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations (abridged edition)*. History of the Second World War (Edisi 2nd rev.). London: HMSO. ISBN 978-0-11-630961-7. Pemeliharaan CS1: Ref menduplikasi bawaan (link)
* Kemp, Paul (1993). *Convoy: Drama in Arctic Waters*. London: Arms and Armour. ISBN 978-1-85409-130-7.
* Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh (2001) [2000]. *Enigma: The Battle for the Code* (Edisi 4th pbk. Phoenix). Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-7538-1130-6. Pemeliharaan CS1: Ref menduplikasi bawaan (link)
* Vail Motter, T. H. (1952). *The Persian Corridor and Aid to Russia*. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 459693332. Diakses tanggal 9 March 2018.
* Woodman, Richard (2004) [1994]. *Arctic Convoys 1941–1945* (Edisi pbk.). London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6617-2. Pemeliharaan CS1: Ref menduplikasi bawaan (link)

## Bacaan tambahan

* Behrens, C. B. A. (1955). Hancock, Keith (ed.). *Merchant Shipping and the Demands of War*. History of the Second World War United kingdom Civil Series. London: HMSO and Longmans. OCLC 557756251.
* Coackley, Robert W. (1960). "Chapter 9: The Persian Corridor as a Route for Aid to the USSR". Dalam Roberts Greenfield, Kent; Blumenson, Martin (ed.). *Command Decisions*. United States Army Center of Military History. OCLC 45058603. CMH Pub 70-7. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2007-12-30. Diakses tanggal 9 March 2018.   ;  ;
* Roskill, S. W. (1957) [1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). *The War at Sea 1939–1945: The Defensive*. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I (Edisi 4th). London: HMSO. OCLC 881709135. Diakses tanggal 19 March 2018.
* Roskill, S. W. (1962) [1956]. *The Period of Balance*. History of the Second World War: The War at Sea 1939–1945. Vol. II (Edisi 3rd). London: HMSO. OCLC 174453986. Diakses tanggal 19 March 2018.
* *The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force (Air 41/10)*. Public Record Office War Histories (Edisi repr.). Richmond, Surrey: Air Ministry. 2001 [1948]. ISBN 978-1-903365-30-4.

## Pranala luar

* London Gazette: Convoys to North Russia, 1942 Diarsipkan 2012-06-16 di Wayback Machine.
* Allies and Lend-Lease Museum*, Moscow*
* MOD veterans' agency
* German account of *Rösselsprung*Diarsipkan 2012-04-15 di Wayback Machine.
* [ Soviet account on the war in Arctic and the convoys: Admiral Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov
* Murmansk Run: Arctic Convoys to Russia: free print-and-play boardgame.
* Naval History.net
* The Quiet Courage of Chief Steward Horace Carswell DSM, MM, BEM during Convoy PQ.17
* Coxswain Sid Kerslake of armed trawler "Northern Gem" and the Russian Convoys
* Convoy PQ.17 Primary source diary and supporting material by Jack Bowman, ERA aboard HMS *La Malouine*.
* *Lend-Lease, Northern Convoys* from the *Voice of Russia* website
* The Norwegian Merchant Fleet
* Newsreel video of HMS *Scylla* fighting the *Luftwaffe* while protecting convoy PQ 18
* Royal Canadian Navy in the Second World War
* Thank you, Brave Comrade